Ceraurus, genus of trilobites (extinct arthropods) found as fossils in rocks of Ordovician period (505 to 438 million years ago) in Europe and North America. Ceraurus is easily recognized by its unusual shape; two large spines occur at the end of the tail and at the margins of the head

Cerberus, in Greek mythology, the monstrous watchdog of the underworld. He was usually said to have three heads, though the poet Hesiod (flourished 7th century bce) said he had 50. Heads of snakes grew from his back, and he had a serpent’s tail. He devoured anyone who tried to escape the kingdom of

José Agustín: The novel Cerca del fuego (1986; “Near the Fire”) is a mordantly humorous indictment of life in Mexico City, told by an amnesiac after six years’ absence from the city. In 1994 Agustín published El viejo y el mar, a translation of Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man…

sound reception: Cercal organs: The cercal organ, which is found at the posterior end of the abdomen in such insects as cockroaches and crickets, consists of a thick brush of several hundred fine hairs. When an electrode is placed on the nerve trunk of the organ, which…

adapiform: Evolution and classification: …other adapiforms, the widely distributed Cercamoniinae are enigmatic, to the extent that they may not be a natural or monophyletic group, because all the descendants of their common ancestor may not be known at present. Their evolutionary relationships remain unclear; some paleontologists have proposed, however, that cercamoniines are closely related…

adapiform: Evolution and classification: …other adapiforms, the widely distributed Cercamoniinae are enigmatic, to the extent that they may not be a natural or monophyletic group, because all the descendants of their common ancestor may not be known at present. Their evolutionary relationships remain unclear; some paleontologists have proposed, however, that cercamoniines are closely related…

schistosomiasis: Types and process of infection: Fork-tailed larvae, the cercariae, subsequently emerge from the snail into the water and, upon contact with the skin of a mammal, drop their tails and penetrate the tissues, getting into the blood circulation, where they feed.

du Cerceau family: Baptiste Androuet du Cerceau (1545–90) succeeded his father, Jacques Androuet, in 1572–77 as the major architect of Charles IX’s Château Charleval. Later, in 1579, he worked on the Pont Neuf, which is his only surviving work. In 1584 Henry III named Baptiste supervisor of France’s…

du Cerceau family, renowned French family of architects and decorators who constituted a virtual dynasty in architecture and decoration from the 16th century until the end of the 17th century. Jacques Androuet du Cerceau (b. c. 1520, Paris, France—d. c. 1585, Annecy), the first member of the

furniture: France: …headed by the work of Jacques du Cerceau; and in Burgundy, where, led by the craftsman and designer Hugues Sambin, design was influenced by the Renaissance style evolved in the Netherlands.

du Cerceau family: Jean I Androuet du Cerceau (1585–1649), grandson of Jacques Androuet, was the most important designer of private houses during the early 17th century. He was responsible for the two most typical private homes of Louis XIII’s reign: the Hôtel de Sully (1624–29) and the Hôtel…

Vieri dei Cerchi was a Florentine noble and banker who became the leader of the faction known as the Whites in the civil strife of the late 13th century. A knight who fought in the Guelf (pro-papal) army at Campaldino (June 11, 1289) against the city of Arezzo, Vieri dei Cerchi became in the 1290s

Kerch, city and seaport, Crimea republic, southern Ukraine, on the western shore of the Strait of Kerch at the head of a small bay. Founded in the 6th century bce by Miletan Greeks, it flourished as a trading center, and in the 5th century it became the capital of the kingdom of the Cimmerian

dipluran: Diplurans have two appendages, or cerci, extending backward from the last of their abdominal segments, for which they are named (Greek diplo, meaning “double,” and ura, meaning “tail”). Diplurans are blind and pale, and they generally are small, measuring about 2–5 mm (0.08–0.2 inch) in length, though some tropical species…

Saxifragales: Major families: Cercidiphyllaceae comprises a single genus and two deciduous tree species from China and Japan. They are wind-pollinated. The flowers are unisexual and lack perianth parts, and there are separate male and female plants. Both the male and female structures that appear to be flowers are…

katsura tree, (species Cercidiphyllum japonicum), upright, gracefully branching tree native to China and Japan, and the only remaining member of the family Cercidiphyllaceae. It is a handsome ornamental tree planted widely for its broadly oval form; it grows up to 15 m (50 feet) tall in

katsura tree: …the base, but the variety C. japonicum sinense has a single trunk for several feet before branching. The katsura tree makes a good landscape specimen not only for its form and foliage but also for its relative freedom from insects and disease. Its wood is valued in Japan for lumber…

palo verde: Blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) is a bushy tree that grows up to 9 metres (30 feet) high. It is found in desert areas of southern California, Arizona, and northwestern Mexico, including the Baja California peninsula, and is a characteristic woody plant along washes in…

palo verde: Border palo verde (P. texana), a Mexican tree, grows only as far north as southeastern Texas. It is readily distinguished from the blue palo verde by its flattened podlike fruits. Mexican palo verde (Parkinsonia aculeata) occurs in southwestern Arizona and from Texas to Florida.

redbud, (genus Cercis), any of a genus of 10 species of shrubs to small trees in the pea family (Fabaceae), native to North America, southern Europe, and Asia and widely planted for their showy early spring flowers. Clusters of small purplish pink flowers appear on old stems and branches before the

redbud: The eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), up to 12 metres (40 feet) tall, is the hardiest species. It is cultivated for its rosy-purple spring flowers and interesting branch patterns; a white-flowered variety is available. The Chinese redbud (C. chinensis) is often shrubby in cultivation. Another redbud, C.…

redbud: …Mediterranean region, is often called Judas tree, for the betrayer of Christ, who is said to have hanged himself from such a tree, after which the white flowers turned red with blood or shame.

Superfund, U.S. government fund intended to pay for the cleanup of hazardous-waste dump sites and spills. The 1980 act creating it called for financing by a combination of general revenues and taxes on polluting industries. The Environmental Protection Agency was directed to create a list of the

Mali: Local government: …divided into administrative units called cercles, which are in turn subdivided into arrondissements. Each région is administered by a governor, who coordinates the activities of the cercles and implements economic policy. The cercles provide nuclei for the major government services; their various headquarters provide focal points for health services, the…

Paul-François-Jean-Nicolas, vicomte de Barras: …he became actively involved with Le Cercle Constitutionnel, a group of antiroyalist liberals that included Talleyrand, Joseph Fouché, Benjamin Constant, and Madame de Staël, who supported the less republican and more authoritarian structure of the Directory. His lavish lifestyle made him a symbol of the regime’s corruption.

Abstraction-Création: …the Abstraction-Création group was the Cercle et Carré (“Circle and Square”) group, founded by Michel Seuphor and Joaquin Torres-Garcia in 1930. Artists Georges Vantongerloo, Jean Hélion, and Auguste Herbin worked together to form a similar association, and by 1931 they managed to attract over 40 members to a group they…

Kerch, city and seaport, Crimea republic, southern Ukraine, on the western shore of the Strait of Kerch at the head of a small bay. Founded in the 6th century bce by Miletan Greeks, it flourished as a trading center, and in the 5th century it became the capital of the kingdom of the Cimmerian

mountain mahogany, (genus Cercocarpus), genus of five or six species of North American shrubs or small trees in the rose family (Rosaceae). The hard heartwood of these trees is highly valued for carving, and it is said that the common name was given by the Mormons, who used the wood to build the

mountain mahogany: Common species: The birch-leaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides) and curl-leaf mountain mahogany (C. ledifolius) are both scaly-barked trees that may reach up to 9 metres (30 feet) in height. The true, or alder-leaf, mountain mahogany (C. montanus) is a long-lived shrub common to the foothills of the Rocky…

mountain mahogany: Common species: …mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides) and curl-leaf mountain mahogany (C. ledifolius) are both scaly-barked trees that may reach up to 9 metres (30 feet) in height. The true, or alder-leaf, mountain mahogany (C. montanus) is a long-lived shrub common to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and is often heavily browsed…

mountain mahogany: Common species: …or alder-leaf, mountain mahogany (C. montanus) is a long-lived shrub common to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and is often heavily browsed by elk and deer. One species, the rare Catalina mahogany (C. traskiae), consists of only a single population found on Santa Catalina Island off the coast…

mountain mahogany: Common species: One species, the rare Catalina mahogany (C. traskiae), consists of only a single population found on Santa Catalina Island off the coast of southern California.

mangabey: …long-limbed monkeys of the genera Cercocebus and Lophocebus, found in African tropical forests. Mangabeys are fairly large quadrupedal monkeys with cheek pouches and deep depressions under the cheekbones. Species range in head and body length from about 40 to almost 90 cm (16–35 inches) and weigh up to about 11…

mangabey: …Central and East Africa: the agile mangabey (C. agilis), a slender monkey that has a small whorl of hair on the front of the crown and lives in Congo (Kinshasa) north of the Congo River westward into Gabon; the golden-bellied mangabey (C. chrysogaster), which lacks a whorl and has a…

mangabey: The sooty mangabey (C. atys), a dark, uniformly gray species with a pale face, is found from the Nzo-Sassandra river system westward to Senegal. Four paler, browner species live in Central and East Africa: the agile mangabey (C. agilis), a slender monkey that has a small…

mangabey: …River westward into Gabon; the golden-bellied mangabey (C. chrysogaster), which lacks a whorl and has a bright golden orange underside and is restricted to the region south of the Congo River; the Sanje mangabey (C. sanjei), discovered quite unexpectedly in 1980 living in the Udzungwa Mountains and Mwanihana forest of…

mangabey: …forest of Tanzania; and the Tana River mangabey (C. galeritus), a small species that has long crown hair diverging from a part and is found only in forests along the lower Tana River in Kenya. The Tana River mangabey, which numbers only 100–1,000 and is in danger of extinction, lives…

mangabey: The white-naped mangabey (C. lunulatus) is restricted to a small region between the Nzo-Sassandra river system in Côte d’Ivoire and the Volta River in Ghana. The sooty mangabey (C. atys), a dark, uniformly gray species with a pale face, is found from the Nzo-Sassandra river system…

mangabey: …of the Congo River; the Sanje mangabey (C. sanjei), discovered quite unexpectedly in 1980 living in the Udzungwa Mountains and Mwanihana forest of Tanzania; and the Tana River mangabey (C. galeritus), a small species that has long crown hair diverging from a part and is found only in forests along…

mangabey: The white-collared or red-capped mangabey (C. torquatus), the largest species, lives in west-central Africa and is gray with a white “collar” around the neck and a red crown. The white-naped mangabey (C. lunulatus) is restricted to a small region between the Nzo-Sassandra river system in Côte d’Ivoire and…

froghopper, (family Cercopidae), any of numerous species of small (less than 1.5 cm [0.6 inch] long) hopping insects (order Homoptera), worldwide in distribution, that produce a frothy substance known as spittle. The whitish nymph secretes a fluid through the anus that is mixed with a secretion

primate: The brain: …sulci are well marked in Old World monkeys and in the apes, the complexity of the pattern closely approximating the tortuous mazelike pattern seen in humans.

primate: Size range and adaptive diversity: After human beings, Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae are the most successful colonizers of nonarboreal habitats.

primate: Classification: Superfamily Cercopithecoidea 1 family with 21 genera. Family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys) 2 subfamilies of 21 genera with 103 or more species, almost all from Asia and Africa. 17 fossil species in 11 genera dating from Middle Miocene to Holocene. Superfamily

guenon, (genus Cercopithecus), any of 26 species of widely distributed African monkeys characterized by bold markings of white or bright colours. Guenons are slim, graceful quadrupedal monkeys with long arms and legs, short faces, and nonprehensile tails that are longer than the combined head and

diana monkey, (Cercopithecus diana), arboreal species of guenon named for its crescent-shaped white browband that resembles the bow of the goddess Diana. The diana monkey is generally found well above the ground in West African rainforests. Its face and much of its fur are black. It has a white

diana monkey: The roloway monkey (C. d. roloway) is a subspecies or closely related species with a longer beard and broader diadem (browband). The diana monkey is active, hardy, and readily tamed. Although engaging when young, it is less friendly as an adult.

owl-faced monkey, (Cercopithecus hamlyni), arboreal guenon found in tropical forests east of the Congo basin. The owl-faced monkey is greenish gray with black underparts and forelimbs; the lower back and base of the tail are silver-gray. It is named for the white streak running down the length of

guenon: The lesula (C. lomamiensis), which inhabits pockets of habitat in Rwanda’s Nyungwe Forest National Park, possesses a spot of yellowish brown fur on the tip of its nose. The lesula was first described in 2007 and determined to be a new species in 2012. It has…

mona monkey, (Cercopithecus mona), common West African primate found in tropical rainforests; it was introduced to the island of Grenada during the 18th century via the slave trade, and a wild population has established itself there. The mona monkey is a speckled reddish brown in colour, with white

DeBrazza’s monkey, (Cercopithecus neglectus), large brightly coloured guenon widely distributed through central Africa and into Ethiopia and western Kenya, particularly in forests near rivers and swamps. DeBrazza’s monkey is a white-bearded primate with speckled yellow-gray fur and a white stripe

guenon: …the large spot-nosed guenon, or putty-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans), is a common West African form with gray-flecked black fur and an oval yellowish or white nose spot. Among other species with nose patches are the lesser spot-nosed guenon (C. petaurista) and the redtail (C. ascanius), both with heart-shaped white nose…

patas monkey, (Erythrocebus patas), long-limbed and predominantly ground-dwelling primate found in the grass and scrub regions of West and Central Africa and southeast to the Serengeti plains. The adult male patas monkey has shaggy fur set off by a white mustache and white underparts, and its build

sugar beet: Diseases and pests: …near the soil surface, and Cercospora leaf spot, a fungus infection in which the leaves become greenish yellow and root weight and sugar content are reduced, are most serious and can cause great damage if not controlled. Precautions must also be taken against damage by worms, beetles, and nematodes.

protozoan: Annotated classification: Cercozoa Diverse clade. Tubular mitochondrial cristae. Cysts are common. Kinetosomes connect to nucleus with cytoskeleton. Usually contain microbodies and extrusomes. Haplosporidia Parasites of aquatic animals. Possess distinctive spores. Foraminifera Reticulate pseudopods with

dipluran: Diplurans have two appendages, or cerci, extending backward from the last of their abdominal segments, for which they are named (Greek diplo, meaning “double,” and ura, meaning “tail”). Diplurans are blind and pale, and they generally are small, measuring about 2–5 mm (0.08–0.2 inch) in length, though some tropical species…

Spain: Castile and León, 1252–1479: …Fernando de la Cerda’s son, Alfonso, and the king’s second son, Sancho. Although the king recognized Sancho, their relationship deteriorated, in part because Alfonso X’s ill health rendered him less able to carry out his duties and caused him to act arbitrarily. In 1282 an assembly of nobles, prelates, and…

Spain: Castile and León, 1252–1479: …king’s eldest son and heir, Fernando de la Cerda, died in 1275 while hastening to repel a Moroccan invasion. A dispute over the succession then ensued between the adherents of Fernando de la Cerda’s son, Alfonso, and the king’s second son, Sancho. Although the king recognized Sancho, their relationship deteriorated,…

Cerdanya, high valley in the Pyrenees east of Andorra, partly in Spain (Girona provincia [province]) and partly in France (Pyrénées-Orientales and Ariège départments [departments]). It is drained by the upper Sègre River. Within the French portion is the Spanish enclave of Llivia. The town of

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Microdesmidae (Cerdalidae) (wormfishes and dartfishes) Rare, small, eel-like; chin large, forming pointed end of snout; 10 genera with about 66 species; both coasts of tropical Americas, West Africa, tropical Pacific. Family Schindleriidae Small, transparent, neotenic fishes. Marine. 1 genus (Schindleria) with 2

Marcel Cerdan was a French-Algerian professional boxer and world middleweight champion. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Cerdan began his professional career in 1934, all of his early bouts being fought in North Africa. He made his European debut in 1937 and won the French

Cerdanya, high valley in the Pyrenees east of Andorra, partly in Spain (Girona provincia [province]) and partly in France (Pyrénées-Orientales and Ariège départments [departments]). It is drained by the upper Sègre River. Within the French portion is the Spanish enclave of Llivia. The town of

Cerdanya, high valley in the Pyrenees east of Andorra, partly in Spain (Girona provincia [province]) and partly in France (Pyrénées-Orientales and Ariège départments [departments]). It is drained by the upper Sègre River. Within the French portion is the Spanish enclave of Llivia. The town of

Cerdic was the founder of the West Saxon kingdom, or Wessex. All the sovereigns of England except Canute, Hardecanute, the two Harolds, and William the Conqueror are said to be descended from him. A Continental ealdorman who in 495 landed in Hampshire, Cerdic was attacked at once by the Britons.

Marcionite: …fell under the influence of Cerdo, a gnostic Christian, and went on to expand upon his theology. Cerdo’s stormy relations with the church of Rome were the consequence of his belief that the God of the Old Testament could be distinguished from the God of the New Testament—the one embodying…

crab-eating fox, (Cerdocyon thous), South American member of the dog family (Canidae), found in grassy or forested areas. It attains a length of 60–70 cm (24–28 inches), excluding a 30-cm tail, and has a gray to brown coat that is frequently tinged with yellow. It generally lives alone or in pairs

psittaciform: Bill and skull: All parrots possess a cere, an area of soft skin surrounding the nostrils; it may be bare or covered with small, soft feathers. In adult budgerigars the cere is blue in males and tan in females.

cereal, any grass (family Poaceae) yielding starchy seeds suitable for food. Most grains have similar dietary properties; they are rich in carbohydrates but comparatively low in protein and naturally deficient in calcium and vitamin A. Breads, especially those made with refined flours, are usually

cereal farming, growing of cereal crops for human food and livestock feed as well as for other uses, including industrial starch and biofuel. Cereals, or grains, are members of the grass family (Poaceae) cultivated primarily for their starchy dry fruits. Wheat, rice, corn (maize), rye, oats,

cereal processing, treatment of cereals and other plants to prepare their starch for human food, animal feed, or industrial use. Cereals, or grains, are members of the grass family cultivated primarily for their starchy seeds (technically, dry fruits). Wheat, rice, corn (maize), rye, oats, barley,

rye, (Secale cereale), cereal grass (family Poaceae) and its edible grain that is chiefly used to make rye bread and rye whiskey. It is high in carbohydrates and dietary fibre and provides small quantities of protein, potassium, and B vitamins. Rye is also used as livestock feed, as a pasture

Dawn: …bright spots, Vinalia Faculae and Cerealia Facula, in Occator crater. The bright spots were highly reflective salts left behind when briny water from an underground reservoir percolated upward and evaporated. The water percolated through fractures left behind when the crater formed 20 million years ago. Since the salty regions had…

Vespasian: Reign as emperor of Vespasian: … was broken by Vespasian’s cousin Petilius Cerealis. The way was now open for the improvement of certain frontiers. In southern Germany annexation of a territory called Agri Decumates cut off the reentrant angle formed by the Rhine at Basel. In Britain more important advances were made; the kingdom of Brigantia…

cerebellar ataxia, any of several conditions characterized primarily by a failure of muscle coordination (ataxia) or awkwardness of movement resulting from atrophy or disease of the cerebellum, the region of the brain that organizes sensory information related to balance and locomotion. Cerebellar

human nervous system: Cerebellum: The cerebellar cortex appears very different from the cerebral cortex in that it consists of small leaflike laminae called folia. The cerebellum consists of a surface cortex of gray matter and a core of white matter containing four paired intrinsic (i.e., deep) nuclei: the dentate, globose,…

alcoholism: Chronic diseases: …alcoholics includes cortical laminar sclerosis, cerebellar degeneration, and central pontine myelinolysis. Alcoholics, especially older ones, frequently experience enlargement of the ventricles as a result of atrophy of brain substance caused in part by the direct effects of alcohol on the central nervous system. In some cases, however, brain atrophy is…

human nervous system: Midbrain: …crossed fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle (the major output system of the cerebellum) surround and partially terminate in a large centrally located structure known as the red nucleus. Most crossed ascending fibers of this bundle project to thalamic nuclei, which have access to the primary motor cortex. A smaller…

cerebellum, section of the brain that coordinates sensory input with muscular responses, located just below and behind the cerebral hemispheres and above the medulla oblongata. The cerebellum integrates nerve impulses from the labyrinths of the ear and from positional sensors in the muscles;

thalidomide: Teratogenic effects: …to a protein known as cereblon, which normally is active during embryonic development. Although cereblon’s precise role in development is not well understood, research has shown that its binding to thalidomide results in abnormalities in fin and limb development in zebra fish and chick embryos, respectively. It is unclear whether…

cerebral angiography, X-ray examination of intracranial blood vessels after injection of radiopaque dye into the neck (carotid) artery. Whether arteries or veins are visualized depends on how long the film is exposed after the injection. Cerebral angiography detects solid lesions by showing

midbrain: …in myelin) and surrounds the cerebral aqueduct, a short canal that runs between the third and fourth ventricles of the brain. The periaqueductal gray appears to function primarily in pain suppression, a result of its naturally high concentrations of endorphins.

memory disorder: Diffuse brain diseases: …of the brain arteries (cerebral arteriosclerosis) at any age, with exaggerated forgetfulness for recent events and progressive failure in memory for experiences that preceded the disorder. As arteriosclerotic brain disease progresses, amnesia tends to extend further into the past, embracing personal experience and general or common information. When the…

human cardiovascular system: The aorta and its principal branches: …turn divides into the posterior cerebral arteries. The blood supply to the brain is derived mainly from vessels that may be considered as branches of the circle of Willis, which is made up of the two vertebral and the two internal carotid arteries and connecting arteries between them.

cerebral cortex, outermost layer of tissue in the brain. The cerebral cortex, also referred to as gray matter, covers the cerebrum, which is the largest portion of the brain. The cerebral cortex is responsible for integrating sensory impulses, directing motor activity, and controlling higher

cerebral edema, swelling of part or all of the brain, caused by the presence of excess fluid within either the cells or the extracellular tissues of the brain. Cerebral edema typically occurs as a complication of injury, infection, or disease, and symptoms can range from mild to severe. In severe

human nervous system: Morphological development: …the massive growth of the cerebral hemispheres over the sides of the midbrain and of the cerebellum at the hindbrain; and the formations of convolutions (sulci and gyri) in the cerebral cortex and folia of the cerebellar cortex. The central and calcarine sulci are discernible by the fifth fetal month,…

human nervous system: Cerebral hemispheres: Basic organizations of movement, such as reciprocal innervation, are organized at levels of the central nervous system lower than the cerebral hemispheres—at both the spinal and the brainstem level. Examples of brainstem reflexes are turning of the eyes and head toward a light…

stroke, sudden impairment of brain function resulting either from a substantial reduction in blood flow to some part of the brain or from intracranial bleeding. The consequences of stroke may include transient or lasting paralysis on one or both sides of the body, difficulties in speaking or

stroke: Types and symptoms: …wither, creating minute holes, called lacunes. A succession of transient ischemic attacks over the years can riddle the brain, causing dementia.

lesion, in physiology, a structural or biochemical change in an organ or tissue produced by disease processes or a wound. The alteration may be associated with particular symptoms of a disease, as when a gastric ulcer produces stomach pain, or it may take place without producing symptoms, as in the

Tay-Sachs disease, hereditary metabolic disorder that causes progressive mental and neurologic deterioration and results in death in early childhood. The disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and occurs most commonly among people of eastern European (Ashkenazic) Jewish origin. In

Jean-Martin Charcot: He conducted pioneering research in cerebral localization, the determination of specific sites in the brain responsible for specific nervous functions, and he discovered miliary aneurysms (dilation of the small arteries feeding the brain), demonstrating their importance in cerebral hemorrhage.

malaria: The course of the disease: …is this latter complication—known as cerebral malaria and manifested by confusion, convulsions, and coma—that frequently kills victims of P. falciparum malaria. Several strains of P. falciparum have developed that are resistant to some of the drugs used to treat or prevent malaria.

cerebral palsy, a group of neurological disorders characterized by paralysis resulting from abnormal development of or damage to the brain either before birth or during the first years of life. There are four types of cerebral palsy: spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed. In the spastic type, there

epilepsy, chronic neurological disorder characterized by sudden and recurrent seizures which are caused by an absence or excess of signaling of nerve cells in the brain. Seizures may include convulsions, lapses of consciousness, strange movements or sensations in parts of the body, odd behaviours,

stroke, sudden impairment of brain function resulting either from a substantial reduction in blood flow to some part of the brain or from intracranial bleeding. The consequences of stroke may include transient or lasting paralysis on one or both sides of the body, difficulties in speaking or

Rett syndrome, rare progressive neurological disorder characterized by severe intellectual disability, autism-like behaviour patterns, and impaired motor function. The disorder was first described in the 1960s by the Austrian physician Andreas Rett. Today Rett syndrome is classified as a pervasive

Zellweger syndrome, congenital disorder characterized by complete absence or reduction in the number of peroxisomes in cells. In the mid-1960s Swiss American pediatrician Hans Zellweger described the familial disorder among siblings; the syndrome was later named for him in recognition of his

Tay-Sachs disease, hereditary metabolic disorder that causes progressive mental and neurologic deterioration and results in death in early childhood. The disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and occurs most commonly among people of eastern European (Ashkenazic) Jewish origin. In

lipid storage disease: …Gaucher’s disease, abnormal amounts of cerebrosides accumulate in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. The defective enzyme is glucocerebrosidase. The excess lipids, stored in the large distended Gaucher cells that are typical of the disease, interfere with cell function and produce two distinctive syndromes: (1) An acute cerebral…