Catonsville: … and became known as the Catonsville Nine; their subsequent trial, imprisonment, and parole received worldwide publicity. Pop. (2000) 39,820; (2010) 41,567.

primate: Oligocene: …been described from Fayum, including Catopithecus, Proteopithecus, Apidium, Qatrania, Propliopithecus, Oligopithecus, Parapithecus, and Aegyptopithecus. The first two of these, together with some other primates of uncertain affinities, are from the Sagha Formation, which, technically, is latest Eocene in age, but the deposits are continuous.

piranha: Some 12 species called wimple piranhas (genus Catoprion) survive solely on morsels nipped from the fins and scales of other fishes, which then swim free to heal completely.

Bromeliaceae: hectioides, and Catopsis berteroniana) are known to be carnivorous. (See Life in a Bromeliad Pool.)

Archimedes: His life: …of his real interest in catoptrics (the branch of optics dealing with the reflection of light from mirrors, plane or curved), mechanics, and pure mathematics.

willet, (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus), large, long-billed shorebird of America, belonging to the family Scolopacidae (order Charadriiformes), which also includes the snipes, turnstones, and curlews. The willet is named for its loud call. Willets are about 40 centimetres (16 inches) long and gray,

golden cat: …(Catopuma temminckii), also known as Temminck’s cat.

sucker, (family Catostomidae), any of the freshwater fishes constituting the family Catostomidae, similar to and closely related to the carp and minnows (Cyprinidae). There are about 80 to 100 species of suckers. Except for a few species in Asia, all are North American. Many suckers are almost

Catrina, recurring figure in Mexican visual arts depicted as a lively skeleton wearing a large plumed hat associated with early 20th-century upper-class European women’s fashion. La Calavera Catrina (“The Dapper Skull” or “The Dapper Skeleton”)—the figure’s name in full—was created by Mexican

Francesco Berni: His La Catrina (1567), a lively rustic farce, was also highly regarded, though his fame rests squarely on his burlesque poetry. Most of this work appears in one of two forms: the tailed sonnet, to which he frequently gave three-line extensions; or the capitolo, a lengthy…

Catriona, novel by Robert Louis Stevenson, published in 1893 as a sequel to his novel Kidnapped

John Catron was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1837–65). After moving from Kentucky to Tennessee in 1812 and serving under General Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812, Catron studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1815. Until 1818 he practiced on a “mountain circuit” in

Georges Catroux was a French general and diplomat, one of the highest-ranking officers in the Free French government of World War II. A graduate of the military academy at Saint-Cyr, Catroux served in World War I and then in various posts in the French colonial empire. Appointed governor-general of

James Corden: In 2019 Corden appeared in Cats, a film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber’s hugely successful stage musical. He later was cast in The Prom (2020), a musical in which a theatre troupe tries to help a lesbian teenager; his performance caused controversy, as some found his characterization of a gay…

Cats, award-winning stage musical by the English composer and theatrical producer Andrew Lloyd Webber, adapted from Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats (1939), a book of poems for children by the Nobel Prize-winning American English poet and playwright T.S. Eliot. An enormously popular, flashy

George Lopez: …2020 included the family comedy Cats & Dogs 3: Paws Unite!, in which he provided the voice of a parrot. In the comedy Walking with Herb (2021), he appeared as a messenger of God. He later cocreated and starred in Lopez vs. Lopez (2022– ), a sitcom that highlights the…

Cats are second only to dogs as the most common pets in the world. Their association with humans goes back thousands of years. For an account of this history, see cat. With their clean and quiet ways and appealing personalities, cats have long been popular as companion animals. Their self-reliance

Jacob Cats was a Dutch writer of emblem books and didactic verse whose place in the affections of his countrymen is shown by his nickname, “Father Cats.” Cats took his doctor’s degree in law at Orléans, practiced at The Hague, and, after visits to Oxford and Cambridge, settled in Zeeland, where he

Jacob Cats was a Dutch writer of emblem books and didactic verse whose place in the affections of his countrymen is shown by his nickname, “Father Cats.” Cats took his doctor’s degree in law at Orléans, practiced at The Hague, and, after visits to Oxford and Cambridge, settled in Zeeland, where he

Jacob Cats was a Dutch writer of emblem books and didactic verse whose place in the affections of his countrymen is shown by his nickname, “Father Cats.” Cats took his doctor’s degree in law at Orléans, practiced at The Hague, and, after visits to Oxford and Cambridge, settled in Zeeland, where he

pussy-toes: Antennaria dioica has several cultivated varieties of white, wooly appearance and with small clusters of white to rose flowers. In some species, including smaller pussy-toes (A. neodioica), male flowers are rare. The plantain-leaved pussy-toes (A. plantaginifolia), also called ladies’ tobacco, has longer and broader basal…

Catskill Delta, structure that was deposited in the northeastern United States during the Middle and Late Devonian Period (the Devonian Period began about 416 million years ago and lasted about 57 million years); it is named for exposures studied in the Catskill Mountains of New York. During Middle

Catskill Game Farm, Inc., privately owned zoo opened in 1933 in Catskill, New York, U.S. It occupied more than 914 acres (370 hectares), of which 135 acres (55 hectares) were open to the public from May to October. The remainder of the zoo grounds were maintained as a breeding preserve. The

Catskill Mountains, dissected segment of the Allegheny Plateau, part of the Appalachian Mountain system, lying mainly in Greene and Ulster counties, southeastern New York, U.S. Bounded north and east by the valleys of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers, respectively, the mountains are drained by

ketchup, seasoned pureed condiment widely used in the United States and Great Britain. The origin of the word ketchup is not entirely clear; the word likely derives from the Chinese ke-tsiap, a fish brine, probably by way of the Malaysian ketjap. The Heinz company first began selling its famed

Carrie Chapman Catt was an American feminist leader who led the women’s rights movement for more than 25 years, culminating in the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment (for women’s suffrage) to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Carrie Lane grew up in Ripon, Wisconsin, and from 1866 in Charles City,

cattail, (genus Typha), genus of about 30 species of tall reedy marsh plants (family Typhaceae), found mainly in temperate and cold regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The plants inhabit fresh to slightly brackish waters and are considered aquatic or semi-aquatic. Cattails are

Pennisetum: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), an annual species, is cultivated in tropical areas for its edible grain. Several varieties of feathertop (P. villosum), native to Ethiopia, are cultivated as ornamentals for their arching form and feathery coloured flower clusters.

Carlo Cattaneo was an Italian publicist and intellectual whose writings significantly shaped the Risorgimento and whose journal, Il Politecnico (“The Polytechnic”), not only served as a vehicle for his political views but also was influential in introducing new scientific and technical improvements

Claudio Monteverdi: The Gonzaga court: …1599 he married a singer, Claudia Cattaneo, by whom he had three children, one of whom died in infancy. When the post of maestro di cappella, or director of music, to the duke became vacant on the death of Wert in 1596, Monteverdi was embittered at being passed over, but…

Cattaraugus, county, southwestern New York state, U.S., consisting of a ruggedly hilly region bounded by Cattaraugus Creek to the north and Pennsylvania to the south. It is drained by the Allegheny River and Ischua and Great Valley creeks. Surrounding Allegheny Reservoir are Allegany Indian

Kotor, walled town, seaport, and resort at the south end of Kotor Bay, one of four bays of the Gulf of Kotor (Boka Kotorska), on the Adriatic coastline of Montenegro. The town, situated about 30 miles (50 km) south of Nikšić, lies at the foot of the sheer Lovćen massif, which rises to 5,738 feet

Gulf of Kotor, winding, fjordlike inlet of the Adriatic coast, Montenegro. A fine natural harbour, it comprises four bays linked by narrow straits. The stark mountains around the bay slope steeply to a narrow shoreline on which citrus fruits and subtropical plants grow and tourist facilities have

Maurizio Cattelan is an Italian conceptual artist known for his subversive displays. Despite causing much controversy with his satiric critique of the art world and of society, Cattelan has deftly managed to enthrall rather than enrage his audience and his peers. In Untitled (1991), which is a

James McKeen Cattell was a U.S. psychologist who oriented U.S. psychology toward use of objective experimental methods, mental testing, and application of psychology to the fields of education, business, industry, and advertising. He originated two professional directories and published five

Raymond B. Cattell was a British-born American psychologist, considered to be one of the world’s leading personality theorists. Cattell was educated at the University of London, receiving a B.S. in 1924 and a Ph.D. in 1929. He taught at the University of Exeter (1927–32), after which he served as

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Indian author, whose novels firmly established prose as a literary vehicle for the Bengali language and helped create in India a school of fiction on the European model. Bankim Chandra was a member of an orthodox Brahman family and was educated at Hooghly College, at

cattle, domesticated bovine farm animals that are raised for their meat, milk, or hides or for draft purposes. The animals most often included under the term are the Western or European domesticated cattle as well as the Indian and African domesticated cattle. However, certain other bovids such as

Chisholm Trail: cattle drovers’ trail in the western United States. Although its exact route is uncertain, it originated south of San Antonio, Texas, ran north across Oklahoma, and ended at Abilene, Kansas. Little is known of its early history. It was probably named for Jesse Chisholm, a…

egret: The cattle egret, Bubulcus (sometimes Ardeola) ibis, spends much of its time on land and associates with domestic and wild grazing animals, feeding on insects that they stir up and sometimes removing ticks from their hides. It is a compactly built heron, 50 cm long, white…

warble fly, (family Oestridae), any member of a family of insects in the fly order, Diptera, sometimes classified in the family Hypodermatidae. The warble, or bot, flies Hypoderma lineatum and H. bovis are large, heavy, and beelike. The females deposit their eggs on the legs of cattle. The larvae

John Edgar Wideman: Books and teaching career: …as well as the novels The Cattle Killing (1996; winner of the James Fenimore Cooper Prize for best historical fiction) and Fanon (2008).

Odysseus: Scylla and Charybdis, and the Cattle of the Sun, which his companions, despite warnings, plunder for food. He alone survives the ensuing storm and reaches the idyllic island of the nymph Calypso.

rinderpest, an acute, highly contagious viral disease of ruminant animals, primarily cattle, that was once common in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and the Middle East. Rinderpest was a devastating affliction of livestock and wildlife, and for centuries it was a major threat to food production

Sydney Opera House: …Opera House is situated on Bennelong Point (originally called Cattle Point), a promontory on the south side of the harbour just east of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. It was named for Bennelong, one of two Aboriginal people (the other man was named Colebee) who served as liaisons between Australia’s first…

Archimedes: His works: …a sphere); and the “Cattle Problem” (preserved in a Greek epigram), which poses a problem in indeterminate analysis, with eight unknowns. In addition to those, there survive several works in Arabic translation ascribed to Archimedes that cannot have been composed by him in their present form, although they may…

The Cattle Raid of Cooley, Old Irish epiclike tale that is the longest of the Ulster cycle of hero tales and deals with the conflict between Ulster and Connaught over possession of the brown bull of Cooley. The tale was composed in prose with verse passages in the 7th and 8th centuries. It is

guava: Related species: The cattley, or strawberry, guava (Psidium cattleianum) is considerably more frost-resistant than the common guava. It occurs in two forms: one has fruits with a bright yellow skin, and the other has fruits with a purplish red skin. The plant is a large shrub with thick…

cattleya, (genus Cattleya), genus of about 45 species of orchids (family Orchidaceae), several of which are commercially important as ornamentals and florists’ plants. Cattleyas are native to tropical America and are widely grown in greenhouses and other bright humid indoor environments. Cattleya

cattleya, (genus Cattleya), genus of about 45 species of orchids (family Orchidaceae), several of which are commercially important as ornamentals and florists’ plants. Cattleyas are native to tropical America and are widely grown in greenhouses and other bright humid indoor environments. Cattleya

cattleya: Cattleya labiata, one of the most commonly cultivated species, has been crossed with numerous other orchid genera to produce thousands of showy hybrids. The flowers are commonly used in corsages.

Bruce Catton was an American journalist and historian noted for his books on the American Civil War. As a child living in a small town in Michigan, Catton was stimulated by the reminiscences of the Civil War that he heard from local veterans. His education at Oberlin College, Ohio, was interrupted

Bruce Catton was an American journalist and historian noted for his books on the American Civil War. As a child living in a small town in Michigan, Catton was stimulated by the reminiscences of the Civil War that he heard from local veterans. His education at Oberlin College, Ohio, was interrupted

Bankim Chandra Chatterjee Indian author, whose novels firmly established prose as a literary vehicle for the Bengali language and helped create in India a school of fiction on the European model. Bankim Chandra was a member of an orthodox Brahman family and was educated at Hooghly College, at

Sex and the City: …and sexually adventurous Samantha (Kim Cattrall), the cynical and headstrong Miranda (Cynthia Nixon), and the idealistic and naive Charlotte (Kristin Davis). The dynamics of their relationships are revealed with wit and playful irreverence as the four friends experience love, loss, and betrayal. Carrie’s tumultuous relationship with the charismatic yet…

Catullus was a Roman poet whose expressions of love and hatred are generally considered the finest lyric poetry of ancient Rome. In 25 of his poems he speaks of his love for a woman he calls Lesbia, whose identity is uncertain. Other poems by Catullus are scurrilous outbursts of contempt or hatred

Catullus was a Roman poet whose expressions of love and hatred are generally considered the finest lyric poetry of ancient Rome. In 25 of his poems he speaks of his love for a woman he calls Lesbia, whose identity is uncertain. Other poems by Catullus are scurrilous outbursts of contempt or hatred

Gaius Lutatius Catulus was a Roman commander, victor in the final battle of the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage (264–241). As consul in 242, he blockaded the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum with a fleet of 200 ships. On March 10, 241, the Carthaginian relieving fleet was totally

Quintus Lutatius Catulus was a Roman general, at first a colleague and later a bitter enemy of the politically powerful commander Gaius Marius. As consul with Marius in 102, Catulus was sent to hold the passage of the Alps from the invading Cimbri and Teutoni tribes, but he was forced back to the

Quintus Lutatius Catulus was a Roman politician, a leader of the Optimates, the conservative faction in the Senate. Catulus’ father, Quintus Lutatius Catulus, had been forced to commit suicide after Gaius Marius’ capture of Rome. The younger Catulus therefore became an adherent of Marius’ opponent,

varna, any of the four traditional social classes of India. The literal meaning of the word varna in Sanskrit (“color”) once invited speculation that class distinctions were originally based on differences in the degree of skin pigmentation between an alleged group of lighter-skinned migrants from

Catuvellauni, probably the most powerful Belgic tribe in ancient Britain; it occupied the area directly north of the River Thames. The first capital of the Catuvellauni was located near Wheathampstead, but after their defeat by Julius Caesar in 54 bc, they expanded to the north and northwest,

cable television: Commonly known as community antenna television (CATV), these cable systems use a “community antenna” to receive broadcast signals (often from communications satellites), which they then retransmit via cables to homes and establishments in the local area subscribing to the service. Subscribers pay a specified monthly service charge in…

Catwoman: …in the box office bomb Catwoman (2004). Anne Hathaway portrayed Catwoman in Christopher Nolan’s The Dark Knight Rises (2012), while Zoë Kravitz took on the role in The Batman (2022). Catwoman (voiced by Adrienne Barbeau) was a mainstay in the critically acclaimed Batman: The Animated Series

Catwoman, comic character, a wily and agile professional thief and sometime love interest of superhero Batman. Clad in a skintight bodysuit and stylized mask and carrying a whip, Selina Kyle, also known as Catwoman, has frequently crossed and recrossed the line between villain and antiheroine. In

Cauca River, river, western and northwestern Colombia, rising in the Andes near Popayán and flowing northward between the Cordilleras (mountains) Occidental and Oriental for 838 mi (1,349 km) to join the Río Magdalena north of Mompós. In its middle reaches, the Cauca flows through the broad,

Cali: …have been improved by the Cauca Valley Corporation (CVC), an autonomous public body modeled after the Tennessee Valley Authority in the United States. The CVC drained the upper Cauca River, Colombia’s second major waterway, to generate electrical power, prevent flooding, and make marginal farmland more suitable for large-scale cultivation by…

Caucasus, mountain system and region lying between the Black Sea (west) and the Caspian Sea (east) and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. The great historic barrier of the Caucasus Mountains rises up across the wide isthmus separating the Black and Caspian seas in the region

race: Scientific classifications of race: (He chose the term Caucasian to represent the Europeans because a skull from the Caucasus Mountains of Russia was in his opinion the most beautiful.) These terms were still commonly used by many scientists in the early 20th century, and most continue today as major designations of the world’s…

rug and carpet: Oriental carpets: …centuries, Asia Minor and the Caucasus produced coarse, vividly coloured rugs with stars, polygons, and often patterns of stylized Kūfic writing. A special group with simple, highly conventionalized animal forms was also woven; the most important of these carpets are represented by seven fragments of strong, repeating geometric patterns in…

The Caucasian Chalk Circle, a play consisting of a prologue and five scenes by Bertolt Brecht, first produced in English in 1948 and in German as Der kaukasische Kreidekreis in 1949. The work is based on the German writer Klabund’s play Der Kreidekreis (1924), itself a translation and adaptation of

Caucasian languages, group of languages indigenous to Transcaucasia and adjacent areas of the Caucasus region, between the Black and Caspian seas. As used in this article, the term excludes the Indo-European (Armenian, Ossetic, Talysh, Kurdish, Tat) and Turkic languages (Azerbaijani, Kumyk, Noghay,

Caucasian peoples, various ethnic groups living in the Caucasus, a geographically complex area of mountain ranges, plateaus, foothills, plains, rivers, and lakes, with grasslands, forests, marshes, and dry steppes. The complex of regions harbours more than 50 separate peoples, ranging from language

rug and carpet: Oriental carpets: …centuries, Asia Minor and the Caucasus produced coarse, vividly coloured rugs with stars, polygons, and often patterns of stylized Kūfic writing. A special group with simple, highly conventionalized animal forms was also woven; the most important of these carpets are represented by seven fragments of strong, repeating geometric patterns in…

grape: Major species: However, it is the European wine grape (Vitis vinifera) that is used to produce most standard or higher quality wines. There are at least 5,000 reported varieties of this grape, which differ from one another in such characteristics as colour, size, and shape of berry; juice composition (including flavour);…

Caucasus, mountain system and region lying between the Black Sea (west) and the Caspian Sea (east) and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. The great historic barrier of the Caucasus Mountains rises up across the wide isthmus separating the Black and Caspian seas in the region

Caucasus, mountain system and region lying between the Black Sea (west) and the Caspian Sea (east) and occupied by Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia. The great historic barrier of the Caucasus Mountains rises up across the wide isthmus separating the Black and Caspian seas in the region

Kavkazsky Nature Reserve, natural area set aside for research in the natural sciences, at the western end of the Caucasus Mountains, in southwestern Russia. It includes the upper reaches of the Malaya Laba, Bolshaya Laba, Mzymta, and Shakhe rivers. The Kavkazsky Nature Reserve was established in

Pierre Cauchon was a French bishop of Beauvais, an ecclesiastic memorable chiefly because he presided over the trial of Joan of Arc. Cauchon was educated at the University of Paris, of which he became rector in 1403. He became associated with the Burgundian party and took part in the riots of the

Cauchy distribution, in statistics, continuous distribution function with two parameters, first studied early in the 19th century by French mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy. It was later applied by the 19th-century Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz to explain forced resonance, or vibrations. At a

analysis: Properties of the real numbers: …is said to be a Cauchy sequence if it behaves in this manner. Specifically, (an) is Cauchy if, for every ε > 0, there exists some N such that, whenever r, s > N, |ar − as| < ε. Convergent sequences are always Cauchy, but is every Cauchy sequence convergent?…

Augustin-Louis Cauchy was a French mathematician who pioneered in analysis and the theory of substitution groups (groups whose elements are ordered sequences of a set of things). He was one of the greatest of modern mathematicians. At the onset of the Reign of Terror (1793–94) during the French

Augustin-Louis Cauchy was a French mathematician who pioneered in analysis and the theory of substitution groups (groups whose elements are ordered sequences of a set of things). He was one of the greatest of modern mathematicians. At the onset of the Reign of Terror (1793–94) during the French

Édouard-Jean-Baptiste Goursat: …Cauchy’s work led to the Cauchy-Goursat theorem, which eliminated the redundant requirement of the derivative’s continuity in Cauchy’s integral theorem. Goursat became a member of the French Academy of Science in 1919 and was the author of Leçons sur l’intégration des équations aux dérivées partielles du premier ordre (1891) and…

Sofya Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya: …now commonly known as the Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem, which gives conditions for the existence of solutions to a certain class of partial differential equations. Having gained her degree, she returned to Russia, where her daughter was born in 1878. She separated permanently from her husband in 1881.

Cauchy distribution, in statistics, continuous distribution function with two parameters, first studied early in the 19th century by French mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy. It was later applied by the 19th-century Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz to explain forced resonance, or vibrations. At a

Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Any of several related inequalities developed by Augustin-Louis Cauchy and, later, Herman Schwarz (1843–1921). The inequalities arise from assigning a real number measurement, or norm, to the functions, vectors, or integrals within a particular space in order to analyze

caucus, any political group or meeting organized to further a special interest or cause. The word caucus originated in Boston in the early part of the 18th century, when it was used as the name of a political club, the Caucus, or Caucus Club. The club hosted public discussions and the election of

caucus: …name of a political club, the Caucus, or Caucus Club. The club hosted public discussions and the election of candidates for public office. In its subsequent and current usage in the United States, the term came to denote a meeting of either party managers or duty voters, as in “nominating…

caucus: …name of a political club, the Caucus, or Caucus Club. The club hosted public discussions and the election of candidates for public office. In its subsequent and current usage in the United States, the term came to denote a meeting of either party managers or duty voters, as in “nominating…

prenatal development: Spinal nerves: …nerve roots are named the cauda equina, the Latin term for horse’s tail.

vertebral column: …with the pelvic girdle, (5) caudal, in the tail. The atlas and axis vertebrae, the top two cervicals, form a freely movable joint with the skull.

Caudata, one of the major extant orders of the class Amphibia. It includes salamanders and newts. The relatively small and inconspicuous salamanders are important members of north temperate and some tropical ecosystems, in which they are locally abundant and play important roles. They are important

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Causes: …brain structures known as the caudate nuclei. In boys without ADHD, the right caudate nucleus was normally about 3 percent larger than the left caudate nucleus; this asymmetry was absent in boys with ADHD.

orchid: Characteristic morphological features: …advanced orchids in which the caudicles of the pollinia are already attached to the rostellum and a portion of it comes off as a sticky pad called a viscidium. In the most advanced genera a strap of nonsticky tissue from the column connects the pollinia to the viscidium. This band…

caudillismo, a system of political-social domination, based on the leadership of a strongman, that arose after the wars of independence from Spain in 19th-century Latin America. The Spanish word caudillo (“leader,” from the Latin capitellum [“small head”]) was used to describe the head of irregular

caudillo, Latin American military dictator. In the wake of the Latin American independence movement in the early 19th century, politically unstable conditions and the long experience of armed conflict led to the emergence in many of the new countries of strongmen who were often charismatic and

Francisco Franco was a general and leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39); thereafter he was the head of the government of Spain until 1973 and head of state until his death in 1975. Franco was born at the coastal city and

Caudine Forks, narrow mountain pass near Beneventum in ancient Samnium (near modern Montesarchio, Campania, southern Italy). In the Battle of Caudine Forks the Samnites under Gavius Pontius defeated and captured a Roman army in 321 bc, during the Second Samnite War. The Roman army surrendered, and

Caudine Forks: In the Battle of Caudine Forks the Samnites under Gavius Pontius defeated and captured a Roman army in 321 bc, during the Second Samnite War. The Roman army surrendered, and acknowledged that they had been defeated by passing under a “yoke” of Samnite spears, a unique disgrace.