Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey: …Aeneid, published in 1557 as Certain Bokes of Virgiles Aenaeis, was the first use in English of blank verse, a style adopted from Italian verse.

Convention on Cluster Munitions: …during a review of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, a series of protocols that limited the use of weapons deemed to be excessively injurious (such as lasers or incendiary weapons) or indiscriminate (land mines, UXO). Over the next two years a series of international meetings were convened to negotiate…

information theory: Historical background: …published a paper entitled “Certain Factors Affecting Telegraph Speed.” Nyquist realized that communication channels had maximum data transmission rates, and he derived a formula for calculating these rates in finite bandwidth noiseless channels. Another pioneer was Nyquist’s colleague R.V.L. Hartley, whose paper “Transmission of Information” (1928) established the first…

Julio Cortázar: …Stories), Un tal Lucas (1979; A Certain Lucas), and Queremos tanto a Glenda, y otros relatos (1981; We Love Glenda So Much, and Other Tales). Cortázar also wrote poetry and plays and published numerous volumes of essays.

Nishida Kitarō: Early life: In his memoirs, entitled “A Certain Professor’s Statement upon Retirement (from Kyōto Imperial University, December 1928),” he writes:

Arishima Takeo: Arishima received wider recognition with Aru onna. Yōko, the novel’s heroine, is totally unlike any previous heroine of modern Japanese fiction—strong-willed, decisive in her actions though capricious, and full of intense vitality. For the book’s earliest readers, her independence represented a rejection of women’s traditional place in Japanese society.

Lily Gladstone: Theater, film, and television roles: …the quiet and powerful drama Certain Women, based on three short stories by author Maile Meloy. In the film Gladstone plays Jamie, a lovelorn rancher living on her own who develops an attachment to a young lawyer (Stewart) who is teaching an adult education class. Gladstone joined the Oregon Shakespeare…

Sir Roger Twysden: …history, completed in 1655 as Certaine Considerations upon the Government of England, his major work and one of the first treatises dealing with the historical roots of English constitutional law and history. Released after 1647, he continued both his research of ancient records in London and his petitioning of Parliament…

epistemology: Knowledge and certainty: In his 1941 paper “Certainty,” Moore observed that the word certain is commonly used in four main types of idiom: “I feel certain that,” “I am certain that,” “I know for certain that,” and “It is certain that.” He pointed out that there is at least one use of…

epistemology: John Duns Scotus: …that can be known with certainty. First, there are things that are knowable simpliciter, including true identity statements such as “Cicero is Tully” and propositions, later called analytic, such as “Man is rational.” Duns Scotus claimed that such truths “coincide” with that which makes them true. One consequence of his…

Italian literature: The rise of vernacular literature: The Certame Coronario, a public poetry competition held in Florence in 1441 with the intention of proving that the spoken Italian language was in no way inferior to Latin, marked a definite change. In the second half of the century there were a number of works…

literary criticism: The Renaissance: Gascoigne’s “Certayne notes of Instruction” (1575), the first English manual of versification, had a considerable effect on poetic practice in the Elizabethan Age. Sidney’s Defence of Poesie (1595) vigorously argued the poet’s superiority to the philosopher and the historian on the grounds that his imagination is…

African literature: Portuguese: …founding of a new review, Certeza (“Certainty”), and with it came a new generation of poets, including António Aurélio Gonçalves, Aguinaldo Fonseca, António Nunes, Sérgio Frusoni, and Djunga, who infused Cape Verdean literature with a new, youthful spirit that retained a continued emphasis on life in the islands. This generation…

treecreeper: Formerly, the American treecreeper or brown creeper (C. americana) of North America was thought to be a subspecies of C. familiaris.

treecreeper: The best known is C. familiaris, a 13-cm- (5-inch-) long streaky brown-and-white bird found in woodlands across the Northern Hemisphere; it is known as the Eurasian treecreeper in Europe. Its tail is stiffened and serves as a prop against the tree. Its nest, a soft cup within a mass…

Certhiidae, songbird family, order Passeriformes, consisting of most of the tree creepers, small climbing birds found throughout woodlands of the Northern Hemisphere. Members range in size from 9.5 to 19 cm (3.5 to 7.5 inches) long. They have downcurved bills as long as, or longer than, the rest of

certificate of deposit (CD), a receipt from a bank acknowledging the deposit of a sum of money. Two common types are demand certificates of deposit and time certificates of deposit. Each bank sets its own CD interest rates and maturity dates (e.g., six months, one year, two years, five years), but

For more than a decade—throughout the 2010s, for example—savings accounts and certificates of deposit (CDs) were among the lowest-yielding assets out there. But after a series of rate hikes from the Federal Open Market Committee in 2022 and 2023, banks are starting to pay decent interest. Putting

Germany: Preschool, elementary, and secondary: …natural science—for the Abitur or Reifezeugnis (“certificate of maturity”), the prerequisite for matriculation at a German university. The traditional structure of the German Gymnasium has mainly shifted from being built around a single branch of studies to offering a “reformed upper phase” with a choice of courses.

teacher education: Appointment procedures and probationary requirements: …sets its own requirements for certification, which inevitably do much to shape the content and organization of the teacher-education programs. The variety of such regulations often means that teachers who have received their education and training in one province or state are not qualified to teach in schools elsewhere without…

check: A certified check is a depositor’s check that has been guaranteed by the bank upon which it is drawn and is so stamped. Traveler’s checks are cashier’s checks sold to travellers that require two signatures by the payee. One signature is placed on the check in…

Abbas Kiarostami: Copie conforme (2010; Certified Copy) was Kiarostami’s first narrative feature film since Ten and the first he shot outside Iran. In Tuscany a gallery owner (played by Juliette Binoche, who appeared in Shīrīn) invites an art historian (William Shimell) to tour the countryside with her. However, the true…

postal system: United States: …and insurances services (1913); and certified mail (1955), which provides proof of posting for items without intrinsic value. In 1911 a postal savings system was inaugurated, reaching a peak of more than 4,000,000 accounts in 1947. A decline to less than 1,000,000 depositors caused the service to be discontinued in…

accounting: Disclosure and auditing requirements: …who bear the title of certified public accountant (CPA) in the United States and chartered accountant (CA) in the United Kingdom and many other countries with British-based accounting traditions. Their primary task is to investigate the company’s accounting data and methods carefully enough to permit them to give their opinion…

certiorari, in common-law jurisdictions, a writ issued by a superior court for the reexamination of an action of a lower court. Certiorari also is issued by an appellate court to obtain information on a case pending before it. The writ of certiorari was at first an original writ from England’s

Michael Cerularius was a Greek Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople from March 1043 to November 1058 who figured prominently in the events leading to the Schism of 1054, the formal severing of Eastern Orthodoxy from Roman Catholicism. Although Cerularius was educated for the civil service rather

Ōmura Satoshi: …identification in the mid-1970s of cerulenin, an antibiotic produced by a species of fungus. Ōmura found that cerulenin worked by inhibiting the biosynthesis of fatty acids. The compound subsequently became an important research tool.

blood: Plasma: …unique metal-binding proteins (transferrin and ceruloplasmin, respectively). Vitamin B12, an essential nutrient, is bound to a specific carrier protein. Although hemoglobin is not normally released into the plasma, a hemoglobin-binding protein (haptoglobin) is available to transport hemoglobin to the reticuloendothelial system should hemolysis (breakdown) of red cells occur. The serum…

earwax impaction: …the external auditory canal with earwax, or cerumen. Normally the wax produced by skin glands in the outer ear migrates outward. If the earwax is produced too rapidly, it may become hardened and accumulate, thus plugging the outer ear canal and preventing sound passage to the tympanic (eardrum) membrane. This…

stingless bee: Natural history and life cycle: …for nest building, along with cerumen, a substance created by mixing collected resin with self-secreted saliva and wax. Some species create elaborate entrance pipes to their hives, which may serve as a protection against invertebrate predators and parasites. Within the hive, the cells are not always arranged in a honeycomb…

cerussite, lead carbonate (PbCO3), an important ore and common secondary mineral of lead. It is formed by the chemical action of carbonated water on the mineral galena. Notable localities are Murcia, Spain; Tsumeb, Namib.; Broken Hill, N.S.W., Austl.; and Leadville, Colo., U.S. For detailed

clerihew: Another example is Bentley’s “Cervantes”:

Spain: Academies and institutes: …creation in 1991 of the Cervantes Institute. This government agency, modeled on the British Council and the German Goethe Institute, is responsible for promoting the study of Spanish language and culture abroad. In the early 21st century, the Cervantes Institute operated in more than 60 cities in some 30 countries…

Cervantes Prize, literary award established in 1975 by the Spanish Ministry of Culture; the prize was first awarded the following year. It is the most prestigious and remunerative award given for Spanish-language literature. The Cervantes Prize is presented to an author whose Castilian-language

Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish novelist, playwright, and poet, the creator of Don Quixote (1605, 1615) and the most important and celebrated figure in Spanish literature. His novel Don Quixote has been translated, in full or in part, into more than 60 languages. Editions continue regularly to be

Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish novelist, playwright, and poet, the creator of Don Quixote (1605, 1615) and the most important and celebrated figure in Spanish literature. His novel Don Quixote has been translated, in full or in part, into more than 60 languages. Editions continue regularly to be

human papillomavirus: Prevention and treatment: Another vaccine, Cervarix, was approved in 2009 for use in girls and young women age 9 to 25; it protects against HPV-16 and HPV-18.

X: The original members were singer Exene Cervenka (original name Christine Cervenka; b. February 1, 1956, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.), bassist and singer John Doe (original name John Nommensen Duchac; b. February 25, 1953, Decatur, Illinois), guitarist Billy Zoom (original name Ty Kindell; b. February 20, 1948, Savanna, Illinois), and drummer D.J.…

X: The original members were singer Exene Cervenka (original name Christine Cervenka; b. February 1, 1956, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.), bassist and singer John Doe (original name John Nommensen Duchac; b. February 25, 1953, Decatur, Illinois), guitarist Billy Zoom (original name Ty Kindell; b. February 20, 1948, Savanna, Illinois), and drummer D.J.…

Pascual Cervera y Topete was a Spanish admiral whose fleet was destroyed in battle off Cuba in the Spanish–American War (1898). A graduate of a naval cadet school, he engaged in operations off Morocco and in the Sulu Islands and the Philippines. Afterward he was on the West Indian station during

Caere, ancient city of Etruria, about 30 miles (50 km) northwest of Rome. Through its port, Pyrgi (present-day Santa Severa), the city became an important trading centre in close contact with Carthage, on the northern coast of Africa in what is now Tunisia. Its citizens are reported to have saved

Gino Cervi was an Italian character actor and manager best-known outside of Italy for his film portrayal of a small-town Communist mayor in the “Don Camillo” films. The son of a theatre critic, Cervi worked with various theatres for 15 years (1924–39) until he became the manager of Rome’s Teatro

cervical cancer, disease characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in the cervix, the region of the uterus that joins the vagina. Cervical cancer was once a common cause of cancer deaths in women, but fatalities have been greatly reduced since the development of the Pap smear in the 1940s.

contraception: Barrier devices: …cervix with a diaphragm or cervical cap (used with a spermicidal cream or jelly), or by inserting a female condom (vaginal pouch) or a vaginal sponge permeated with a spermicide. The vaginal sponge is less effective than other devices but can be used for 24 hours. Spermicides, which—as the name…

vertebral column: …abdominal organs, (2) an anterior cervical curve, which develops soon after birth as the head is raised, and (3) a lumbar curve, also anterior, which develops as the child sits and walks. The lumbar curve is a permanent characteristic only of humans and their bipedal forebears, though a temporary lumbar…

ectopic pregnancy: Ovarian ectopic pregnancy and cervical ectopic pregnancy are relatively rare conditions. In ovarian pregnancy, the ovum is fertilized before its discharge from the follicle, resulting in the ovum’s implantation in or on the ovary. Ovarian pregnancies typically abort early, and the most common symptom is abdominal pain, with minor…

cervical erosion, ulceration of the lining of the uterine cervix made evident by bright red or pink spots around its opening. The cervix is the part of the uterus (womb) whose tip projects into the upper region of the vagina. In the earliest stage of erosion, patches of mucous membrane are shed

cell: Errors in differentiation: …of the uterine cervix, called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), may progress to cervical cancer. It can be detected by cervical smear cytology tests (Pap smears).

human nervous system: The spinal cord: …into the following segments: 8 cervical (C), 12 thoracic (T), 5 lumbar (L), 5 sacral (S), and 1 coccygeal (Coc). Spinal nerve roots emerge via intervertebral foramina; lumbar and sacral spinal roots, descending for some distance within the subarachnoid space before reaching the appropriate foramina, produce a group of nerve…

human nervous system: Cervical plexus: Cervical levels C1–C4 are the main contributors to the group of nerves called the cervical plexus; in addition, small branches of the plexus link C1 and C2 with the vagus nerve, C1 and C2 with the hypoglossal nerve, and C2–C4 with the accessory…

rib: Remnants of cervical ribs secondarily fused to cervical vertebrae (the uppermost part of the vertebral column) are represented by part of the transverse process of the cervical vertebrae.

cervical spondylosis, degenerative disease of the neck vertebrae, causing compression of the spinal cord and cervical nerves. Prolonged degeneration of the cervical spine results in a narrowing of the spaces between vertebrae, forcing intervertebral disks out of place and thus compressing or

Caudata: Bones and cartilage: There is one cervical vertebra with a characteristic projection called the odontoid process and two large facets for articulation with the skull. There may be from 11 (Ambystoma talpoideum) to 60 (Amphiuma) dorsal, or trunk, vertebrae, all but the last 1 or 2 usually bearing ribs. Most salamanders…

cervicitis, inflammation of the uterine cervix, the small, thick-walled tube that is the protruding extension of the uterus (womb) leading into the vagina. The narrow central canal of the cervix is lined with a moist mucous membrane, and it contains mucous glands. The cervix secretes most of the

actinomycosis: The most prevalent form is cervicofacial actinomycosis (“lumpy jaw” in cattle), which affects primarily the jaws, neck, and face and in humans accounts for at least half of all cases. Cervicofacial lesions may appear following a wound in the mouth or a tooth extraction. Less common forms of the disease…

human nervous system: Sympathetic ganglia: …middle cervical ganglion, and the cervicothoracic ganglion (also called the stellate ganglion). The superior ganglion innervates viscera of the head, and the middle and stellate ganglia innervate viscera of the neck, thorax (i.e., the bronchi and heart), and upper limbs. The thoracic sympathetic ganglia innervate the trunk region, and the…

deer, (family Cervidae), any of 43 species of hoofed ruminants in the order Artiodactyla, notable for having two large and two small hooves on each foot and also for having antlers in the males of most species and in the females of one species. Deer are native to all continents except Australia and

Matterhorn, one of the best-known mountains (14,692 feet [4,478 metres]) in the Alps, straddling the frontier between Switzerland and Italy, 6 miles (10 km) southwest of the village of Zermatt, Switzerland. Though from the Swiss side it appears to be an isolated horn-shaped peak, it is actually the

deer: Old and New World deer: …the Old World deer (subfamily Cervinae) and the New World deer (subfamily Capreolinae). This division reflects where the deer originally evolved; however, now it is not a geographical distinction but instead derives from their different foot structures. In the Old World deer the second and fifth hand bones (metapodia) have…

Marcellus II was the pope from April 9/10 to May 1, 1555. He was one of the few popes in the modern period to retain his baptismal name after becoming pope. He was made cardinal in December 1539 by Pope Paul III, for whom he served in numerous politico-ecclesiastical missions. With Cardinal

Matterhorn, one of the best-known mountains (14,692 feet [4,478 metres]) in the Alps, straddling the frontier between Switzerland and Italy, 6 miles (10 km) southwest of the village of Zermatt, Switzerland. Though from the Swiss side it appears to be an isolated horn-shaped peak, it is actually the

cervix, lowest region of the uterus; it attaches the uterus to the vagina and provides a passage between the vaginal cavity and the uterine cavity. The cervix, only about 4 centimetres (1.6 inches) long, projects about 2 centimetres into the upper vaginal cavity. The cervical opening into the

chital, (Cervus axis, sometimes Axis axis), Asiatic deer, belonging to the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla). It lives in grasslands and forests in India and Sri Lanka in herds of up to 100 or more. It stands 90–95 cm (35–37 inches) at the shoulder. Its spotted coat is reddish brown above and

barasingha, (Cervus duvauceli), graceful deer, belonging to the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla), found in open forests and grasslands of India and Nepal. The barasingha stands about 1.1 m (45 inches) at the shoulder. In summer its coat is reddish or yellowish brown with white spots; in winter

red deer, (Cervus elaphus), well-known deer, in the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla), that is native to North America, Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa and was introduced into New Zealand. The red deer has long been hunted for both sport and food. Found primarily in woodlands, it lives in

elk: …elaphus xanthopygos) and the small Alashan wapiti (C. elaphus alashanicus) of Inner Mongolia. These primitive elk have smaller bodies and antlers, less striking coat patterns, and a deeper voice than the North American elk. However, all male elk, American and Asian, have a high-pitched bugling call used during the rut.…

elk, (Cervus elaphus canadensis), the largest and most advanced subspecies of red deer (Cervus elaphus), found in North America and in high mountains of Central Asia. It is a member of the deer family, Cervidae (order Artiodactyla). Recent genetic studies suggest that the “red deer” may be three

elk: …Asian elk, such as the Manchurian red deer (Cervus elaphus xanthopygos) and the small Alashan wapiti (C. elaphus alashanicus) of Inner Mongolia. These primitive elk have smaller bodies and antlers, less striking coat patterns, and a deeper voice than the North American elk. However, all male elk, American and Asian,…

Point Reyes National Seashore: …of the peninsula, while reintroduced Tule elk roam its northern tip. Several other wildlife-viewing areas allow visitors to observe elephant seals, harbour seals, and sea lions; however, the national seashore is most renowned for its bird-watching, which is excellent throughout its area. The seashore’s visitor centres have exhibits devoted to…

sika, (Cervus nippon), small, forest-dwelling deer of the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla), which is native to China, Korea, and Japan, where it was long considered sacred. (Sika means “deer” in Japanese.) It is farmed in China for its antlers, which are used in traditional medicine. Mature

sika: …the northern sikas, such as Dybowski’s sika (C. nippon hortulorum), stand approximately 110 cm (40 inches) at the shoulder and weigh 110 kg (240 pounds). Females weigh about 60 percent as much as males. Their coats are reddish brown and spotted in summer and dark brown and sometimes without spots…

artiodactyl: Reproduction: …occurs in the normally solitary Indian hog deer (Cervus porcinus); as many as 20 or 30 aggregate loosely in a certain area, then females and males leave in pairs and usually remain together until they have mated. Mating in artiodactyls often intensifies toward dawn and dusk.

sambar, (Cervus unicolor), widely distributed deer, family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla), found from India and Nepal eastward through Southeast Asia. The sambar live in forests, alone or in small groups. A large, relatively long-tailed deer, it stands 1.2–1.4 m (47–55 inches) at the shoulder. The

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Cerylonidae Often placed in Colydiidae; few species. Family Coccinellidae (ladybird beetles, ladybugs) Many predatory on aphids and coccids, a few serious plant pests (Epilachna); mostly beneficial; about 5,000 species, usually bright-coloured, spotted; widely distributed; another genus, Rodolia.

Aimé Césaire was a Martinican poet, playwright, and politician, who was cofounder with Léopold Sédar Senghor of Negritude, an influential movement to restore the cultural identity of black Africans. Together with Senghor and others involved in the Negritude movement, Césaire was educated in Paris.

Aimé Césaire was a Martinican poet, playwright, and politician, who was cofounder with Léopold Sédar Senghor of Negritude, an influential movement to restore the cultural identity of black Africans. Together with Senghor and others involved in the Negritude movement, Césaire was educated in Paris.

Andrea Cesalpino was an Italian physician, philosopher, and botanist who sought a philosophical and theoretical approach to plant classification based on unified and coherent principles rather than on alphabetical sequence or medicinal properties. He helped establish botany as an independent

Marcel Paul Pagnol: >César (1936), known as the Marseille trilogy—deal with the lives of a Marseille fishmonger, Fanny, her lover Marius who goes off to sea, César the father, and his friend Panisse. The salty language of the people and Pagnol’s ability to capture the atmosphere of the…

César was a French sculptor who was at the forefront of the New Realism movement with his radical compressions (compacted automobiles, discarded metal, or rubbish), expansions (polyurethane foam sculptures), and fantastic representations of animals and insects. The son of Italian immigrants, César

César, departamento, northern Colombia, bounded on the northeast by Venezuela and on the southwest by the Magdalena River. Created in 1967, the departamento descends from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in the north and the Sierra de Perijá in the northeast to the lowlands of the Magdalena River

César: …design its annual award, the César, a compression-styled gold statuette quite distinct from its older American cousin, the Oscar. He became an officer of the French Legion of Honour in 1993, and in 1996 he received the Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale prize for sculpture.

Italian literature: Poetry after World War II: …descriptive narratives by Vittorio Sereni; Giorgio Cesarano, another poetic narrator who abandoned poetry in 1969, before his subsequent suicide (1975); and Tiziano Rossi, whose dominant moral concern led to comparisons with the expressionist poets of the pre-World War I periodical La Voce.

history of logic: Syllogisms: Second figure: Cesare, Camestres, Festino, Baroco,

Cesare Borgia was the natural son of Pope Alexander VI. He was a Renaissance captain who, as holder of the offices of duke of the Romagna and captain general of the armies of the church, enhanced the political power of his father’s papacy and tried to establish his own principality in central

Taviani brothers: Cesare deve morire (2012; Caesar Must Die), about prison inmates staging a production of Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar, won the top prize at the Berlin International Film Festival. The brothers’ last collaboration was Una questione privata (2017; Rainbow: A Private Affair), which they cowrote, though only Paolo directed the…

Cesare Beccaria was an Italian criminologist and economist whose Dei delitti e delle pene (1764; Eng. trans. J.A. Farrer, Crimes and Punishment, 1880) was a celebrated volume on the reform of criminal justice. Beccaria was the son of a Milanese aristocrat of modest means. From an early age, he

cesarean section, surgical removal of a fetus from the uterus through an abdominal incision. Little is known of either the origin of the term or the history of the procedure. According to ancient sources, whose veracity has been challenged, the procedure takes its name from a branch of the ancient

Croatian literature: …of the interwar period were August Cesarec (Zlatni mladić [1928; “The Golden Boy”]) and Miroslav Krleža (Povratak Filipa Latinovicza [1932; The Return of Philip Latinovicz] and the collection of English translations The Cricket Beneath the Waterfall and Other Stories [1972]). Both presented contemporary social problems as the result of class…

Italian literature: Opposing movements: Among the purists was Antonio Cesari, who brought out a new enlarged edition of the Vocabolario della Crusca (the first Italian dictionary, published by the Accademia della Crusca in 1612). He wrote Sopra lo stato presente della lingua italiana (1810; “On the Present State of the Italian Language”) and…

Cavaliere D’Arpino was an Italian painter of the post-Renaissance school known as Mannerism who helped to spread that school abroad. The painter began his career as a workshop assistant for the decoration of the Vatican Loggia, directed by Niccolo Circignani. The artists he encountered during this

Alessandria, city, Piedmont regione, northwestern Italy. The city lies at the confluence of the Bormida and Tanaro rivers, southeast of Turin (Torino). It was founded in 1168 by the towns of the Lombard League as an Alpine valley stronghold against the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I (Frederick

history of logic: Syllogisms: *Cesaro, *Camestrop.

Melchiorre Cesarotti was an Italian poet, essayist, translator, and literary critic who, by his essays and his translation of the purported poems of the legendary Gaelic bard Ossian, encouraged the development of Romanticism in Italy. Educated in Padua and a teacher of rhetoric there (1751–60),

Cesena, town, Emilia-Romagna regione, northern Italy, on the Savio River at the northern foot of the Apennines, south of Ravenna. It originated as the ancient Caesena, a station on the Via Aemilia and a fortress in the wars of the Ostrogoths and the Byzantines. An episcopal city and an independent

Cēsis, city and district centre, Latvia, situated on the Gauja River at the foot of the Vidzeme (Livonia) highlands, 55 miles (90 km) northeast of the city of Riga. It is an old city, first mentioned in documents in 1206, and its castle dates from 1207. It was once a prosperous town of the

cesium (Cs), chemical element of Group 1 (also called Group Ia) of the periodic table, the alkali metal group, and the first element to be discovered spectroscopically (1860), by German scientists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, who named it for the unique blue lines of its spectrum (Latin

quantum mechanics: Cesium clock: The cesium clock is the most accurate type of clock yet developed. This device makes use of transitions between the spin states of the cesium nucleus and produces a frequency which is so regular that it has been adopted for establishing the time…

chemical compound: Binary ionic compounds: In the formulas of ionic compounds, simple ions are represented by the chemical symbol for the element: Cl means Cl−, Na means Na+, and so on. When individual ions are shown, however, the charge is always included. Thus,…

crystal: Structures of metals: Figure 3A shows the cesium chloride (CsCl) structure, which is a cubic arrangement. If all atoms in this structure are of the same species, it is a bcc lattice. The spheres occupy 68 percent of the volume. There are 23 metals with the bcc arrangement. The sum of these…

quantum mechanics: Cesium clock: The cesium clock is the most accurate type of clock yet developed. This device makes use of transitions between the spin states of the cesium nucleus and produces a frequency which is so regular that it has been adopted for establishing the time…