celibacy, the state of being unmarried and, therefore, sexually abstinent, usually in association with the role of a religious official or devotee. In its narrow sense, the term is applied only to those for whom the unmarried state is the result of a sacred vow, act of renunciation, or religious

Phoebe Philo: …creative director of LVMH’s languishing Céline brand and a board membership, and she accepted, after stipulating that she would lead the Parisian fashion house from her London home and have complete creative control. Her timeless designs for Céline combined luxury with practicality and wearability and translated effortlessly from the runway…

Louis-Ferdinand Céline was a French writer and physician who, while admired for his talent, is better known for his anti-Semitism and misanthropy. Céline received his medical degree in 1924 and traveled extensively on medical missions for the League of Nations. In 1928 he opened a practice in a

laparotomy, opening of the abdominal (or peritoneal) cavity. After laparotomy became reasonably safe, the whole field of abdominal surgery unfolded. Laparotomy requires (1) a safe cutting into the abdominal cavity through the skin, fat, muscles, muscular aponeuroses, and peritoneum in that order

Celje, city, central Slovenia, on the Savinja River about 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Ljubljana, Slovenia’s capital. Founded as Claudia Celeia by the Roman emperor Claudius in the 1st century ce, it was home in the 3rd century to a Christian bishop later canonized as St. Maximilian. It later

Stephen King: Other novels: … (1999); Dreamcatcher (2001; film 2003); Cell (2006; film 2016); Lisey’s Story (2006; TV miniseries 2021); Duma Key (2008); Under the Dome (2009; TV series 2013–15); 11/22/63 (2011; TV miniseries 2016); Joyland (2013); Doctor Sleep (2013; film 2019), a sequel to The Shining

cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed. A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature. These cells

cell, in electricity, unit structure used to generate an electrical current by some means other than the motion of a conductor in a magnetic field. A solar cell, for example, consists of a semiconductor junction that converts sunlight directly into electricity. A dry cell is a chemical battery in

Caryl Chessman: …appeals and wrote four books—Cell 2455, Death Row (1954; expanded ed. 1960), Trial by Ordeal (1955), The Face of Justice (1957), and The Kid Was a Killer (1960), a novel—that brought his case to widespread public attention. (Cell 2455, Death Row was also filmed.)

Gerald Maurice Edelman: …1975 he discovered substances called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which “glue” cells together to form tissues. Edelman found that, as the brain develops, CAMs bind neurons together to form the brain’s basic circuitry. His work led to the construction of a general theory of brain development and function called neuronal…

motion-picture technology: Figural basis of animation: The development of cel (or cell) animation permitted the phased movements of the figures to be traced onto a succession of transparent celluloid sheets and superimposed, in turn, onto a single static drawing representing the background. With this technique the background could be drawn in somewhat greater detail…

cytology, the study of cells as fundamental units of living things. The earliest phase of cytology began with the English scientist Robert Hooke’s microscopic investigations of cork in 1665. He observed dead cork cells and introduced the term “cell” to describe them. In the 19th century two

IBM: …Corporation of Japan, designed the Cell Broadband Engine. Developed over a four-year period beginning in 2001, this advanced computer chip has multiple applications, from supercomputers to Toshiba high-definition televisions to the Sony Playstation 3 electronic game system. IBM also designed the computer chips for the Microsoft Corporation Xbox 360 and…

cell culture, the maintenance and growth of the cells of multicellular organisms outside the body in specially designed containers and under precise conditions of temperature, humidity, nutrition, and freedom from contamination. In a broad sense, cells, tissues, and organs that are isolated and

cell cycle, the ordered sequence of events that occur in a cell in preparation for cell division. The cell cycle is a four-stage process in which the cell increases in size (gap 1, or G1, stage), copies its DNA (synthesis, or S, stage), prepares to divide (gap 2, or G2, stage), and divides

telomere: …processes of cell aging and cell death are regulated in part by telomeres.

death: Cell death: …called apoptosis and in invertebrates, cell deletion. Programmed cell death plays an important role in vertebrate ontogeny (embryological development) and teratogenesis (the production of malformations), as well as in the spectacular metamorphoses that affect tadpoles or caterpillars. Such programmed events are essential if the organism as a whole is to…

cell: Intercellular communication: …depends on a process called cell determination, in which initially identical cells become committed to different pathways of development. A fundamental part of cell determination is the ability of cells to detect different chemicals within different regions of the embryo. The chemical signals detected by one cell may be different…

cell differentiation, process by which an immature cell develops into a specialized cell type with a distinct structure and function. Cell differentiation is a crucial part of development in multicellular organisms, since it results in cells with unique characteristics—such as muscle cells,

cell division, the process by which cells reproduce. See meiosis;

Torbjörn Oskar Caspersson: In Cell Growth and Cell Function (1950) Caspersson summarized much of his research by theorizing that RNA must be present for protein synthesis to occur. He was the first to perform cytochemical studies on the giant chromosomes found in insect larvae. He also investigated the role…

Edmund Beecher Wilson: …cellular organization; publication of his Cell in Development and Inheritance (1896) deeply influenced the trend of biological thought. The problem of sex determination became his next concern, and his cytological studies, culminating in a series of papers on the relation of chromosomes to the determination of sex, the first published…

cell: Tissue and species recognition: …adhesion is carried out by cell junctions.

cell membrane, thin membrane that surrounds every living cell, delimiting the cell from the environment around it. Enclosed by this cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane) are the cell’s constituents, often large, water-soluble, highly charged molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids,

nervous system: Encephalization: …of giant cells called the cells of Mauthner, which exert some control over the local spinal-cord reflexes responsible for the rhythmic swimming undulations and the flip-tail escape response characteristic of these animals.

cell phone, wireless telephone that permits telecommunication within a defined area that may include hundreds of square miles, using radio waves in the 800–900 megahertz (MHz) band. To implement a cell-phone system, a geographic area is broken into smaller areas, or cells, usually mapped as uniform

In the United States, the radiation emitted by cell phones, known as radiofrequency (RF) radiation, is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Given the ubiquitous use of cell phones today, the question has been asked: Is cell phone radiation safe? Cell phones transmit their

cell: Mitosis and cytokinesis: …new cell wall, called the cell plate, between the two daughter cells. The cell plate arises from small Golgi-derived vesicles that coalesce in a plane across the equator of the late telophase spindle to form a disk-shaped structure. In this process, each vesicle contributes its membrane to the forming cell…

cell division, the process by which cells reproduce. See meiosis;

cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water. Organisms that do not depend on oxygen degrade foodstuffs in a

blood group: The importance of antigens and antibodies: antigens on the surfaces of these red cells are often referred to as agglutinogens.

cell, in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed. A single cell is often a complete organism in itself, such as a bacterium or yeast. Other cells acquire specialized functions as they mature. These cells

cell theory, fundamental scientific theory of biology according to which cells are held to be the basic units of all living tissues. First proposed by German scientists Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in 1838, the theory that all plants and animals are made up of cells marked a great

cell wall, specialized form of extracellular matrix that surrounds every cell of a plant. The cell wall is responsible for many of the characteristics that distinguish plant cells from animal cells. Although often perceived as an inactive product serving mainly mechanical and structural purposes,

archaea: Characteristics of the archaea: Cell walls: virtually all bacteria contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls; however, archaea and eukaryotes lack peptidoglycan. Various types of cell walls exist in the archaea. Therefore, the absence or presence of peptidoglycan is a distinguishing feature between the archaea and bacteria.

electrolytic cell, any device in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy, or vice versa. Such a cell typically consists of two metallic or electronic conductors (electrodes) held apart from each other and in contact with an electrolyte (q.v.), usually a dissolved or fused ionic

Jennifer Lopez: Selena and film stardom: …Out of Sight (1998), and The Cell (2000), and she gained widespread praise for The Wedding Planner (2001), her successful first attempt at romantic comedy. That release was quickly followed by the romantic drama Angel Eyes. These films paired her with many of the most bankable and respected leading actors…

nutritional disease: Food allergies and intolerances: Much less common are cell-mediated (delayed hypersensitivity) food allergies, in which a localized inflammatory process and other symptoms may not start for up to a day. Adverse food reactions that do not involve the immune system, aside from foodborne infection or poisoning, are called food intolerances or sensitivities. Most…

connective tissue disease: Acquired diseases of connective tissue: …the interaction may result in cellular immunity, which plays an important role in certain autoimmune disorders that involve solid organs, as well as in transplant rejection and cancer immunity.

cell: Tissue and species recognition: The proteoglycan binds to specific cell-surface receptor sites that are unique to a single species of sponge.

cella, in Classical architecture, the body of a temple (as distinct from the portico) in which the image of the deity is housed. In early Greek and Roman architecture it was a simple room, usually rectangular, with the entrance at one end and with the side walls often being extended to form a

Esslingen, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies along the Neckar River, just southeast of Stuttgart. Mentioned in 777 as Cella and in 866 as Hetsilinga, it was chartered about 1219. It was a free imperial city from 1360 to 1802, when it passed to Württemberg, the

Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duke du Maine: …ambassador, Antonio Giudice, Prince de Cellamare, to substitute Philip V of Spain (grandson of Louis XIV) as regent instead of Orléans. Orléans learned of the plot, and in December du Maine, his wife, and Cellamare were arrested. Imprisoned for a little more than a year, du Maine then retired from…

cellar, room beneath ground level, especially one for storing fruits and vegetables, both raw and canned, on a farm. A typical cellar may be beneath the house or located outdoors, partly underground, with the upper part mounded over with earth to protect from freezing and to maintain fairly

cellarette, small movable cabinet designed to hold bottles of wine or liquor, primarily used from the 18th to the 20th century. It was usually kept under the centre of a sideboard or side table and rolled out for use. If it was meant to hold ice and made of silver, it was known as a wine cooler.

cellarette, small movable cabinet designed to hold bottles of wine or liquor, primarily used from the 18th to the 20th century. It was usually kept under the centre of a sideboard or side table and rolled out for use. If it was meant to hold ice and made of silver, it was known as a wine cooler.

Celle, city, Lower Saxony Land (state), north-central Germany, on the Aller River, at the southern edge of the Lüneburger Heide (Heath), northeast of Hannover. The old town, Altencelle, was founded about 1248, and Celle (founded 1292) was the residence (1371–1705) of the dukes of

Juliette Binoche: …Celle que vous croyez (2019; Who You Think I Am), in which a middle-aged professor pretends to be a younger woman on social media; and La bonne épouse (2020; How to Be a Good Wife), a satire about the patriarchy in 1960s France. In 2022 she appeared in several movies,…

Celler-Kefauver Act, act passed by the U.S. Congress in 1950 that was intended to strengthen previously enacted antitrust legislation known as the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 through the amendment of sections and addition of special provisions. The Celler-Kefauver Act made the Clayton Act’s

South African literature: In Afrikaans: …compassionate verse on human suffering; Jan F.E. Celliers, a pastoral poet; Jakob Daniel du Toit (Totius), who wrote some of the best elegiacs in Afrikaans; and C. Louis Leipoldt, whose poetry expressed the suffering inflicted by the South African War and whose collection of short lyric poems, Slampamperliedjies (“Songs of…

Cellini’s halo, bright white ring surrounding the shadow of the observer’s head on a dew-covered lawn with a low solar elevation angle. The low solar angle causes an elongated shadow, so that the shadow of the head is far from the observer, a condition that is apparently required for Cellini’s halo

Benvenuto Cellini was a Florentine sculptor, goldsmith, and writer. He was one of the most important Mannerist artists and, because of the lively account of himself and his period in his autobiography, one of the most picturesque figures of the Renaissance. Cellini, resisting the efforts of his

cello, bass musical instrument of the violin group, with four strings, pitched C–G–D–A upward from two octaves below middle C. The cello, about 27.5 inches (70 cm) long (47 inches [119 cm] with the neck), has proportionally deeper ribs and a shorter neck than the violin. The earliest cellos were

György Ligeti: In Ligeti’s Cello Concerto (1966), the usual concerto contrast between soloist and orchestra is minimized in music of mainly very long lines and slowly changing, very nontraditional textures. Other works include Clocks and Clouds (1972–73) for female chorus and orchestra, San Francisco Polyphony (1973–74) for orchestra, Piano…

Cello Concerto in B Minor, Op. 104, concerto for cello and orchestra by Antonín Dvořák, premiered in London on March 19, 1896. It is one of the most frequently performed of all cello concerti, and it is admired for the richness of its orchestral music and for the lyrical writing for the solo

Luigi Boccherini: Legacy: …his best-known work remains the Cello Concerto in B-flat, which was actually arranged from two Boccherini concerti and a sonata by the 19th-century composer and cellist Friedrich Grützmacher. Boccherini’s well-known minuet is from his String Quintet in E Major, G 275.

Cello Concerto in E Minor, Op. 85, concerto for cello and orchestra by English composer Sir Edward Elgar, first performed in London in October of 1919. It is a sombre work, reflecting the sorrows faced by the composer’s native land in the closing months of World War I. Within Elgar’s body of work,

printmaking: The cellocut: The cellocut method was named by its originator, U.S. printmaker Boris Margo, one of the first to experiment extensively with plastics.

cellophane, a thin film of regenerated cellulose, usually transparent, employed primarily as a packaging material. For many years after World War I, cellophane was the only flexible, transparent plastic film available for use in such common items as food wrap and adhesive tape. Since the 1960s it

plasterer bee, (family Colletidae), large family of bees with more than 2,500 species found worldwide. Their common name, which is often used to refer to the bees of the genus Colletes, is derived from the protective, cellophane-like material that females secrete and plaster to the walls of their

Spain: Spain in 1600: …and perdition of Spain, wrote González de Cellorigo, perhaps the most acute of the arbitristas of 1600. “It seems,” he concluded, “as if we had wanted to turn these kingdoms into a republic of enchanted men, living outside the natural order.”

Richard D. Murdock: …marketing and corporate development at CellPro, Inc., a small biotechnology firm founded in 1989 and based in Bothell, Wash. By 1992 he had become president of the company. From June 1992 until 1998 he also held the positions of chief executive officer and director.

human ear: Organ of Corti: …cells of Hensen, Claudius, and Boettcher, after the 19th-century anatomists who first described them. Their function has not been established, but they are assumed to help in maintaining the composition of the endolymph by ion transport and absorptive activity.

human ear: Organ of Corti: …called the cells of Hensen, Claudius, and Boettcher, after the 19th-century anatomists who first described them. Their function has not been established, but they are assumed to help in maintaining the composition of the endolymph by ion transport and absorptive activity.

human ear: Organ of Corti: …epithelial cells, usually called the cells of Hensen, Claudius, and Boettcher, after the 19th-century anatomists who first described them. Their function has not been established, but they are assumed to help in maintaining the composition of the endolymph by ion transport and absorptive activity.

Paneth’s cell, specialized type of epithelial cell found in the mucous-membrane lining of the small intestine and of the appendix, at the base of tubelike depressions known as Lieberkühn glands. Named for the 19th-century Austrian physiologist Joseph Paneth, the cell has one nucleus at its base and

Chris Evans: Superheroes: the Human Torch and Captain America: …rescue her in the thriller Cellular (2004). The film established him as a plausible action star. In 2005 Evans appeared in his first superhero movie, playing the brash Johnny Storm/the Human Torch in the Marvel universe story Fantastic Four. His credits from 2007 included the science-fiction movie Sunshine, directed by…

cancer: Microinvasion: …of this property, known as cellular adhesion. In many epithelial tumors it has been shown that cell-adhesion molecules such as E-cadherin, which helps to keep cells in place, are in short supply.

cellular automata (CA), model of a spatially distributed process that consists of an array (usually two-dimensional) of cells that “evolve” step-by-step according to the state of neighbouring cells and certain rules that depend on the simulation. CAs can be used to simulate various real-world

cellular automata (CA), model of a spatially distributed process that consists of an array (usually two-dimensional) of cells that “evolve” step-by-step according to the state of neighbouring cells and certain rules that depend on the simulation. CAs can be used to simulate various real-world

mobile telephone: Cellular communication: All cellular telephone systems exhibit several fundamental characteristics, as summarized in the following:

cell differentiation, process by which an immature cell develops into a specialized cell type with a distinct structure and function. Cell differentiation is a crucial part of development in multicellular organisms, since it results in cells with unique characteristics—such as muscle cells,

angiosperm: Fertilization and embryogenesis: In cellular endosperm formation, cell-wall formation is coincident with nuclear divisions. In helobial endosperm formation, a cell wall is laid down between the first two nuclei, after which one half develops endosperm along the cellular pattern and the other half along the nuclear pattern. Helobial endosperm…

box frame construction, method of building with concrete in which individual cells, or rooms, are set horizontally and vertically together to create an overall structural frame. Because the main weight of the building is carried through the cross walls, they must be sufficiently thick to carry

connective tissue disease: Acquired diseases of connective tissue: …the interaction may result in cellular immunity, which plays an important role in certain autoimmune disorders that involve solid organs, as well as in transplant rejection and cancer immunity.

Cellular Jail, prison complex built between 1896 and 1906 in Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory, India. The original Port Blair, named after Archibald Blair of the British East India Company, was a penal colony on Great Andaman established in 1789, but it ceased operating in

Lawrence Hargrave: …of the cellular kite, or box kite, as it is now known.

Rudolf Virchow: Medical investigations: …physiologische und pathologische Gewebenlehre (Cellular Pathology as Based upon Physiological and Pathological Histology), at once transformed scientific thought in the whole field of biology.

cell phone, wireless telephone that permits telecommunication within a defined area that may include hundreds of square miles, using radio waves in the 800–900 megahertz (MHz) band. To implement a cell-phone system, a geographic area is broken into smaller areas, or cells, usually mapped as uniform

cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water. Organisms that do not depend on oxygen degrade foodstuffs in a

Acrasieae, class name for cellular slime molds (division Myxomycophyta). The class contains a single order, Acrasiales, and about a dozen species. The vegetative phase of these slime molds consists of amoeba-like cells (myxamoebas) that group together ultimately to form a fruiting (reproductive)

cell phone, wireless telephone that permits telecommunication within a defined area that may include hundreds of square miles, using radio waves in the 800–900 megahertz (MHz) band. To implement a cell-phone system, a geographic area is broken into smaller areas, or cells, usually mapped as uniform

Rudolf Virchow: Medical investigations: …physiologische und pathologische Gewebenlehre (Cellular Pathology as Based upon Physiological and Pathological Histology), at once transformed scientific thought in the whole field of biology.

digestion: Digestion: …for example, few animals possess cellulase (cellulose-digesting enzyme), despite the fact that cellulose constitutes much of the total bulk of the food ingested by plant-eating animals. Some nonetheless benefit from the cellulose in their diet because their digestive tracts contain microorganisms (known as symbionts) capable of digesting cellulose. The herbivores…

cellulitis, bacterial infection of the skin. Cellulitis can be caused by any bacteria that enters a superficial skin wound, but often they are strains of Staphylococcus or Streptococcus. The condition commonly affects the lower extremities but can occur anyplace on the body where the skin has

celluloid, the first synthetic plastic material, developed in the 1860s and 1870s from a homogeneous colloidal dispersion of nitrocellulose and camphor. A tough, flexible, and moldable material that is resistant to water, oils, and dilute acids and capable of low-cost production in a variety of

cellulose, a complex carbohydrate, or polysaccharide, consisting of 3,000 or more glucose units. Cellulose is the basic structural component of plant cell walls, comprising about 33 percent of all vegetable matter (90 percent of cotton and 50 percent of wood are cellulose), and it is the most

cellulose acetate, synthetic compound derived from the acetylation of the plant substance cellulose. Cellulose acetate is spun into textile fibres known variously as acetate rayon, acetate, or triacetate. It can also be molded into solid plastic parts such as tool handles or cast into film for

cellulose acetate: …a secondary cellulose acetate, or cellulose diacetate. Diacetate can be dissolved by cheaper solvents such as acetone for dry-spinning into fibres. With a lower melting temperature (230 °C [445 °F]) than triacetate, diacetate in flake form can be mixed with appropriate plasticizers into powders for molding solid objects, and it…

nitrocellulose, a mixture of nitric esters of cellulose, and a highly flammable compound that is the main ingredient of modern gunpowder and is also employed in certain lacquers and paints. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries it was the basis of the earliest man-made fibres and plastic

cellulose acetate: …cellulose acetate, or, more properly, cellulose triacetate. Triacetate is a high-melting (300 °C [570 °F]), highly crystalline substance that is soluble only in a limited range of solvents (usually methylene chloride). From solution, triacetate can be dry-spun into fibres or, with the aid of plasticizers, cast as a film. If…

natural fibre: Classification and properties: The vegetable, or cellulose-base, class includes such important fibres as cotton, flax, and jute. The animal, or protein-base, fibres include wool, mohair, and silk. An important fibre in the mineral class is asbestos.

cellulosic ethanol, second-generation biofuel that is manufactured by converting vegetation unsuitable for human consumption into ethyl alcohol (ethanol). Whereas first-generation biofuels use edible feedstock such as corn (maize), cellulosic ethanol can be produced by using raw materials such as

Argentina: The crisis of 1890: The government of Roca’s successor, Miguel Juárez Celman (1886–90), had avoided launching an unpopular anti-inflationary program, but this inaction sparked criticism both within and outside the official party ranks. In July 1890 a revolt erupted that had strong support from within the army, but it was defeated by loyal elements.…

Pedro Calderón de la Barca: Aesthetic milieu and achievement: This was followed by Celos, aun del aire matan (1660; “Jealousy Even of the Air Can Kill”), an opera in three acts with music by Juan Hidalgo. As in the Italian tradition, the music was subordinate to the poetry, and all of Calderón’s musical plays are poetic dramas in…

Celosia, genus of about 45 species of herbaceous plants in the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), native to tropical America and Africa. A number of species, including the cockscomb (Celosia cristata), are cultivated as garden ornamentals and are sometimes called woolflowers for their dense chaffy

Celosia: Lagos spinach, or silver cockscomb (C. argentea), is an important food crop in West Africa, where it is grown for its nutritious leafy greens.

cockscomb, (Celosia cristata), common garden plant of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae). Cockscombs are tender perennials but are usually grown as annuals in cooler climates. The plants produce dense undulating inflorescences that resemble the red combs on the heads of roosters, hence their

celsian, an uncommon feldspar mineral, barium aluminosilicate (BaAl2Si2O8), that occurs as hard, light-coloured, glassy masses and crystals in association with manganese deposits in contact zones, as at Jakobsberg, Swed.; Tochigi prefecture, Japan; Rhiw, Wales; near the Omuramba Otjosondjou (dry

Celsius, scale based on 0° for the freezing point of water and 100° for the boiling point of water. Invented in 1742 by the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, it is sometimes called the centigrade scale because of the 100-degree interval between the defined points. The following formula can be used