Domingo Cavallo is an Argentine economist and politician who served as economy minister of Argentina (1991–96, 2001). Cavallo was trained as a certified public accountant (1966) and earned master’s (1968) and doctoral (1969) degrees in economics from the National University of Córdoba. In 1977 he

Central America: Further conquest of the Indians: …Costa Rica until 1561, when Juan de Cavallón led a successful colonization expedition there. Although none of his settlements in the Nicoya Bay region survived, he and his men began the permanent Spanish occupation of Costa Rica. A year later Juan Vásquez de Coronado took over as governor of Nicaragua…

Felice Cavallotti was a left-wing, antimonarchist journalist and political leader, sometimes called Italy’s “Poet of the Democracy.” In 1860 he joined the Expedition of the Thousand volunteers who fought with the patriot general Giuseppe Garibaldi in Sicily, and he volunteered again in 1866. More

Cavalla River, river in western Africa, rising north of the Nimba Range in Guinea and flowing south to form more than half of the Liberia–Côte d’Ivoire border. It enters the Gulf of Guinea 13 miles (21 km) east of Harper, Liberia, after a course of 320 miles (515 km). With its major tributaries

cavalry, military force mounted on horseback, formerly an important element in the armies of all major powers. When employed as part of a combined military formation, its main duties included observing and reporting information about the enemy, screening movements of its own force, pursuing and

Xenophon: Other writings: …horse ownership and riding, and Cavalry Commander is a somewhat unsystematic (but serious) discussion of how to improve the Athenian cavalry corps. Also Athenocentric is Ways and Means, a plan to alleviate the city’s financial problems (and remove excuses for aggressive imperialism) by paying citizens a dole from taxes on…

Tim Tam: Tim Tam moved behind Cavan in the homestretch and prepared to start his drive. The crowd erupted with an encouraging roar. Tim Tam’s jockey whipped the horse on the right flank, and the colt swerved out, finishing the race in second place, five and a half lengths behind the…

Cavan, county in the province of Ulster, northeastern Ireland. The town of Cavan, in the west-central part of the county, is the county seat. Cavan is bounded by Counties Monaghan (northeast), Meath, Westmeath, and Longford (south), and Leitrim (northwest). Northern Ireland lies to the north.

cavatina, musical form appearing in operas and occasionally in cantatas and instrumental music. In early 18th-century cantatas, notably those of J.S. Bach, the cavatina was a short, epigrammatic piece sometimes sung between the speech-like recitative and the more lyric arioso. In opera the cavatina

virtual reality: Living in virtual worlds: …at Chicago presented the first Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE). CAVE was a VR theatre, a cube with 10-foot-square walls onto which images were projected so that users were surrounded by sights and sounds. One or more people wearing lightweight stereoscopic glasses walked freely in the room, their head and…

cave, natural opening in the earth large enough for human exploration. Such a cavity is formed in many types of rock and by many processes. The largest and most common caves are those formed by chemical reaction between circulating groundwater and bedrock composed of limestone or dolomite. These

Nick Joaquin: The action of the novel Cave and Shadows (1983) occurs in the period of martial law under Ferdinand Marcos. Joaquin’s other works included the short-story collections Tropical Gothic (1972) and Stories for Groovy Kids (1979), the play Tropical Baroque (1979), and the collections of poetry The Ballad of the Five…

cave art, generally, the numerous paintings and engravings found in caves and shelters dating back to the Ice Age (Upper Paleolithic), roughly between 40,000 and 14,000 years ago. See also rock art. The first painted cave acknowledged as being Paleolithic, meaning from the Stone Age, was Altamira

virtual reality: Living in virtual worlds: …at Chicago presented the first Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE). CAVE was a VR theatre, a cube with 10-foot-square walls onto which images were projected so that users were surrounded by sights and sounds. One or more people wearing lightweight stereoscopic glasses walked freely in the room, their head and…

cave bear, either of two extinct bear species, Ursus spelaeus and U. deningeri, notable for their habit of inhabiting caves, where their remains are frequently preserved. They are best known from late Pleistocene cave deposits (the Pleistocene Epoch lasted from about 2.6 million to 11,700 years

orthopteran: Ensifera (katydids, crickets, and camel crickets) and Caelifera (pygmy sand crickets, grasshoppers, and locusts) are considered to comprise the order Orthoptera. For completeness of discussion, all of these groups, handled here as four separate orders, are included in this article.

cave deposit, any of the crystalline deposits that form in a solution cave after the creation of the cave itself. These deposits are generally composed of calcium carbonate dissolved from the surrounding limestone by groundwater. Carbon dioxide carried in the water is released as the water

cave fish, any of the pale, blind, cave-dwelling fishes of the genera Amblyopsis and Typhlichthys, family Amblyopsidae. Cave fishes are small, growing to about 10 cm (4 inches) long, and are found in fresh water in dark limestone caves of the United States. There are three species: Typhlichthys

cave fish: The gobies in the genus Typhleotris inhabit karst caves in Madagascar. Others include Caecobarbus geertsi, an African member of the minnow family (Cyprinidae), and certain catfish belonging to several families and found in the United States, Mexico, South America, and Africa.

lion: Classification and distribution: …leo) of North Africa, the cave lion (P. leo spelaea) of Europe, the American lion (P. leo atrox) of North and Central America, and the Asiatic lion (P. leo persica) of the Middle East and India—starting about 124,000 years ago. Although some studies conducted early in the 21st century recognized…

Cueva de las Manos, archaeological site comprising a stunning collection of cave art, perhaps best known for featuring more than 2,000 black, white, red, yellow, and purple stenciled handprints dating back more than 9,000 years. There are also depictions of geometric shapes, zigzag patterns, red

Martha Graham: Maturity of Martha Graham: Cave of the Heart (1946), based on the figure of Medea, with music by Samuel Barber, was not a dance version of the legend but rather an exposure of the Medea latent in every woman who, out of consuming jealousy, not only destroys those she…

cave art: The first painted cave acknowledged as being Paleolithic, meaning from the Stone Age, was Altamira in Spain. The art discovered there was deemed by experts to be the work of modern humans (Homo sapiens). Most examples of cave art have been found in France and in Spain,…

cave pearl, small, almost spherical concretion of calcite that is formed in a pool of water in a cave and is not attached to the surface on which it forms. Occasionally saturated water drips into small pools with such vigour that a stalagmite cannot form. A bit of foreign matter may become coated

cave: Stagnation and decay phases: Larger cave systems often have complex patterns of superimposed passages that represent a long history of cave development. The oldest passages, usually but not necessarily those at the highest elevations, may have formed before the glaciations of the Quaternary. The youngest passages may be part of…

Chinese architecture: The Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties: Tang cave temples at Dunhuang were increasingly Sinicized, abandoning the Indianesque central pillar, the circumambulated focus of worship which in Six Dynasties caves was sculpted and painted on all four sides with Buddhist paradises. In the Tang, major Buddhist icons and paradise murals were moved to…

history of publishing: Great Britain: …convincingly by the English printer Edward Cave, who began to publish The Gentleman’s Magazine in 1731. It was originally a monthly collection of essays and articles culled from elsewhere, hence the term magazine—the first use of the word in this context. Cave was joined in 1738 by Dr. Johnson, who…

Western philosophy: Philosophy: In the famous myth of the cave in the seventh book of the Republic, Plato likened the ordinary person to a man sitting in a cave looking at a wall on which he sees nothing but the shadows of real things behind his back, and he likened the…

Nick Cave is an Australian singer-songwriter, actor, novelist, and screenwriter who played a prominent role in the post-punk movement as front man for the bands the Birthday Party and the Bad Seeds. He is best known for his haunting ballads about life, love, betrayal, and death. Born in a rural

Nick Cave is an American artist best known for his wearable mixed-media constructions known as Soundsuits, which act simultaneously as fashion, sculpture, and noisemaking performance art. Cave began exploring fibre arts and fashion while attending the Kansas City Art Institute (B.F.A.; 1982),

Nick Cave is an Australian singer-songwriter, actor, novelist, and screenwriter who played a prominent role in the post-punk movement as front man for the bands the Birthday Party and the Bad Seeds. He is best known for his haunting ballads about life, love, betrayal, and death. Born in a rural

caveat emptor, (Latin: “let the buyer beware”), in the law of commercial transactions, principle that the buyer purchases at his own risk in the absence of an express warranty in the contract. As a maxim of the early common law, the rule was well suited to buying and selling carried on in the open

René-Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle was a French explorer in North America who led an expedition down the Illinois and Mississippi rivers and claimed all the region watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries for Louis XIV of France, naming the region “Louisiana.” A few years later, in a

Edith Cavell was an English nurse who became a popular heroine of World War I and was executed for assisting Allied soldiers in escaping from German-occupied Belgium. Cavell entered the nursing profession in 1895 and in 1907 was appointed the first matron of the Berkendael Institute, Brussels,

Edith Cavell was an English nurse who became a popular heroine of World War I and was executed for assisting Allied soldiers in escaping from German-occupied Belgium. Cavell entered the nursing profession in 1895 and in 1907 was appointed the first matron of the Berkendael Institute, Brussels,

American literature: Theory: Stanley Cavell and critic Richard Poirier found a native parallel to European theory in the philosophy of Emerson and the writings of pragmatists such as William James and John Dewey. Emulating Dewey and Irving Howe, Rorty emerged as a social critic in Achieving Our Country…

Paleo diet, dietary regime based on foods humans presumably would have consumed during the Paleolithic Period (2.6 million to 10,000 years ago). The Paleo diet focuses on meat (including wild game), fish, poultry, fruits, vegetables, eggs, seeds, and nuts. The diet excludes legumes, grains, most

Cavendish, unincorporated rural community, Queens county, on the central northern coast of Prince Edward Island, Canada, 24 miles (39 km) northwest of Charlottetown. It lies near a sandy beach (called Penamkeak by the Micmac Indians and now a popular recreational area) at the western end of Prince

Henry Jones was an English surgeon, the standard authority on whist in his day, who also wrote on other games. Jones was educated at King’s College School (1842–48) and studied at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. He practiced as a surgeon from 1852 to 1869. Jones learned whist from his father, who was

Panama disease: Its replacement, the modern Cavendish, has been threatened with a strain of the disease known as Tropical Race (TR) 4 since the 1990s; in 2019 TR 4 was confirmed in Colombia, marking the first appearance of the strain in the Americas.

Cavendish experiment, measurement of the force of gravitational attraction between pairs of lead spheres, which allows the calculation of the value of the gravitational constant, G. In Newton’s law of universal gravitation, the attractive force between two objects (F) is equal to G times the

J.J. Thomson: Discovery of the electron: …head of the highly successful Cavendish Laboratory. (It was there that he met Rose Elizabeth Paget, whom he married in 1890.) He not only administered the research projects but also financed two additions to the laboratory buildings primarily from students’ fees, with little support from the university and colleges. Except…

William Cavendish, 1st duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was a Royalist commander during the English Civil Wars and a noted patron of poets, dramatists, and other writers. The son of Sir Charles Cavendish, he attended St. John’s College, Cambridge, and through inheritances and royal favour became

William Cavendish, 4th duke of Devonshire was the prime minister of Great Britain from November 1756 to May 1757, at the start of the Seven Years’ War. Eldest son of William Cavendish, the 3rd Duke (1698–1755), he was elected to the House of Commons in 1741 and 1747, and in 1751 he moved to the

William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire was a leader of the parliamentary movement that sought to exclude the Roman Catholic James, duke of York (afterward James II), from succession to the British throne and that later invited the invasion of William of Orange. Cavendish was the eldest son of

Ralph Montagu, 1st duke of Montagu: In 1692 he married Elizabeth Cavendish, wealthy widow of the 2nd Duke of Albemarle. Allegedly mad, she had sworn to marry only a crowned head, so Montagu wooed her disguised as the emperor of China. In 1705 he became Duke of Montagu.

George Cavendish was an English courtier and writer who won a minor but lasting reputation through a single work, his Life of Cardinal Wolsey. This work is a landmark in the development of English biography, an important document to the student of Tudor history, and a rare source of information on

Henry Cavendish was a natural philosopher, the greatest experimental and theoretical English chemist and physicist of his age. Cavendish was distinguished for great accuracy and precision in research into the composition of atmospheric air, the properties of different gases, the synthesis of water,

Lord Frederick Charles Cavendish was a British politician, protégé of William Ewart Gladstone, who was murdered by Fenian extremists the day after his arrival in Dublin as chief secretary of Ireland and as a goodwill emissary from England, at the height of the Irish crisis in 1882. The second son

Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th duke of Devonshire was a British statesman whose opposition to the Irish Home Rule policy of his own Liberal Party caused him to assume (1886) the leadership of the Liberal Unionist Party and to become increasingly identified with the Conservatives. On three occasions

Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th duke of Devonshire was a British statesman whose opposition to the Irish Home Rule policy of his own Liberal Party caused him to assume (1886) the leadership of the Liberal Unionist Party and to become increasingly identified with the Conservatives. On three occasions

Thomas Cavendish was an English navigator and freebooter, leader of the third circumnavigation of the Earth. Cavendish accompanied Sir Richard Grenville on his voyage to America (1585) and, upon returning to England, undertook an elaborate imitation of Sir Francis Drake’s circumnavigation. On July

William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire was a leader of the parliamentary movement that sought to exclude the Roman Catholic James, duke of York (afterward James II), from succession to the British throne and that later invited the invasion of William of Orange. Cavendish was the eldest son of

Thomas Hobbes: Early life: Through his employment by William Cavendish, the first earl of Devonshire, and his heirs, Hobbes became connected with the royalist side in disputes between the king and Parliament that continued until the 1640s and that culminated in the English Civil Wars (1642–51). Hobbes also worked for the marquess of…

William Cavendish, 4th duke of Devonshire was the prime minister of Great Britain from November 1756 to May 1757, at the start of the Seven Years’ War. Eldest son of William Cavendish, the 3rd Duke (1698–1755), he was elected to the House of Commons in 1741 and 1747, and in 1751 he moved to the

Lord William Bentinck was a British governor-general of Bengal (1828–33) and of India (1833–35). An aristocrat who sympathized with many of the liberal ideas of his day, he made important administrative reforms in Indian government and society. He reformed the finances, opened up judicial posts to

Lord George Bentinck was a British politician who in 1846–47 articulately led the protective-tariff advocates who opposed the free-trade policy of Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel. The second son of the 4th Duke of Portland, Bentinck served in the army before entering (1828) the House of Commons.

Pierre-Joseph Pelletier: …in collaboration with the chemist Joseph-Bienaimé Caventou, he isolated chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants that is essential to the process of photosynthesis. His interests soon turned to a new class of vegetable bases now called alkaloids, and he isolated emetine. With Caventou he continued his search for alkaloids, and…

cave, natural opening in the earth large enough for human exploration. Such a cavity is formed in many types of rock and by many processes. The largest and most common caves are those formed by chemical reaction between circulating groundwater and bedrock composed of limestone or dolomite. These

The Cavern: In the early 1960s Liverpool, England, was unique among British cities in having more than 200 active pop groups. Many played youth clubs in the suburbs, but some made the big time in cellar clubs such as the Cavern Club (on Mathew Street) and the…

André Gide: Great creative period: Les Caves du Vatican (1914; The Vatican Swindle) marks the transition to the second phase of Gide’s great creative period. He called it not a tale but a sotie, by which he meant a satirical work whose foolish or mad characters are treated farcically within…

Horace L. Gold: …Monte Cristo; and Isaac Asimov’s The Caves of Steel (1953), a mystery in which a human and a robot detective investigate a murder in the overpopulated underground New York of the future. In 1953 Gold shared the first Hugo Award for best professional magazine with John W. Campbell, Jr., the…

children’s literature: War and beyond: , The Caves of the Great Hunters, 1954; rev. ed., 1962), is a minor classic. Mention should be made of Fritz Mühlenweg, a veteran of the Sven Hedin expedition of 1928–32 to Inner Mongolia and the author of Grosser-Tiger und Kompass-Berg (1950; Eng. trans., Big Tiger…

Anthony of Kiev: …for the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (Monastery of the Caves), an institution that later acquired a reputation as the cradle of Russian monasticism. Reverting to his Athonite training, he sent to Constantinople (modern Istanbul) for architects to construct the new monastery complex at the mountain.

horsemanship: Aids: …nose, may be either a cavesson, with a headpiece and rings for attaching a long training rein, or a noseband with a headstrap, only necessary if a standing martingale is used. A variety of other nosebands are intended for horses that pull, or bear, on the reins unnecessarily.

molding: Single curved: (1) The cavetto is a concave molding with a profile approximately a quarter-circle, quarter-ellipse, or similar curve. (2) A scotia molding is similar to the cavetto but has a deeper concavity partially receding beyond the face of the general surface that it ornaments. (3) A flute is…

guinea pig: …nondomesticated members of the genus Cavia that are also called guinea pigs: the Brazilian guinea pig (C. aperea) found from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south to northern Argentina; the shiny guinea pig (C. fulgida), inhabiting eastern Brazil; the montane guinea pig (C. tschudii), ranging from Peru to northern Chile…

guinea pig: …also called guinea pigs: the Brazilian guinea pig (C. aperea) found from Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas south to northern Argentina; the shiny guinea pig (C. fulgida), inhabiting eastern Brazil; the montane guinea pig (C. tschudii), ranging from Peru to northern Chile and northwestern Argentina; the greater

guinea pig: … south to northern Argentina; the shiny guinea pig (C. fulgida), inhabiting eastern Brazil; the montane guinea pig (C. tschudii), ranging from Peru to northern Chile and northwestern Argentina; the greater guinea pig (C. magna), occurring in southeastern Brazil and Uruguay; and the Moleques do Sul guinea pig (C. intermedia), which…

guinea pig: …Chile and northwestern Argentina; the greater guinea pig (C. magna), occurring in southeastern Brazil and Uruguay; and the Moleques do Sul guinea pig (C. intermedia), which is limited to an island in the Moleques do Sul archipelago off the southern coast of Brazil. Breeding and molecular studies suggest that the…

guinea pig, (Cavia porcellus), a domesticated species of South American rodent belonging to the cavy family (Caviidae). It resembles other cavies in having a robust body with short limbs, large head and eyes, and short ears. The feet have hairless soles and short sharp claws. There are four toes on

guinea pig: fulgida), inhabiting eastern Brazil; the montane guinea pig (C. tschudii), ranging from Peru to northern Chile and northwestern Argentina; the greater guinea pig (C. magna), occurring in southeastern Brazil and Uruguay; and the Moleques do Sul guinea pig (C. intermedia), which is limited to an island in the Moleques do…

caviar, the eggs, or roe, of sturgeon preserved with salt. It is prepared by removing the egg masses from freshly caught fish and passing them carefully through a fine-mesh screen to separate the eggs and remove any extraneous bits of tissue and fat. At the same time, 4–6 percent salt is added to

Michael Phelps: Eight-Gold-Medal Man (with a Little Help from His Friends): …keeping his head down while Milorad Čavić lifted his ever so slightly, Phelps touched the wall one-hundredth of a second before the Serbian and thus triumphed in the 100-metre butterfly to capture his seventh gold. Earlier Phelps had broken world records in winning the 200-metre butterfly, 200-metre and 400-metre individual…

cavy, (family Caviidae), any of 14 species of South American rodents comprising guinea pigs, maras, yellow-toothed cavies, mountain cavies, and rock cavies. All except the maras have robust bodies, short limbs, large heads and eyes, and short ears. There are four digits on the forefeet but three on

swimming: Freestyle: The brothers Syd and Charles Cavill of Australia popularized the stroke in Europe in 1902 and in the United States in 1903. The crawl was like the old sidestroke in its arm action, but it had a fluttering up-and-down leg action performed twice for each arm stroke. Early American…

Henry Cavill is a British actor whose dark curls, square jaw, and muscular build made him the perfect choice to play Superman in the films Man of Steel (2013), Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), and Justice League (2017). He soon became known for playing action heroes in such films as The

Henry Cavill is a British actor whose dark curls, square jaw, and muscular build made him the perfect choice to play Superman in the films Man of Steel (2013), Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), and Justice League (2017). He soon became known for playing action heroes in such films as The

swimming: Freestyle: The brothers Syd and Charles Cavill of Australia popularized the stroke in Europe in 1902 and in the United States in 1903. The crawl was like the old sidestroke in its arm action, but it had a fluttering up-and-down leg action performed twice for each arm stroke.…

cavitation, formation of vapour bubbles within a liquid at low-pressure regions that occur in places where the liquid has been accelerated to high velocities, as in the operation of centrifugal pumps, water turbines, and marine propellers. Cavitation is undesirable because it produces extensive

Cavite, city, southern Luzon, Philippines. Cavite occupies a peninsula on the southern shore of Manila Bay and is primarily a residential centre for commuters to Manila, which lies to the northeast. In 1872 the city was the site of the Cavite Mutiny, a brief and unsuccessful uprising of Filipino

Cavite Mutiny, (January 20, 1872), brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal, which became the excuse for Spanish repression of the embryonic Philippine nationalist movement. Ironically, the harsh reaction of the Spanish authorities served ultimately to promote the

mold, in manufacturing, a cavity or matrix in which a fluid or plastic substance is shaped into a desired finished product. A molten substance, such as metal, or a plastic substance is poured or forced into a mold and allowed to harden. Molds are made of a wide variety of materials, depending on

magnetron, diode vacuum tube consisting of a cylindrical (straight wire) cathode and a coaxial anode, between which a dc (direct current) potential creates an electric field. A magnetic field is applied longitudinally by an external magnet. Connected to a resonant line, it can act as an oscillator.

cavity wall, in architecture, a double wall consisting of two wythes (vertical layers) of masonry separated by an air space and joined together by metal ties. Cavity walls have a heat-flow rate that is 50 percent that of a solid wall. As a result, they are often used in colder climates. The cavity

Camillo Benso, count di Cavour was a Piedmontese statesman, a conservative whose exploitation of international rivalries and of revolutionary movements brought about the unification of Italy (1861) under the House of Savoy, with himself as the first prime minister of the new kingdom. The Cavours

Cleveland Cavaliers, American professional basketball team based in Cleveland that plays in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association and has won one NBA title (2016). The Cavaliers began play as an NBA expansion team in 1970 under the ownership of the ambitious entrepreneur

cavy, (family Caviidae), any of 14 species of South American rodents comprising guinea pigs, maras, yellow-toothed cavies, mountain cavies, and rock cavies. All except the maras have robust bodies, short limbs, large heads and eyes, and short ears. There are four digits on the forefeet but three on

Kawaíb, South American Indian peoples of the Brazilian Mato Grosso. In the 18th and early 19th centuries they were driven out of their original home along the upper Tapajós River by the warlike Mundurukú and split into six isolated groups between the Teles Pires and the Madeira rivers. The

Cawdor, village and castle in the Highland council area, historic county of Nairnshire, Scotland, south of Nairn, near Inverness. The local castle, according to a now discredited tradition perpetuated by Shakespeare, was the scene of the murder of King Duncan I by Macbeth, the thane of Cawdor, in

dictionary: From 1604 to 1828: , by Robert Cawdrey, who had been a schoolmaster at Oakham, Rutland, about 1580 and in 1604 was living at Coventry. He had the collaboration of his son Thomas, a schoolmaster in London. This work contained about 3,000 words but was so dependent upon three sources that…

African literature: Somali: …first novel published in Somali—Faarax Maxamed Jaamac Cawl criticized the traditional past. He made use of documentary sources having to do with the struggle against colonialism in the early 20th century, when forces under the leadership of Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan fought, among others, the British colonial powers. The two…

Ashleigh Barty: …the first Australian woman since Evonne Goolagong Cawley in 1980 to claim the Wimbledon singles title.

Kanpur, city, southwest-central Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies in the Lower Ganges-Yamuna Doab, on the Ganges (Ganga) River about 45 miles (72 km) southwest of Lucknow. In the late 18th century Kanpur was only a village, but it became the site of a British military cantonment and

Caxias, city, east-central Maranhão estado (state), northeastern Brazil, lying on the Itapicuru River at 207 feet (63 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as São José das Aldeias Altas, it was renamed to honour Luis Alves de Lima e Silva, duque de Caxias, governor and military commander in

Duque de Caxias, city, Rio de Janeiro estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It is a suburb of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Until 1931 it was known as Meriti Station, and from 1931 to 1943 it was Caxias. It became the seat of the district of Caxias in 1931 and seat of the municipality of Duque de

Caxias do Sul, city, northeastern Rio Grande do Sul estado (state), southern Brazil. It lies 2,490 feet (760 metres) above sea level on the range of hills separating the Antas and Caí river valleys. It was founded in 1875 by Italian colonists and given city status in 1910. Metallurgic

Luiz Alves de Lima e Silva, duke de Caxias was a military hero and statesman who gave the military a prominent position in the government of the Brazilian empire. Caxias kept up his family’s tradition by joining the military service at age 14, and within a year he was promoted to second lieutenant.

William Caxton was the first English printer, who, as a translator and publisher, exerted an important influence on English literature. In 1438 he was apprenticed to Robert Large, a rich mercer, who in the following year became lord mayor of London. Large died in 1441, and Caxton moved to Brugge,

cay, small, low island, usually sandy, situated on a coral reef platform. Such islands are commonly referred to as keys in Florida and parts of the Caribbean. Sand cays are usually built on the edge of the coral platform, opposite the direction from which the prevailing winds blow. Debris broken