capuchin monkey: …includes the more lightly built white-throated (C. capucinus), white-fronted (C. albifrons), and weeper (C. nigrivittatus) capuchins, in which the crown bears a smooth, dark, and more or less pointed cap. The name black-capped capuchin has been applied to both C. apella and C. nigrivittatus.The genus Cebus belongs to the family…

capuchin monkey: albifrons), and weeper (C. nigrivittatus) capuchins, in which the crown bears a smooth, dark, and more or less pointed cap. The name black-capped capuchin has been applied to both C. apella and C. nigrivittatus.The genus Cebus belongs to the family Cebidae.

North American Free Trade Agreement: Provisions: …Cooperation (NAAEC), which created the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) in 1994.

Enrico Cecchetti was an Italian ballet dancer and teacher noted for his method of instruction and for his part in training many distinguished artists. Both of Cecchetti’s parents were dancers, and he was born in a dressing room at the Tordinona Theatre in Rome. A pupil of Giovanni Lepri, who had

Emilio Cecchi was an Italian essayist and critic noted for his writing style and for introducing Italian readers to valuable English and American writers. As a young man Cecchi attended the University of Florence, wrote for the influential review La voce (“The Voice”), and wrote a poetry

Francesca Caccini was an Italian composer and singer who was one of only a handful of women in 17th-century Europe whose compositions were published. The most significant of her compositions—published and unpublished—were produced during her employment at the Medici court in Florence. Francesca

Niccolò Piccinni: …years was the opera buffa La buona figliuola, or La cecchina (1760), on a libretto by Goldoni based on Richardson’s novel Pamela. It was written in the new style, later epitomized in the operas of Mozart, that incorporated serious or sentimental subject matter into the flexible musical style of the…

Compagnia degli Accesi: …Arlecchino, the mischievous servant) and Pier Maria Cecchini (known as the leading interpreter of the character Fritellino, as well as the author of valuable texts on the proper performance of commedia dell’arte).

Francesco Salviati was a painter and designer, one of the leading Mannerist fresco painters of the Florentine-Roman school. Salviati studied and worked with Andrea del Sarto and in about 1531 was called by Cardinal Giovanni Salviati (from whom he took his surname) to work in Rome. He later worked

Anazarbus, former city of the ancient province of Cilicia in Anatolia that was important in the Roman and Byzantine periods. It was located in what is now south-central Turkey. The original native settlement was refounded by the Romans in 19 bc, following a visit by Augustus. It rivaled Tarsus, the

Czech literature: The 18th and 19th centuries: …in the nativist trend was Svatopluk Čech, who composed historical epics, idyllic pictures of Czech country life, and prose satires aimed at the philistinism of the Czech middle classes.

Thomas Robert Cech is an American biochemist and molecular biologist who, with Sidney Altman, was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their discoveries concerning RNA (ribonucleic acid). Cech attended Grinnell College in Grinnell, Iowa (B.A., 1970), and the University of California at

Bohemia, historical country of central Europe that was a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire and subsequently a province in the Habsburgs’ Austrian Empire. Bohemia was bounded on the south by Austria, on the west by Bavaria, on the north by Saxony and Lusatia, on the northeast by Silesia, and on the

gall midge, (family Cecidomyiidae, or Itonididae), any minute, delicate insect (order Diptera) characterized by beaded, somewhat hairy antennae and few veins in the short-haired wings. The brightly coloured larvae live in leaves and flowers, usually causing the formation of tissue swellings

Cecil, county, northeastern Maryland, U.S., lying at the head of Chesapeake Bay and bounded by Pennsylvania to the north, Delaware to the east, the Sassafras River to the south, and the Susquehanna River to the west. The county is drained by Octoraro Creek, the Northeast River, and the Elk River,

Patty Hearst: …films, including Cry-Baby (1990) and Cecil B. DeMented (2000).

Golden Globe Award: In most years, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, a prize for lifetime achievement, is also bestowed. Golden Globe winners receive a statuette consisting of a globe encircled by a strip of film.

The 14th edition (1929) of the Encyclopædia Britannica substantially enlarged the treatment given to cinema. In the new omnibus article on motion pictures, the section on directing was written by none other than the American director Cecil B. DeMille—whose The Greatest Show on Earth (1952) won an

Cecil Family, one of England’s most famous and politically influential families, represented by two branches, holding respectively the marquessates of Exeter and Salisbury, both descended from William Cecil, Lord Burghley, Elizabeth I’s lord treasurer. Burghley’s elder son, Thomas, was created Earl

Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil was a British statesman and winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1937. He was one of the principal draftsmen of the League of Nations Covenant in 1919 and one of the most loyal workers for the League until its supersession by the United Nations in 1945.

Robert Cecil, 1st earl of Salisbury was an English statesman who succeeded his father, William Cecil, Lord Burghley, as Queen Elizabeth I’s chief minister in 1598 and skillfully directed the government during the first nine years of the reign of King James I. Cecil gave continuity to the change

Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd marquess of Salisbury was a Conservative political leader who was a three-time prime minister (1885–86, 1886–92, 1895–1902) and four-time foreign secretary (1878, 1885–86, 1886–92, 1895–1900), who presided over a wide expansion of Great Britain’s colonial

David George Brownlow Cecil was a British athlete and Olympic champion who was an outstanding performer in the athletics (track-and-field) events of hurdling and running. He was also the eldest son and heir of the 5th marquess of Exeter. Cecil was born into an aristocratic family. He had an

David George Brownlow Cecil was a British athlete and Olympic champion who was an outstanding performer in the athletics (track-and-field) events of hurdling and running. He was also the eldest son and heir of the 5th marquess of Exeter. Cecil was born into an aristocratic family. He had an

Lord David Cecil was an English biographer, literary critic, and educator, best known for his discerning, sympathetic, and elegantly written studies of many literary figures. Cecil was the younger son of the 4th marquess of Salisbury. Educated at Oxford, he was a fellow of Wadham College (1924–30)

Lord David Cecil was an English biographer, literary critic, and educator, best known for his discerning, sympathetic, and elegantly written studies of many literary figures. Cecil was the younger son of the 4th marquess of Salisbury. Educated at Oxford, he was a fellow of Wadham College (1924–30)

Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil was a British statesman and winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1937. He was one of the principal draftsmen of the League of Nations Covenant in 1919 and one of the most loyal workers for the League until its supersession by the United Nations in 1945.

Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil was a British statesman and winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1937. He was one of the principal draftsmen of the League of Nations Covenant in 1919 and one of the most loyal workers for the League until its supersession by the United Nations in 1945.

Robert Cecil, 1st earl of Salisbury was an English statesman who succeeded his father, William Cecil, Lord Burghley, as Queen Elizabeth I’s chief minister in 1598 and skillfully directed the government during the first nine years of the reign of King James I. Cecil gave continuity to the change

William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley was the principal adviser to England’s Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and a peerage. By service to the Tudors and marriage to

William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley was the principal adviser to England’s Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and a peerage. By service to the Tudors and marriage to

Benjamin Constant: … another of Constant’s autobiographical novels, Cécile, dealing with events between 1793 and 1808, was discovered and first published. Constant is also known for his Journaux intimes (“Intimate Journals”), first published in their entirety in 1952. They add to the autobiographical picture of Constant provided by his Le Cahier rouge (1907;…

Latin American literature: Romanticism: …novels was Cecilia Valdés (1882; Cecilia Valdés; or, Angel’s Hill: A Novel of Cuban Customs), by the Cuban exile Cirilo Villaverde, perhaps the best Latin American novel of the 19th century. Villaverde’s only competition comes from two other novels named after their women protagonists: María (1867; María: A South American…

St. Cecilia ; feast day November 22) was one of the most famous virgin martyrs of the early church and historically one of the most discussed. She is a patron saint of music and of musicians. According to a late 5th-century legend, she was a noble Roman who, as a child, had vowed her virginity to

Frances Burney: Her next novel, Cecilia; or, Memoirs of an Heiress, 5 vol. (1782), incorporated morally didactic themes along with the social satire of Burney’s first novel into a more complex plot. This novel was as well received as Evelina, but Burney’s success was shadowed by the death of Mrs.…

canonical hours: …was also encouraged by the Cecilian movement (founded 1868), which promoted reform in Roman Catholic church music.

cacos: …more conservative gazistas, led by José Cecilio del Valle, who insisted upon protection for private property and gradual change but also advocated safeguarding political liberties. Rivalry over political power, however, as well as conflicting ideologies, was the cause of this factionalism.

St. Cecilia ; feast day November 22) was one of the most famous virgin martyrs of the early church and historically one of the most discussed. She is a patron saint of music and of musicians. According to a late 5th-century legend, she was a noble Roman who, as a child, had vowed her virginity to

cecropia, (genus Cecropia), several species of tropical tree of the family Cecropiaceae common to the understory layer of disturbed forest habitats of Central and South America. It is easily recognized by its thin, white-ringed trunk and umbrella-like arrangement of large leaves at the branch tips.

cecropia, (genus Cecropia), several species of tropical tree of the family Cecropiaceae common to the understory layer of disturbed forest habitats of Central and South America. It is easily recognized by its thin, white-ringed trunk and umbrella-like arrangement of large leaves at the branch tips.

saturniid moth: Major species: The cecropia moth (Hyalophora cecropia) is the largest moth native to North America, attaining a wingspread of about 15 cm (6 inches). It is brown with white, red, and gray markings and large, distinctive, crescent-shaped eye spots. The larva grows to 10 cm (4 inches) in…

Urticaceae: Major genera and species: The trumpet tree (Cecropia peltata), a tropical American species that has hollow stems inhabited by biting ants, is an extremely aggressive invasive species in areas outside its native range.

Cecrops, traditionally considered the first king of Attica in ancient Greece. Cecrops succeeded King Actaeus, whose daughter, Aglauros, he married. He was said to have instituted the laws of marriage and property and a new form of worship. The abolition of human sacrifice, the burial of the dead,

cecum, pouch or large tubelike structure in the lower abdominal cavity that receives undigested food material from the small intestine and is considered the first region of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum (the final portion of the small intestine) by the ileocecal valve (also

Spain: The Second Republic: …the right-wing electoral grouping, the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights (Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas; CEDA). The left viewed CEDA’s “accidentalism” (the doctrine that forms of government are irrelevant provided the church can fulfill its mission) as suspect, and these suspicions were only exacerbated by a proclivity among Gil Robles’s…

cedar, any of four species of ornamental and timber evergreen conifers of the genus Cedrus (family Pinaceae), three native to mountainous areas of the Mediterranean region and one to the western Himalayas. Many other coniferous trees known as “cedars” resemble true cedars in being evergreen and in

Cedar Breaks National Monument, a vast natural amphitheatre, with a diameter of more than 3 miles (5 km), eroded in a limestone escarpment (Pink Cliffs) 2,000 feet (600 metres) thick in southwestern Utah, U.S., 15 miles (24 km) southeast of Cedar City. Once a part of Sevier (now Dixie) National

Cedar City, city, Iron county, southwestern Utah, U.S., on the scarp of the Hurricane Fault, 5,800 feet (1,768 metres) above sea level. Founded in 1851, following the discovery of iron ore, it was named for the abundance of juniper trees (called cedar in early reports) in the mountainous locality.

Allentown: …seat of Muhlenberg College (1848), Cedar Crest College (1867), and Lehigh Carbon Community College (1966). Just outside the city in Center Valley are DeSales University (1964) and the Lehigh Valley (formerly Allentown) campus of Pennsylvania State University (Penn State Lehigh Valley; 1912).

Cedar Falls, city, Black Hawk county, east-central Iowa, U.S., on the Cedar River, just west of Waterloo. Settled in 1845 by William Sturgis and laid out in 1852, it was first called Sturgis Falls until 1849 when it was renamed for the cedar trees along the river. Cedar Falls served briefly as the

cedar: deodara), and the cedar of Lebanon (C. libani) are the true cedars. They are tall trees with large trunks and massive, irregular heads of spreading branches. Young trees are covered with smooth, dark-gray bark that becomes brown, fissured, and scaly with age. The needlelike, three-sided, rigid leaves are…

Cedar Rapids, city, seat (1919) of Linn county, east-central Iowa, U.S. It lies astride the Cedar River adjacent to the cities of Marion (northeast) and Hiawatha (north), about 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Iowa City. The east bank, settled in the late 1830s and surveyed in 1841, was called Rapids

Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garret F., case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 3, 1999, ruled (7–2) that the 1990 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires school boards to provide continuous nursing services to disabled students who need them during the school

Cedar River, nonnavigable stream in the north-central United States, flowing from southeastern Minnesota southeasterly across Iowa and joining the Iowa River about 20 miles (32 km) from the Mississippi River. Over the river’s 329-mile (529-kilometre) course, it descends 740 feet (226 m). The Cedar

waxwing: The cedar waxwing (B. cedrorum), smaller and less colourful, breeds in Canada and the northern United States. Flocks of waxwings may invade city parks and gardens in winter, searching for berries.

wood wasp: The cedar wood wasps, represented in North America by the species Syntexis libocedrii, are found in the Pacific coastal states. Adults are about 8 to 14 mm (0.3 to 0.5 inch) in length. The larva bores into the wood of the incense cedar, Calocedrus decurrens.

cedar-apple rust, plant disease that primarily affects eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and various apple and crabapple species (genus Malus) in North America and that is caused by the fungus Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae. Both hosts, the junipers and the apples, are required for

Cedaria, genus of trilobites (extinct arthropods) that is a useful index fossil for Cambrian rocks and time (about 542 million to 488 million years ago). Cedaria was small, with a well-developed tail section and a prominent head

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), human rights treaty adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1979 that defines discrimination against women and commits signatory countries to taking steps toward ending it. The convention, which is

Saint Chad: Cedd, he was educated at the great abbey of Lindisfarne on Holy Island (off the coast of Northumbria) under its founder, Abbot St. Aidan, and later apparently studied with St. Egbert, a monk at the Irish monastery of Rathmelsigi. Cedd recalled Chad to England to…

Ousmane Sembène: His masterpiece, Ceddo (1977; “Outsiders”), an ambitious, panoramic account of aspects of African religions, was also in Wolof and was banned in his native Senegal. Camp de Thiaroye (1987; “The Camp at Thiaroye”) depicts an event in 1944 in which French troops slaughtered a camp of rebellious…

Houston Astros: …the Astros called up outfielder César Cedeño, who went on to earn All-Star honors four times and become arguably the team’s first superstar. He was joined by fellow All-Star outfielder José Cruz in 1975, but the Astros remained relatively unsuccessful throughout the 1970s, finishing higher than third in their division…

India: Location: The Cedi state (in Bundelkhand) lay on a major route to the Deccan. South of the Vindhyas, on the Godavari River, Ashvaka continued to thrive.

Ghana: Economy of Ghana: …to a devaluation of the cedi (the national currency) in 1978, a currency conversion in 1979, and a reduction of interest rates and demonetization of lower-value cedi notes in 1982. Under the restructuring program sponsored by the World Bank in the late 1980s, foreign companies and private entrepreneurs were encouraged…

20th-century international relations: Three tests: …coup led by Brigadier General Raoul Cédras had exiled Aristide and imposed martial law. The United States imposed economic sanctions but was preoccupied for the rest of Bush’s term with the question of what to do with the thousands of Haitian boat people fleeing the country for American shores. Clinton…

Meliaceae: Entandrophragma, and Cedrela (especially the Spanish cedar, C. odorata) are economically important timber trees and are valued as a source of mahogany wood. The neem tree, also called the margosa tree (Azadirachta indica), is grown throughout the Old World tropics, notably in India and Southeast Asia, and…

cigar-box cedar, (Cedrela odorata), tropical American timber tree, of the mahogany family (Meliaceae), prized for its aromatic wood, hence its name. Its small flowers are borne in branched clusters, and each fruit is a capsule containing many winged seeds. Other species of the genus Cedrela such as

Batna: To the west, the cedar-forested Mount Tougour (Pic des Cèdres) rises to 6,870 feet (2,094 metres).

Steve Harvey: …Kings of Comedy tour with Cedric the Entertainer, D.L. Hughley, and Bernie Mac; a performance from the tour was made into the Spike Lee film The Original Kings of Comedy (2000). Other movie credits included The Fighting Temptations (2003), You Got Served (2004), and Johnson Family Vacation (2004).

Bill Haley: …and the guitar interplay between Danny Cedrone (b. June 20, 1920, Jamesville, New York—d. June 17, 1954, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) and Billy Williamson (b. February 9, 1925, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania—d. March 22, 1996, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania).

cedar, any of four species of ornamental and timber evergreen conifers of the genus Cedrus (family Pinaceae), three native to mountainous areas of the Mediterranean region and one to the western Himalayas. Many other coniferous trees known as “cedars” resemble true cedars in being evergreen and in

cedar: The Atlas cedar (C. atlantica), the Cyprus cedar (C. brevifolia), the deodar (C. deodara), and the cedar of Lebanon (C. libani) are the true cedars. They are tall trees with large trunks and massive, irregular heads of spreading branches. Young trees are covered with smooth, dark-gray…

cedar: atlantica), the Cyprus cedar (C. brevifolia), the deodar (C. deodara), and the cedar of Lebanon (C. libani) are the true cedars. They are tall trees with large trunks and massive, irregular heads of spreading branches. Young trees are covered with smooth, dark-gray bark that becomes brown, fissured,…

cedar: brevifolia), the deodar (C. deodara), and the cedar of Lebanon (C. libani) are the true cedars. They are tall trees with large trunks and massive, irregular heads of spreading branches. Young trees are covered with smooth, dark-gray bark that becomes brown, fissured, and scaly with age. The…

cedar: deodara), and the cedar of Lebanon (C. libani) are the true cedars. They are tall trees with large trunks and massive, irregular heads of spreading branches. Young trees are covered with smooth, dark-gray bark that becomes brown, fissured, and scaly with age. The needlelike, three-sided, rigid leaves are…

Ceduna, town and port, west-central South Australia. It lies on Denial Bay along the Great Australian Bight, 340 miles (550 km) northwest of Adelaide. It was founded in 1896. Its name is of Aboriginal derivation and means “resting place,” referring to a nearby water hole. It is situated on the Eyre

CeeLo Green is an American singer, rapper, and songwriter known for his soulful voice and flamboyant persona, both as a solo performer and as part of the rap group Goodie Mob and the eclectic duo Gnarls Barkley. He was born Thomas Burton and grew up in Atlanta as the son of two ordained Baptist

cephalosporin: , cephalothin and cefalozin) tend to be broad-spectrum antibiotics that are effective against gram-positive and many gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and many strains of Escherichia coli. They have also been used to fight pulmonary infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Cefalù, town and episcopal see, northern Sicily, Italy. It lies at the foot of a 1,233-foot (376-metre) promontory along the Tyrrhenian Sea, east of Palermo city. It originated as the ancient Cephalaedium, which was probably founded as an outpost of the Greek city of Himera and first appeared in

antibiotic: Cephalosporins: The second-generation cephalosporins (cefamandole, cefaclor, cefotetan, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime) have an extended antibacterial spectrum that includes greater activity against additional species of gram-negative rods. Thus, these drugs are active against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella and Proteus species (though several strains of these organisms have developed resistance).

antibiotic: Cephalosporins: second-generation cephalosporins (cefamandole, cefaclor, cefotetan, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime) have an extended antibacterial spectrum that includes greater activity against additional species of gram-negative rods. Thus, these drugs are active against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella and Proteus species (though several strains of these organisms have developed resistance). Cefamandole is active against many…

Kosovo: Trade: …became a party to the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) in 2006, but Serbia, also a CEFTA member, refused to recognize Kosovo as an independent trading partner.

cephalosporin: …and third-generation ones (such as ceftazidime) tend to be more effective against gram-negative bacterial species that are resistant to the first-generation cephalosporins. Second-generation cephalosporins have proven effective against gonorrhea, Haemophilus influenzae, and the abscesses caused by Bacteroides fragilis. The ability of many cephalosporin derivatives to penetrate the cerebral spinal fluid…

trench fever: …doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, and ceftriaxone, a cephalosporin antibiotic. These agents can bring permanent relief from symptoms but may require long-term use in persons with persistent bacteremia. Additional treatment may be needed to eliminate bacteria-carrying lice.

cephalosporin: , cefuroxime and cefamandole) and third-generation ones (such as ceftazidime) tend to be more effective against gram-negative bacterial species that are resistant to the first-generation cephalosporins. Second-generation cephalosporins have proven effective against gonorrhea, Haemophilus influenzae, and the abscesses caused by Bacteroides

Ceglie Messapico, town, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southern Italy, northeast of Taranto. It is an agricultural-trading centre and has a medieval castle with cylindrical towers. In the surrounding area are numerous trulli (one-room houses built from local limestone, without the use of mortar, and

kapok, (Ceiba pentandra), gigantic tropical tree and the seed-hair fibers obtained from its fruit. Common throughout the tropics, the kapok is native to the New World and to Africa and was transported to Asia, where it is cultivated for its fiber, or floss. See also list of plant fibers. Taxonomy

kapok: Physical description: The kapok is deciduous, dropping its foliage after seasonal rainy periods. Flowering occurs when the tree is leafless, thereby improving access for the bats that feed on the sugar-laden nectar of kapok blossoms. In doing so, the bats unwittingly pollinate the tree’s flowers. The flowers open…

silk floss tree, (Ceiba speciosa), thorny flowering tree of the mallow family (Malvaceae), native to South America but cultivated as an ornamental in other regions. The seeds yield a vegetable silk used in upholstery. It was formerly called Chorisia speciosa. The silk floss tree is a large

La Ceiba, city, northern Honduras. It lies along the Gulf of Honduras, in a lush, hot valley at the foot of 7,989-foot (2,435-metre) Mount Bonito. Developed in the late 19th century as a banana port, La Ceiba is one of the country’s major Caribbean ports. Besides bananas, the port handles

Ireland: Political and social organization: Greater landowners were supported by céilí, or clients. These and other grades of society, minutely classified and described by legal writers, tilled the soil and tended the cattle. Individual families were the real units of society and collectively exercised powers of ownership over their farms and territory. At law the…

Scotland: Daily life and social customs: …traditional local custom is the ceilidh (visit), a social occasion that includes music and storytelling. Once common throughout the country, the ceilidh is now a largely rural institution. Sports such as tossing the caber (a heavy pole) and the hammer throw are integral to the Highland games, a spectacle that…

ceiling, the overhead surface or surfaces covering a room, and the underside of a floor or a roof. Ceilings are often used to hide floor and roof construction. They have been favourite places for decoration from the earliest times: either by painting the flat surface, by emphasizing the structural

air-conditioning: …method of distribution is the ceiling diffuser, from which air is blown out along the ceiling level and allowed to settle down. The linear diffuser brings air through a plenum box or duct with a rectangular opening; louvers divert the down-flowing air. Other units are circular, and their fins radiate…

Howard Hawks: Films of the mid-1930s of Howard Hawks: Ceiling Zero (1936), an adaptation of a play by former pilot Frank Wead, was better. It starred Cagney as an indomitable airmail pilot and Pat O’Brien as his hard-boiled boss. Hawks’s next project, The Road to Glory (1936), was unrelated to his earlier film of…

ceilometer, device for measuring the height of cloud bases and overall cloud thickness. One important use of the ceilometer is to determine cloud ceilings at airports. The device works day or night by shining an intense beam of light (often produced by an infrared or ultraviolet transmitter or a

John Blackwell: …collected works were published as Ceinion Alun (1851).

John Ceiriog Hughes was a poet and folk musicologist who wrote outstanding Welsh-language lyrics. After working successively as a grocer’s helper, a clerk in Manchester, and a railway official in Wales, Hughes began winning poetry prizes in the 1850s and thereafter published several volumes of

Huw Morys was one of the finest Welsh poets of the 17th century. Morys wrote during the period when the strict bardic metres were in decline and the free metres of popular poetry were on the rise. He elevated this poetry to new dignity by skillful and sophisticated craftsmanship. Structurally

Ivan Klíma: …tmu, čekání na světlo (1993; Waiting for the Dark, Waiting for the Light), about a Czech cameraman floundering in the prosperity that follows oppression; and Ani svatí, ani andělé (2001; No Saints or Angels), about cultural and personal havoc in contemporary Prague. His biography of Čapek, The Life and Work…