metalogic: The axiomatic method: …question whether a system is categorical—that is, whether it determines essentially a unique interpretation in the sense that any two interpretations are isomorphic—may be explored. This semantic question can to some extent be replaced by a related syntactic question, that of completeness: whether there is in the system any sentence…

metalogic: The axiomatic method: …question whether a system is categorical—that is, whether it determines essentially a unique interpretation in the sense that any two interpretations are isomorphic—may be explored. This semantic question can to some extent be replaced by a related syntactic question, that of completeness: whether there is in the system any sentence…

metalogic: Generalizations and extensions of the Löwenheim-Skolem theorem: …β, the theory has a model of cardinality α.

history of logic: Aristotle: …but not chronological order, are:

mathematics: Developments in pure mathematics: Hence there was a category consisting of all groups and all maps between them that preserve multiplication, and there was another category of all topological spaces and all continuous maps between them. To do algebraic topology was to transfer a problem posed in one category (that of topological spaces)…

category, in logic, a term used to denote the several most general or highest types of thought forms or entities, or to denote any distinction such that, if a form or entity belonging to one category is substituted into a statement in place of one belonging to another, a nonsensical assertion must

Western philosophy: Ordinary-language philosophy: …what he called a “category mistake.” The mistake is to interpret the term mind as though it were analogous to the term body and thus to assume that both terms denote entities, one visible (body) and the other invisible (mind). His diagnosis of this error involved an elaborate description…

foundations of mathematics: Abstraction in mathematics: For example, in the category of sets, elements of a set A may be represented by arrows from a typical one-element set into A. Similarly, in the category of small categories, if 1 is the category with one object and no nonidentity arrows, the objects of a category A…

foundations of mathematics: Abstraction in mathematics: For example, in the category of sets, elements of a set A may be represented by arrows from a typical one-element set into A. Similarly, in the category of small categories, if 1 is the category with one object and no nonidentity arrows, the objects of a category A…

foundations of mathematics: Category theory: One recent tendency in the development of mathematics has been the gradual process of abstraction. The Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel (1802–29) proved that equations of the fifth degree cannot, in general, be solved by radicals. The French mathematician

human behaviour: Judgment: Finally, infants create perceptual categories by which to organize experience, a category being defined as a representation of the dimensions or qualities shared by a set of similar but not identical events. Infants will treat the different colours of the spectrum, for example, according to the same categories…

Latin American architecture: Architecture of the new independent republics, c. 1810–70: …architects from France—including Pierre Benoit, Prosper Catelin, Charles Enrique Pellegrini, and José Pons—implemented new cultural policies. Englishmen James Bevans and Charles Rann also went to the New World, along with the Italians Carlos Zucchi and Paolo Caccianiga. These architects all were essential in creating a new cosmopolitan city in the…

John III was the pope from 561 to 574. Records of John’s pontificate were destroyed during an invasion of Italy by the Lombards, whose kingdom was in northern Italy. John fled to the safety of Naples and in 571 persuaded the Byzantine general Narses to defend Rome. The Romans opposed Narses because

football: Strategy and tactics: Subsequently, the catenaccio system developed by Helenio Herrera at Internazionale copied the verrou system, playing a libero (free man) in defense. The system was highly effective but made for highly tactical football centered on defense that was often tedious to watch.

Origen: Writings: …survive in writings known as catenae (“chains”; i.e., anthologies of comments by early Church Fathers on biblical books). Commentaries on the Song of Solomon and on Romans survive in a drastically abbreviated Latin paraphrase by the Christian writer Tyrannius Rufinus (c. 365–410/411). The homilies on Genesis through the Book of…

Jean-Pierre Sauvage: …created a molecular chain, [2]catenane. They found that a copper ion would attract a ring-shaped and a crescent-shaped part of a phenanthroline molecule. They added another crescent phenanthroline to the first crescent to make two linked rings with the copper ion in the middle and then removed the ion.

catenary, in mathematics, a curve that describes the shape of a flexible hanging chain or cable—the name derives from the Latin catenaria (“chain”). Any freely hanging cable or string assumes this shape, also called a chainette, if the body is of uniform mass per unit of length and is acted upon

catenation, chemical linkage into chains of atoms of the same element, occurring only among the atoms of an element that has a valence of at least two and that forms relatively strong bonds with itself. The property is predominant among carbon atoms, significant among sulfur and silicon atoms, and

Ténès, town, northern Algeria. A small Mediterranean Sea port, it is built on the site of the ancient Phoenician and Roman colonies of Catenna. Ruins of the Roman colony’s ramparts and tombs remain, and the Roman cisterns are still in use. Old Ténès, probably founded in 875 ce by Spanish colonists,

catenary: …horizontal axis is called a catenoid. The catenoid was discovered in 1744 by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler and it is the only minimal surface, other than the plane, that can be obtained as a surface of revolution.

Italy: The south, 774–1000: …through a local ruler, or catepan, who headed an administrative and fiscal system that was apparently more complex and stable than that of the exarchs had been. Culturally, the Byzantines were by now entirely Greek, and southern Calabria was, as already noted, Greek-speaking; in Puglia, however, the Italian-speaking Lombards dominated,…

caterpillar, larva of a butterfly or moth (Lepidoptera). Most caterpillars have cylindrical bodies consisting of multiple segments, with three pairs of true legs on the thorax and several pairs of short, fleshy prolegs on the abdomen. The head has six small eyes (stemmata) on each side that

ground beetle: The searcher, or caterpillar hunter (Calosoma scrutator), is a common, brightly coloured North American ground beetle about 35 mm (1.5 inches) long. Its green or violet wings are edged in red, and its body has violet-blue, gold, and green markings. This and related species of ground beetles are…

Caterpillar Inc., major American manufacturer of earth-moving, construction, agricultural, and materials-handling equipment. Its headquarters are in Peoria, Illinois. The Caterpillar Tractor Company had its origins in two California-based agricultural-equipment companies headed respectively by

locomotion: Rectilinear locomotion: Unlike the three preceding patterns of movement, in which the body is thrown into a series of curves, in rectilinear locomotion in snakes the body is held relatively straight and glides forward in a manner analogous to the pedal locomotion of snails. The…

Caterpillar Inc.: …a prototype of the familiar “caterpillar” tractor in about 1904 (a similar track-type tractor was also patented in 1904 by British engineer David Roberts). The Holt tractor ran on continuous metal-belted tracks instead of wheels, and the tracks kept the heavy vehicle from sinking in mud or dirt. The new…

Caterpillar Inc., major American manufacturer of earth-moving, construction, agricultural, and materials-handling equipment. Its headquarters are in Peoria, Illinois. The Caterpillar Tractor Company had its origins in two California-based agricultural-equipment companies headed respectively by

Robert Catesby was the chief instigator of the Gunpowder Plot, a Roman Catholic conspiracy to blow up King James I and the English Parliament on Nov. 5, 1605. A member of a staunchly Roman Catholic family, Catesby became embittered against the government of Queen Elizabeth I as he saw his father,

Sandra Oh: …Tammy (2014), the black comedy Catfight (2016), and the drama Meditation Park (2017). In addition, in the early 21st century Oh voiced characters for such animated television series as American Dad!, She-Ra and the Princesses of Power, and Invincible. She lent her voice to several animated movies as well. Those…

catfish, any of the fishes of the order Siluriformes. Catfishes are related to the characins, carp, and minnows (order Cypriniformes) and may be placed with them in the superorder Ostariophysi. Some authorities, however, have regarded these groups as suborders, rather than a single order, and have

children’s literature: Contemporary times: …Lucien Burman, with his wonderful “Catfish Bend” tales (1952–67). The American-style, wholesome, humorous family story was more than competently developed by Eleanor Estes, with her “Moffat” series (1941–43) and Ginger Pye (1951); Elizabeth Enright, with her Melendy family (1941–44); and Robert McCloskey, with Homer Price (1943)—to name only three unfailingly…

Washington, city, seat (1781) of Washington county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies 28 miles (45 km) southwest of Pittsburgh. Prior to the American Revolution the area was the centre of a land dispute with Virginia. Pennsylvania’s claim was finally validated by the Virginia constitution of

catgut, tough cord made from the intestines of certain animals, particularly sheep, and used for surgical ligatures and sutures, for the strings of violins and related instruments, and for the strings of tennis rackets and archery bows. The ancient Egyptians and Babylonians and the later Greeks and

khat, (Catha edulis), slender evergreen tree or shrub, the leaves and young buds of which are chewed for a euphoric effect. The plant is native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and is an important cash crop in Yemen, Somalia, and Ethiopia; it is often cultivated in areas that do not

calligraphy: The Anglo-Celtic and other national styles (5th to 13th century): …the Insular style is the Cathach (“Battler”) of St. Columba (Royal Irish Academy, Dublin), who, according to legend, wrote it himself and, in the judgment of scholars, may actually have done so. Housed in its cumhdach (a sort of ark), it was carried into battle to ensure victory.

Antarctica: Birds: South Polar (McCormick’s) skua—breed exclusively on the continent or on nearby islands. An absence of mammalian land predators and the rich offshore food supply make Antarctic coasts a haven for immense seabird rookeries. Penguins, of the order Sphenisciformes, symbolize this polar region, though they live…

skua: …also known in Britain as skuas are called jaegers in the United States (see jaeger). All belong to the family Stercorariidae (order Charadriiformes).

Gentianales: Apocynaceae: Catharanthus (Madagascar, or rosy, periwinkle) is a source of drugs for treatment of leukemia. Rauvolfia produces reserpine, which is used for hypertension and for mental illnesses. The common name for Apocynum, dogbane, refers to its effects on animals. Even the commonly

malformation: Alteration of floral parts: In the Madagascar periwinkle (Vinca rosea), however, viruses of this type bring about a green colouring in the petals, stamens, and styles; normally the petals are pink and the stamens and styles whitish. There is in this instance a retrograde development of floral parts into foliage leaves.…

Cathari, (from Greek katharos, “pure”), also spelled Cathars, heretical Christian sect that flourished in western Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Cathari professed a neo-Manichaean dualism—that there are two principles, one good and the other evil, and that the material world is evil.

Andreas Gryphius: …five tragedies: Leo Armenius (1646), Catharina von Georgien, Carolus Stuardus, and Cardenio und Celinde (all printed 1657), and Papinianus (1659). These plays deal with the themes of stoicism and religious constancy unto martyrdom, of the Christian ruler and the Machiavellian tyrant, and of illusion and reality, a theme that is…

Máxima: The couple’s first child, Princess Catharina-Amalia, was born in December 2003; Princess Alexia and Princess Ariane were born in June 2005 and April 2007, respectively. On April 30, 2013, Willem-Alexander’s mother, Queen Beatrix, formally abdicated, and he became king of the Netherlands. Upon his accession to the throne, Máxima became…

Máxima: The couple’s first child, Princess Catharina-Amalia, was born in December 2003; Princess Alexia and Princess Ariane were born in June 2005 and April 2007, respectively. On April 30, 2013, Willem-Alexander’s mother, Queen Beatrix, formally abdicated, and he became king of the Netherlands. Upon his accession to the throne, Máxima became…

Cathari, (from Greek katharos, “pure”), also spelled Cathars, heretical Christian sect that flourished in western Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Cathari professed a neo-Manichaean dualism—that there are two principles, one good and the other evil, and that the material world is evil.

José Clemente Orozco: Mature work and later years: …where he painted the mural Catharsis for the Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City (1934). In this eschatological work he depicted a laughing prostitute lying among the debris of civilization’s last cataclysm. The pessimism that increasingly marked his work finally culminated in his Guadalajara murals (1936–39), which he painted…

catharsis, the purification or purgation of the emotions (especially pity and fear) primarily through art. In criticism, catharsis is a metaphor used by Aristotle in the Poetics to describe the effects of true tragedy on the spectator. The use is derived from the medical term katharsis (Greek:

turkey vulture, (Cathartes aura), long-winged long-tailed vulture (family Cathartidae) that has dark plumage, a whitish beak, white legs, and a bare red head (black in immature birds) that is covered with whitish bumps. The species subsists predominantly on carrion (dead and putrefying flesh), and

laxative: Contact purgatives act directly on the muscles of the intestine, stimulating the wavelike muscular contractions (peristalsis) that result in defecation. This type of laxative includes cascara, senna, ricinoleic acid (castor oil), and phenolphthalein.

vulture: New World vultures: The turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) is the most widespread New World vulture, breeding from Canada southward to the southern tip of South America. Northern populations are migratory. They are small brownish black vultures with red heads as adults (dark gray as juveniles)…

nightingale thrush, any of 11 species of thrushes of the New World genus Catharus (family Turdidae). They are of slender build and have rather drab plumage and rich songs—qualities reminiscent of the European nightingale. In some tropical species, the eye rims, bill, and legs are orange, and the

nightingale thrush: …unspotted; an example is the slaty-backed nightingale thrush (C. fuscater), 16 cm (6.5 inches) long, of mountain forests from Costa Rica to Bolivia. In more northerly species, sometimes placed in the genus Hylocichla, the eye rims are whitish, the bill is dark, and the underparts are spotted. An example is…

nightingale thrush: An example is the hermit thrush (C. guttatus), 18 cm (7 inches) long, a famous singer that is found in Canadian and U.S. coniferous woodlands. Common in eastern broadleaf forests of the United States is a spotted, rusty-headed form, the wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), 20 cm (8 inches) long.…

migration: Origin and evolution of migration: …typically North American species, the gray-cheeked thrush (Hylocichla minima), which has extended its breeding area to northeastern Siberia, returns to spend the winter in the central regions of South America.

wood thrush, One of the 11 species of thrushes (in the genus Hylocichla, or Catharus) called nightingale thrushes because of their rich songs. H. mustelina is common in eastern U.S. broadleaf forests; it is 8 in. (20 cm) long and has drab, spotted plumage and a rusty-colored

Cathay, name by which North China was known in medieval Europe. The word is derived from Khitay (or Khitan), the name of a seminomadic people who left southeastern Mongolia in the 10th century ce to conquer part of Manchuria and northern China, which they held for about 200 years. By the time of

Francesco Balducci Pegolotti: …translation in Sir Henry Yule’s Cathay and the Way Thither (vol. 2, 1866).

Cathaya, genus of evergreen coniferous trees of the family Pinaceae, containing two living species native to China and one fossil species found in Germany. Both living forms are about 20 metres (65 feet) tall and have two types of branchlets: long terminal shoots and short secondary shoots. The

Permian Period: Distribution of land: …the periphery of Pangea was Cathaysia, a region extending beyond the eastern edge of Angara and comprising the landmasses of both North and South China. Cathaysia lay within the western Panthalassic Ocean and at the eastern end of Tethys (sometimes called Paleo-Tethys) Sea. The Panthalassa and Tethys also contained scattered…

East China Sea: Physiography: …shelf belongs to the stable Neo-Cathaysian Geosyncline (or Cathaysian Platform), dating back at least 300 million years. The Okinawa Trough is perhaps 10 million years old. The Ryukyus are an island chain with several volcanic islands on the East China Sea side. Many of the volcanoes are still active. Epicentres…

Cathbad, in the Irish sagas, the great Druid of Ulster and, in some legends, the father of King Conchobar mac Nessa (Conor). Cathbad was able to divine the signs of the days, thus to determine auspicious or inauspicious activities for certain days. According to one tradition, the queen Nessa once

Cathbad, in the Irish sagas, the great Druid of Ulster and, in some legends, the father of King Conchobar mac Nessa (Conor). Cathbad was able to divine the signs of the days, thus to determine auspicious or inauspicious activities for certain days. According to one tradition, the queen Nessa once

cathedra, (Latin: “chair,” or “seat”), Roman chair of heavy structure derived from the klismos—a lighter, more delicate chair developed by the ancient Greeks. The cathedra was used in the early Christian basilica as a raised bishop’s throne placed near the wall of the apse, behind the altar. Later,

Gian Lorenzo Bernini: Patronage of Innocent X and Alexander VII: Peter, or the Cathedra Petri (1657–66), a gilt-bronze cover for the medieval wooden throne (cathedra) of the pope. Bernini’s task was not only to make a decorative cover for the chair but also to create a meaningful goal in the apse of St. Peter’s for the pilgrim’s journey…

cathedral, in Christian churches that have an episcopal form of church government, the church in which a residential bishop has his official seat or throne, the cathedra. Cathedral churches are of different degrees of dignity. There are cathedral churches of simple diocesan bishops, of archbishops

open source: The Cathedral & the Bazaar: In 1997 computer programmer Eric Raymond (the author of this article) proposed a new theory of open source in his paper “The Cathedral & the Bazaar.” Raymond compared the centralization, secrecy, slow release tempo, and vertical management of traditional software…

Durham Cathedral, Anglican cathedral in the city and county of Durham in northeastern England, U.K., that is the seat of the bishop of Durham. Largely constructed between 1093 and 1133, the cathedral is an outstanding example of Romanesque architecture and a statement of Norman power. The cathedral

Washington National Cathedral, in Washington, D.C., Episcopal cathedral chartered by the U.S. Congress in 1893 and established on Mount St. Alban (the highest point in the city) in 1907. Its cornerstone was laid by President Theodore Roosevelt. Although construction slowed during periods of

Samuel Arnold: His Cathedral Music (1790), a collection of service music, was an important supplement to William Boyce’s Cathedral Music.

William Boyce: …he had begun to publish Cathedral Music, 3 vol. (1760–73), the first collection of church music in England after the Restoration and the first to be printed in score. This collection, which covered three centuries, was not superseded until the mid-19th century.

Western sculpture: Early Gothic: …are found, for example, at Angers, Le Mans, Bourges, and Senlis cathedrals. There are stylistic connections with Burgundy and also with Provence. The fashion lasted from c. 1140 to 1180.

cathedral school, medieval European school run by cathedral clergy. Originally the function of such schools was to train priests, but later they taught lay students as well—usually boys of noble families being prepared for high positions in church, state, or commercial affairs. Every cathedral had

Moscow: The Kremlin of Moscow: Around the centrally located Cathedral Square are grouped three magnificent cathedrals, superb examples of Russian church architecture at its height in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. These and the other churches in the Kremlin ceased functioning as places of worship after the Russian Revolution of 1917, but…

Capitol Reef National Park: Natural history: Cathedral Valley, in the northern portion of the park, has generally level terrain that is punctuated by monoliths of the red-orange Entrada Sandstone formation that resemble cathedrals.

James Russell Lowell: His later poetry includes The Cathedral (1870), a long and ambitious but only partly successful poem that deals with the conflicting claims of religion and modern science.

Joris-Karl Huysmans: …Roman Catholicism; La Cathédrale (1898; The Cathedral), basically a study of Nôtre-Dame de Chartres with a thin story attached; and L’Oblat (1903; The Oblate), set in the Benedictine abbey of Ligugé, near Poitiers, in the neighbourhood in which Huysmans lived in 1899–1901 as an oblate (lay monk).

Luxembourg: Notre-Dame Cathedral, a Gothic-style church, contains the tomb of John the Blind, king of Bohemia and count of Luxembourg from 1310 to 1346. Several members of the royal family and noted bishops are buried in the crypt.

Joris-Karl Huysmans: …Roman Catholicism; La Cathédrale (1898; The Cathedral), basically a study of Nôtre-Dame de Chartres with a thin story attached; and L’Oblat (1903; The Oblate), set in the Benedictine abbey of Ligugé, near Poitiers, in the neighbourhood in which Huysmans lived in 1899–1901 as an oblate (lay monk).

Claude Monet: Last years of Claude Monet: …the stacks of wheat and cathedral series.

Wars of the Vendée: The peasant leaders Jacques Cathelineau, Gaston Bourdic, and Jean-Nicolas Stofflet were joined by royalist nobles such as Charles Bonchamps, Marquis de Bonchamps, Maurice Gigost d’Elbée, François-Athanase Charette de La Contrie, and Henri du Vergier, Count de La Rochejaquelein. In May the rebels (about 30,000 strong) took

Willa Cather was an American novelist noted for her portrayals of the settlers and frontier life on the American plains. At age 9 Cather moved with her family from Virginia to frontier Nebraska, where from age 10 she lived in the village of Red Cloud. There she grew up among the immigrants from

Willa Cather was an American novelist noted for her portrayals of the settlers and frontier life on the American plains. At age 9 Cather moved with her family from Virginia to frontier Nebraska, where from age 10 she lived in the village of Red Cloud. There she grew up among the immigrants from

Willa Cather was an American novelist noted for her portrayals of the settlers and frontier life on the American plains. At age 9 Cather moved with her family from Virginia to frontier Nebraska, where from age 10 she lived in the village of Red Cloud. There she grew up among the immigrants from

William Makepeace Thackeray: Early writings: …fantasy of soldiering in India; Catherine (1839–40), a burlesque of the popular “Newgate novels” of romanticized crime and low life, and itself a good realistic crime story; The History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond (1841), which was an earlier version of the young married life described in…

Portugal: Consolidation of the monarchy: …was ruled by his wife, Catherine, sister of Emperor Charles V, and encouraged the installation of the Inquisition (1536); the first auto-da-fé (“act of faith,” a public condemnation or punishment of so-called heretics during the Inquisition) was held in 1540. The Society of Jesus (the Jesuits), established in 1540, soon…

Jean Renoir: Early years: …was made into the film Catherine, or Une Vie sans joie (Catherine: A Joyless Life), in 1923, with his wife appearing under the name of Catherine Hessling. The first film Renoir directed was La Fille de l’eau (released 1924; Whirlpool of Fate), which again starred his wife. All of his…

Lena Dunham: Catherine Called Birdy (2022) is an adaptation of a young adult book by Karen Cushman. Set in medieval England, it centres on a teenager who rebels against her father’s attempts to secure her marriage to a wealthy man. Dunham also wrote both comedies.

Catherine de’ Medici was the queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 1547–59) and subsequently regent of France (1560–74), who was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic–Huguenot wars. Three of her sons were kings of France: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Catherine

Catherine de’ Medici was the queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 1547–59) and subsequently regent of France (1560–74), who was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic–Huguenot wars. Three of her sons were kings of France: Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III. Catherine

Catherine Howard was the fifth wife of King Henry VIII of England. Her downfall came when Henry learned of her premarital affairs. Catherine was one of 10 children of Lord Edmund Howard (died 1539), a poverty-stricken younger son of Thomas Howard, 2nd duke of Norfolk. Henry VIII first became

Catherine I was a peasant woman of Baltic (probably Lithuanian) birth who became the second wife of Peter I the Great and empress of Russia (1725–27). Orphaned at the age of three, Marta Skowronska was raised by a Lutheran pastor in Marienburg (modern Alūksne, Latvia). When the Russians seized

Catherine the Great was a German-born empress of Russia (1762–96) who led her country into full participation in the political and cultural life of Europe, carrying on the work begun by Peter the Great. With her ministers she reorganized the administration and law of the Russian Empire and extended

St. Catherine of Alexandria ; feast day November 25) was one of the most popular early Christian martyrs and one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (a group of Roman Catholic saints venerated for their power of intercession). She is the patron of philosophers and scholars and is believed to help protect

Catherine of Aragon was the first wife of King Henry VIII of England (reigned 1509–47). The refusal of Pope Clement VII to annul Henry’s marriage to Catherine triggered the break between Henry and Rome and led to the English Reformation. Catherine was the youngest daughter of the Spanish rulers

Saint Catherine of Bologna ; canonized 1712; feast day May 9) was an Italian mystic and writer whose spiritual writings were popular in Italy until the end of the 18th century. Of noble birth, Catherine was educated at the Este court at Ferrara and entered the order in 1432. In 1456 she founded in

Catherine Of Braganza was a Portuguese Roman Catholic wife of King Charles II of England (ruled 1660–85). A pawn in diplomatic dealings and anti-papal intrigues, she was married to Charles as part of an important alliance between England and Portugal. Catherine’s father became King John IV of

Catherine Of Braganza was a Portuguese Roman Catholic wife of King Charles II of England (ruled 1660–85). A pawn in diplomatic dealings and anti-papal intrigues, she was married to Charles as part of an important alliance between England and Portugal. Catherine’s father became King John IV of

Saint Catherine of Genoa ; canonized 1737; feast day September 15) was an Italian mystic admired for her work among the sick and the poor. Catherine was born into a distinguished family and received a careful education. Her early aspirations to become a nun were frustrated by an arranged marriage

St. Catherine of Siena ; canonized 1461; feast day April 29) was a Dominican tertiary and mystic who is one of the most revered holy women in the Roman Catholic Church. One of the patron saints of Italy, she was declared a doctor of the church in 1970 and a patron saint of Europe in 1999. (Read

Saint Catherine of Sweden ; feast day March 24) was the daughter of St. Bridget of Sweden, whom she succeeded as superior of the Brigittines. Catherine was married to Egard Lydersson von Kyren, who died shortly after she left for Rome (1350) to join Bridget as her constant companion. She did not

Catherine of Valois was a French princess, the wife of King Henry V of England, mother of King Henry VI, and grandmother of the first Tudor monarch of England, Henry VII. Catherine was the daughter of King Charles VI of France and Isabella of Bavaria and was much neglected in childhood because of