Ecuador: Relief: …volcanic or snow-covered; these include Cayambe (18,996 feet [5,790 metres]), Antisana (18,714 feet [5,704 metres]), Cotopaxi, which is one of the world’s highest active volcanoes (19,347 feet [5,897 metres]), Chimborazo (20,702 feet [6,310 metres]), Altar (17,451 feet [5,319 metres]), and Sangay (17,158

Chachi, Indians of the coastal lowlands of western Ecuador, one of the few aboriginal groups left in the region. The Chachi speak a Chibchan language somewhat related to the language of the neighbouring Tsáchila people. Like the Tsáchila, the Chachi believe themselves to be descended from peoples

André Cayatte was a motion-picture director best known for films on crime and justice. Cayatte abandoned a law practice to become a writer and in 1938 entered the motion-picture industry by selling a film script. Four years later he directed La Fausse Maîtresse (1942; “The False Mistress”). In a

André Cayatte was a motion-picture director best known for films on crime and justice. Cayatte abandoned a law practice to become a writer and in 1938 entered the motion-picture industry by selling a film script. Four years later he directed La Fausse Maîtresse (1942; “The False Mistress”). In a

Edgar Cayce was an American self-proclaimed faith healer and psychic. A Sunday-school teacher with little formal education, Cayce began faith healing in the 1920s, using a combination of spiritual readings and homeopathic medicine; many of his cures were said to have been accomplished

Muhammad Farah Aydid was a Somali faction leader. He received military training in Italy and the U.S.S.R. and served in posts under Mohamed Siad Barre (1978–89) before overthrowing him in 1991. He became the dominant clan leader at the centre of the Somalian civil war. Losing the interim presidency

Cayenne, capital and Atlantic Ocean port of French Guiana. It is located at the northwestern end of Cayenne Island, which is formed by the estuaries of the Cayenne and Mahury rivers. Founded in 1643 by the French as La Ravardière, it was reoccupied in 1664 after destruction by the Indians and was

cayenne pepper, (Capsicum annuum), small-fruited pepper, the source of a very pungent spice of the same name. The cayenne pepper is one of many chili pepper cultivars of Capsicum annuum and is said to have originated in Cayenne, French Guiana. The spice is produced by drying and grinding the orange

Les Cayes, town, southwestern Haiti, on the southern Caribbean shore of the southern peninsula. Founded in 1786, it was plagued by disease and pirates during colonial times. In 1815 the South American liberator Simón Bolívar visited the port to accept Haitian arms and a contingent of troops to aid

Cayey, town, central Cayey Mountains, Puerto Rico. The town, at an elevation of 1,300 feet (400 metres), was founded in 1773 as Cayey de Muesas on the Spanish military highway linking San Juan with Ponce on the southern coast. Its cool summers made it a favourite Spanish military post. It is

Cordillera Central: …Cordillera Central and the lower Sierra de Cayey farther east, the peaks of which rise to 3,000 feet (900 metres). The central mountains have more granitic outcrops than do the western mountains. The rivers of both the Cordillera Central and the Sierra de Cayey, notably the Arecibo, La Plata, and…

Arthur Cayley was an English mathematician and leader of the British school of pure mathematics that emerged in the 19th century. The interested viewer may read an extract from the geometry article he wrote for the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1875–89). Although Cayley was born in

Sir George Cayley was an English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Fascinated by flight since childhood, Cayley conducted a variety of tests and experiments intended to explore aerodynamic principles

Sir George Cayley was an English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft. Fascinated by flight since childhood, Cayley conducted a variety of tests and experiments intended to explore aerodynamic principles

Anne-Claude-Philippe de Tubières, count de Caylus was a French archaeologist, engraver, and man of letters. The only son of the Marquise de Caylus, he fought with distinction in the War of the Spanish Succession (1704–14). After the war he resigned his commission to travel to Italy, then to

caiman, any of several species of Central and South American reptiles that are related to alligators and are usually placed with them in the family Alligatoridae. Caimans, like all other members of the order Crocodylia (or Crocodilia), are amphibious carnivores. They live along the edges of rivers

Caribbean Sea: Physiography: The Cayman Basin, to the south, is partially separated from the Yucatán Basin by Cayman Ridge, an incomplete fingerlike ridge that extends from the southern part of Cuba toward Guatemala, rising above the surface at one point to form the Cayman Islands. The Nicaraguan Rise, a…

Cayman Islands: …Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac, situated about 180 miles (290 km) northwest of Jamaica. The islands are the outcroppings of a submarine mountain range that extends northeastward from Belize to Cuba. The capital is George Town, on Grand Cayman.

Cayman Islands, island group and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean Sea, comprising the islands of Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac, situated about 180 miles (290 km) northwest of Jamaica. The islands are the outcroppings of a submarine mountain range that extends

British overseas territory flag consisting of a dark blue field (background) with a Union Jack in the upper hoist quarter and a badge containing the Cayman Islands coat of arms in the centre of the fly end; the flag may be described as a defaced British Blue Ensign. The flag’s width-to-length ratio

Caribbean Sea: Physiography: …from the Yucatán Basin by Cayman Ridge, an incomplete fingerlike ridge that extends from the southern part of Cuba toward Guatemala, rising above the surface at one point to form the Cayman Islands. The Nicaraguan Rise, a wide triangular ridge with a sill depth of about 4,000 feet (1,200 metres),…

Cayman Trench, submarine trench on the floor of the western Caribbean Sea between Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. It extends from the Windward Passage at the southeastern tip of Cuba toward Guatemala. The relatively narrow trough trends east-northeast to west-southwest and has a maximum depth of

Cayman Islands, island group and overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean Sea, comprising the islands of Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac, situated about 180 miles (290 km) northwest of Jamaica. The islands are the outcroppings of a submarine mountain range that extends

San Ignacio, town, west-central Belize. It lies along the Belize River near the Guatemalan border. San Ignacio and its sister town Santa Elena make up Belize’s second largest urban area. The two towns are separated by the Macal River and Belize’s only suspension bridge. With Benque Viejo del

Ciboney: …Ciboney of Cuba, called variously Cayo Redondo or Guayabo Blanco, was based on shell, while that of the Haitian Ciboney was based on stone. The typical artifact of Cayo Redondo was a roughly triangular shell gouge made from the lip of a Strombus shell, a tool also quite common in…

Senegal: Traditional geographic areas: …historical Wolof states of Dianbour, Cayor, Djolof, and Baol. Here the soils are sandy and the winters cool; peanuts are the primary crop. The population is as diverse as the area itself and includes Wolof in the north, Serer in the Thiès region, and Lebu on Cape Verde.

Wolof empire: …which the most important was Cayor. During the 15th century Wolof was a powerful empire, on the border of which lay the tributary state of Sine-Solum, ruled by the Serer, a kindred people to the Wolof.

Jean Cayrol was a French poet, novelist, and essayist, who stood at the frontiers of the New Novel (nouveau roman), the avant-garde French novel that emerged in the 1950s. In World War II Cayrol was deported to a concentration camp after participating in the French Resistance, and that experience

Jean Cayrol was a French poet, novelist, and essayist, who stood at the frontiers of the New Novel (nouveau roman), the avant-garde French novel that emerged in the 1950s. In World War II Cayrol was deported to a concentration camp after participating in the French Resistance, and that experience

Cayuga, county, central New York state, U.S., bounded by Lake Ontario to the north and Cayuga Lake to the southwest. It consists of a region of rolling hills in the Finger Lakes area of the state. Other lakes include Owasco, Duck, Otter, and Skaneateles. The principal streams are the Seneca River,

Cayuga, Iroquoian-speaking North American Indians, members of the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy, who originally inhabited the region bordering Lake Cayuga in what is now central New York state. (See also Iroquois.) Traditionally, Cayuga men hunted the abundant game, waterfowl, and fish of

lake: Internal seiches: …Lake Geneva, Lake Baikal, and Lake Cayuga (New York) are approximately 16, 96, 900 (binodal), and 65 hours, respectively.

Marcus Whitman: …founded a mission among the Cayuse Indians at Waiilatpu, 6 miles (10 km) west of present-day Walla Walla. The Spaldings established a mission among the Nez Percé at Lapwai, Idaho, 125 miles (200 km) northeast of Waiilatpu. The men helped the Indians build houses, till their fields, and irrigate their…

Cayuse, North American wild or tame horse, descended from horses taken to the New World by the Spanish in the 16th century. The small and stocky horse had become a distinct breed by the 19th century. It was named for the Cayuse people of eastern Washington and Oregon. Although its ancestry has been

Cayuse, North American wild or tame horse, descended from horses taken to the New World by the Spanish in the 16th century. The small and stocky horse had become a distinct breed by the 19th century. It was named for the Cayuse people of eastern Washington and Oregon. Although its ancestry has been

Penutian languages: Cayuse (extinct), Molale (extinct), Coos, Takelma (extinct), Kalapuya, Chinook (not to be confused with Chinook Jargon, a trade language or lingua franca), Tsimshian, and Zuni, each a family consisting of

Carlos Saura: La caza (1965; The Hunt) was his first violent indictment of Spanish society under Francisco Franco. Saura’s bitter El jardin de las delicias (1970; The Garden of Delights) was delayed, then mutilated by Spanish censors. Ana y los lobos (1972; Anna and the Wolves) was also delayed by…

The Deer Hunter: …with their friends Stan (John Cazale) and Axel (Chuck Aspegren) and go to the bar owned by John (George Dzundza). Steven is about to marry his pregnant girlfriend, Angela (Rutanya Alda), and Michael, Nick, and Steven are then going to ship out to Vietnam. Nick’s girlfriend, Linda (Meryl Streep),…

Roy Cazaly was an Australian rules football player who was renowned for his extraordinary marking ability. He was the inspiration for the phrase “Up there Cazaly,” which became a battle cry used by fans and Australian troops in war and which gave rise to poems and songs. In 1979 the song “Up There

Kazembe, the largest and most highly organized of the Lunda kingdoms (see Luba-Lunda states) in central Africa, and the title of all its rulers. At the height of its power (c. 1800), Kazembe occupied almost all of the territory now included in the Katanga region of Congo (Kinshasa) and in northern

Alfonso II: …Valencia; and, in 1179, the pact of Cazorla with his ally, Alfonso VIII of Castile, fixed the future zones of reconquest for the two countries. In his will Alfonso followed the Spanish custom of dividing his kingdom; Provence was thus lost to the Aragonese crown.

niobium (Nb), chemical element, refractory metal of Group 5 (Vb) of the periodic table, used in alloys, tools and dies, and superconductive magnets. Niobium is closely associated with tantalum in ores and in properties. Due to the great chemical similarity of niobium and tantalum, the establishment

citizens band radio, short-range radio voice communications system used chiefly by private individuals in motor vehicles, homes, offices, and other locations where wireless telephone service is unavailable. A typical CB radio consists of a combined transmitter-receiver (a transceiver) and an

infant and toddler development: Toddler years: …a Japanese humanoid known as Child-Robot with Biomimetic Body (CB2). The focus of the Osaka University project was to amass knowledge of how toddlers learn language and develop object recognition and communication skills. The robot was designed to mirror the motions of a human child, responding to both touch and…

Honda Motor Company, Ltd.: …1969 Honda introduced the popular CB750, the first “superbike,” which had a 750-cc engine, disc brakes, and an electric starter.

armour: Modern body armour systems: …the late 1980s a lightweight Combat Body Armour (CBA) was introduced, consisting of a vest with soft ballistic filler capable of protecting against fragments and 9-mm pistol rounds. The Enhanced Body Armour (EBA) version could be reinforced with ceramic plates for greater protection against higher-velocity projectiles. In response to combat…

Khmer literature: Classical literature: The cbap are didactic poems that were written by monks and used for moral instruction. The earliest surviving examples date from the 17th century, although the genre is believed to be considerably older. They were usually short, the shortest being only 29 stanzas, and passages from…

blood count, laboratory test that determines the number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and white blood cells (leukocytes) in a given volume of blood. The readings vary with sex, age, physiological state, and general health, but the blood of a normal individual contains on average 5,000,000 red

Congressional Black Caucus (CBC), caucus in the Congress of the United States consisting of several dozen African American members of the House of Representatives and the Senate. It was established in 1971 amid a surge in Black congressional representation that followed the adoption of the Voting

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), public broadcasting service over AM and FM radio networks and television networks in English and French, two national cable television channels, and shortwave radio, among other media in Canada. Advertising sales and, primarily, annual appropriations from

cannabidiol (CBD), naturally occurring compound of the cannabis plants Cannabis sativa and C. indica. Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of numerous cannabinoid substances that have been identified in cannabis and is known for its nonpsychoactive properties, which differentiates it from tetrahydrocannabinol

Convention on Biological Diversity, international treaty designed to promote the conservation of biodiversity and to ensure the sustainable use and equitable sharing of genetic resources. Work on the treaty concluded in Nairobi in May 1992 with the adoption of the Nairobi Final Act by the Nairobi

common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR), principle of international environmental law establishing that all states are responsible for addressing global environmental destruction yet not equally responsible. The principle balances, on the one hand, the need for all states to take

Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC), governmental regulating body for the Indian filmmaking industry. Popularly known as the Censor Board, the CBFC was set up under the Cinematograph Act of 1952. Its purpose is to certify, by means of screening and rating, the suitability of feature films,

New York City’s proto-punk new wave was a downtown thing, crawling out of the damp stonework in yet-to-be-gentrified Soho and the Lower East Side well before the trendy clothing stores and art galleries arrived. The first generation of musicians emerged from the rubble left by the collapse of the

CBGB: New York City’s proto-punk new wave was a downtown thing, crawling out of the damp stonework in yet-to-be-gentrified Soho and the Lower East Side well before the trendy clothing stores and art galleries arrived. The first generation of musicians emerged from the rubble left by…

CBGB: New York City’s proto-punk new wave was a downtown thing, crawling out of the damp stonework in yet-to-be-gentrified Soho and the Lower East Side well before the trendy clothing stores and art galleries arrived. The first generation of musicians emerged from the rubble left by…

20th-century international relations: Nicaragua and El Salvador: …to counter with its 1982 Caribbean Basin Initiative, an Alliance for Progress confined to the islands. Grenada, a tiny island that had won independence from Britain in 1974, initially came under the control of Sir Eric Gairy, whose policies and conduct verged on the bizarre. In March 1979, Gairy was…

Donald Trump: Health care: The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) initially estimated that the plan would reduce the federal deficit by $337 billion over 10 years as compared with current law but would also increase the number of uninsured people by 24 million over the same period. The bill immediately faced…

Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), the first grain futures exchange in the United States, organized in Chicago in 1848. The Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) began as a voluntary association of prominent Chicago grain merchants. By 1858 access to the trading floor, known as the “pit,” was limited to

isomerism: Enantiomers: …one possible result would be bromochlorofluoroiodomethane (CBrClFI). The mirror images of this molecule are not superimposable. There are definitely two enantiomers of this molecule.

CBS Corporation, major American mass-media company that operates the CBS national television network and that includes the Simon & Schuster publishing groups and the Showtime cable network, among other holdings. The company was incorporated in 1927 as United Independent Broadcasters, Inc. Its name

construction: Use of reinforced concrete: …Kevin Roche in the 35-story CBS Building (1964) in New York City, and the system was further developed by Khan in the 221-meter (725-foot) Shell Oil Building (1967) in Houston.

CBS Corporation, major American mass-media company that operates the CBS national television network and that includes the Simon & Schuster publishing groups and the Showtime cable network, among other holdings. The company was incorporated in 1927 as United Independent Broadcasters, Inc. Its name

Katie Couric: …debuted as anchor of the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric; she was the first solo female anchor of such a program. Although her first broadcast brought in double the usual number of viewers, the program subsequently struggled in the ratings. In addition to serving as anchor and managing editor…

CBS Corporation, major American mass-media company that operates the CBS national television network and that includes the Simon & Schuster publishing groups and the Showtime cable network, among other holdings. The company was incorporated in 1927 as United Independent Broadcasters, Inc. Its name

Katie Couric: …debuted as anchor of the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric; she was the first solo female anchor of such a program. Although her first broadcast brought in double the usual number of viewers, the program subsequently struggled in the ratings. In addition to serving as anchor and managing editor…

CBS Corporation: Developments in the late 20th and early 21st centuries: CBS Radio operated scores of radio stations throughout the top markets in the United States and broadcast play-by-play coverage of many of the country’s leading professional sports franchises. In 2017, however, CBS Radio was acquired by Entercom Communications. Collegiate sports are the centre of the…

Sony: Diversification and downturn: In 1988 it bought CBS Records Group from CBS Inc. (now CBS Corporation), thus acquiring the world’s largest record company, and the next year it purchased Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Inc. The Columbia acquisition, the largest to that time of an American company by a Japanese firm, ignited a controversy…

Television in the United States: The Kennedy-Nixon debates: CBS Reports (begun 1959 and irregularly scheduled) was the most celebrated. In 1960 Edward R. Murrow, the respected pioneer of broadcast journalism, was the chief correspondent on Harvest of Shame, a CBS Reports documentary about the plight of migrant farm labourers. Beautifully photographed, powerfully argued,…

Simon Rattle: …to music director) of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO). His work there established the orchestra’s reputation, as well as his own. In 1987 he was made Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). While still with the CBSO in 1992, Rattle also became the principal guest…

cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), a common form of psychotherapy used to help people become aware of and to change their inaccurate or negative patterns of thinking. Unlike many traditional psychotherapies, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is not directed at uncovering the origins of a person’s

Creative Commons (CC), global nonprofit organization dedicated to expanding the number of creative and academic works available for open sharing. The organization provides free licensing and public-domain tools that allow content creators to grant copyright permissions for the use of their works.

Spain: Labour and taxation: …and the Workers’ Commissions (Confederación Sindical de Comisiones Obreras; CC.OO.), which is affiliated with the Communist Party and is also structured by sectional and territorial divisions. Other unions include the Workers’ Syndical Union (Unión Sindical Obrera; USO), which has a strong Roman Catholic orientation; the Independent Syndicate of Civil…

full-cell process: …solutions of compounds such as chromated copper arsenate (CCA), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), and copper azole (CA-B). Creosote, PCP, and CCA are used on heavy structural members such as railroad ties, utility poles, marine pilings, and bridge timbers; ACZA and CA-B are used on common structural lumber.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration: In addition, the Commodity Credit Corporation, with a crop loan and storage program, was established to make price-supporting loans and purchases of specific commodities.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), one of U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s earliest New Deal programs, established to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression by providing national conservation work primarily for young unmarried men. Projects included planting trees, building flood

World Customs Organization (WCO), intergovernmental organization established as the Customs Co-operation Council (CCC) in 1952 to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of customs administrations worldwide. In 1948 a study group of the Committee for European Economic Cooperation, a precursor of

Conservative Congregational Christian Conference (CCCC), U.S.-based evangelical Congregational denomination established in Chicago in 1948. Its founders were theologically conservative members of the General Council of Congregational Christian Churches (also known as the Congregational Christian

CCD, Semiconductor device in which the individual semiconductor components are connected so that the electrical charge at the output of one device provides the input to the next device. Because they can store electrical charges, CCDs can be used as memory devices, but they are slower than RAMs.

colony collapse disorder (CCD), disorder affecting honeybee colonies that is characterized by sudden colony death, with a lack of healthy adult bees inside the hive. Although the cause is not known, researchers suspect that multiple factors may be involved. The disorder appears to affect the adult

calcite compensation depth (CCD), in oceanography, the depth at which the rate of carbonate accumulation equals the rate of carbonate dissolution. The input of carbonate to the ocean is through rivers and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The CCD intersects the flanks of the world’s oceanic ridges, and

cleidocranial dysostosis, rare congenital, hereditary disorder characterized by collarbones that are absent or reduced in size, skull abnormalities, and abnormal dentition. The shoulders may sometimes touch in front of the chest, and certain facial bones are underdeveloped or missing. Cranial

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), left-wing political party prominent in Canada from the 1930s to the 1960s. Founded at Calgary, Alta., on Aug. 1, 1932, by a federation of various farmer, labour, and socialist parties in western Canada plus one labour union (the Canadian Brotherhood of

Tskhinvali, city, north-central Georgia, on the Bolshaya Liakhvi River. It is the leading city of an area populated by a Caucasian people known as Ossetes, or Ossetians. Tskhinvali is the capital of the breakaway region of South Ossetia. In the late 1980s Tskhinvali became the centre of a

consumer confidence: …in the United States, the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI), is based on a monthly survey of 5,000 households that is conducted by the Conference Board, an independent research association. The CCI is closely watched by businesses, the Federal Reserve, and investors.

telephone: Out-of-band signaling: …AT&T and became known as common channel interoffice signaling, CCIS. CCIS was first installed in the Bell System in 1976.

fax: Analog telephone facsimile: In 1974 the International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) issued its first worldwide fax standard, known as Group 1 fax. Group 1 fax machines were capable of transmitting a one-page document in about six minutes with a resolution of 4 lines per mm using an analog signal…

telephone: Out-of-band signaling: …system was standardized internationally as CCITT-6 signaling; within North America, CCITT-6 was modified by AT&T and became known as common channel interoffice signaling, CCIS. CCIS was first installed in the Bell System in 1976.

telephone: Out-of-band signaling: …America, CCITT-7 was implemented as Signaling System 7, or SS7.

cholecystokinin (CCK), a digestive hormone released with secretin when food from the stomach reaches the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). Cholecystokinin and pancreozymin were once considered two separate hormones because two distinct actions had been described: the release of enzymes

organized labour: Establishment of industrial unionism: …Canadian nationalism, to create the Canadian Congress of Labour (CCL) in affiliation with the American CIO. Only during World War II, however, did organizational realities begin to catch up with these superstructural developments. Although stirred by events south of the border, the Canadian movement did not experience a comparable surge…

Tanzania: Tanzania under Nyerere: …ASP under the title of Revolutionary Party (Chama cha Mapinduzi; CCM) early in 1977 was a hopeful sign but was followed by demands for greater autonomy for Zanzibar. This trend was checked for a short while when Ali Hassan Mwinyi succeeded Jumbe in 1984 and became president of the joint…

atmosphere: Condensation: The concentration of cloud condensation nuclei in the lower troposphere at a supersaturation of 1 percent ranges from about 100 per cubic centimetre (approximately 1,600 per cubic inch) in size in oceanic air to 500 per cubic centimetre (8,000 per cubic inch) in the atmosphere over a continent.…

The City University of New York: …the CUNY colleges is the City College of New York, founded as the all-male Free Academy in 1847 by the New York City Board of Education, under the auspices of politician and diplomat Townsend Harris. It was chartered as a college in 1866. During the first half of the 20th…

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), political party of China. Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the CCP has been in sole control of that country’s government. The CCP was founded as both a political party and a revolutionary movement in 1921 by revolutionaries such as Li

Christianity: Property, poverty, and the poor: …of Churches (WCC) established the Commission for the Churches’ Participation in Development (CCPD). Initially involved in development programs and the provision of technical services, the CCPD focus shifted to the psychological and political character of the symbiosis of development and underdevelopment. This focus was endorsed at the 1975 WCC Assembly…

illicit antiquities: International responses: legislation is the 1983 Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (CCPIA, or CPIA), which allows the U.S. government to respond to requests from other states party to the UNESCO convention to impose import restrictions on certain classes of archaeological or ethnographic material. Import restrictions apply even if material is…

AIDS: Reported cures: …in a gene known as CCR5.

telephone: Out-of-band signaling: …of interoffice signaling, known as common channel signaling (CCS), was developed. In CCS an “out-of-band” circuit (that is, a separate circuit from that used to establish the voice connection) is dedicated to serve as a data link, carrying address information and certain other information signals between the microprocessors employed in…