spectroscopy: Infrared instrumentation: fluoride (CaF2), zinc selenide (ZnSe), cesium iodide (CsI), or potassium bromide (KBr), coated with silicon or germanium are employed. Below 200 cm−1 Mylar films of varying thickness are used to cover narrow portions of the region. Thermal detection of infrared radiation is based on the conversion of a temperature change,…

atomic clock: …the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.”

ion-exchange reaction: Ion-exchange materials: …particularly the long-lived fission product cesium-137. They serve to separate that isotope from other less dangerous fission products.

Czechoslovakia, former country in central Europe encompassing the historical lands of Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia. Czechoslovakia was formed from several provinces of the collapsing empire of Austria-Hungary in 1918, at the end of World War I. In the interwar period it became the most prosperous

Czechoslovakia, former country in central Europe encompassing the historical lands of Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia. Czechoslovakia was formed from several provinces of the collapsing empire of Austria-Hungary in 1918, at the end of World War I. In the interwar period it became the most prosperous

Czech Republic, landlocked country located in central Europe. It comprises the historical provinces of Bohemia and Moravia along with the southern tip of Silesia, collectively often called the Czech Lands. In 2016 the country adopted the name “Czechia” as a shortened, informal name for the Czech

Czech Republic: Relief: …roughly ovoid elevated basin (the Bohemian Plateau) encircled by mountains divided into six major groups. In the southwest are the Šumava Mountains, which include the Bohemian Forest (Böhmerwald). In the west are the Berounka River highlands. In the northwest, the Ore Mountains (Czech: Krušné hory; German: Erzgebirge) form the frontier…

Bohemian Massif, dissected quadrangular plateau, with an area of about 60,000 square miles (about 158,000 square km), occupying Bohemia, Czech Republic. Centring on Prague, it reaches a maximum elevation of 5,256 feet (1,602 m) and is bounded by four ranges: the Ore Mountains (Krušné hory, or

České Budějovice, city, southern Czech Republic. It is a regional cultural and industrial centre lying amid lakes at the confluence of the Vltava (Moldau) and Malše rivers. Founded and fortified in 1265 by the Bohemian king Otakar II, the city is rich in medieval architecture and has one of the

Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren, denomination organized in 1918 by uniting the Lutheran and Reformed churches in Bohemia and Moravia (now Czech Republic). Subsequently, other smaller Czech Protestant groups merged into this church. Its roots go back to the 16th-century Protestant Reformation

Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, plateau (125 miles [200 km] long and 35 to 50 miles wide) forming the southeastern boundary of the Bohemian Massif, which separates the former historic provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, now in the Czech Republic. The highlands are roughly defined by the Lužnice River

Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, plateau (125 miles [200 km] long and 35 to 50 miles wide) forming the southeastern boundary of the Bohemian Massif, which separates the former historic provinces of Bohemia and Moravia, now in the Czech Republic. The highlands are roughly defined by the Lužnice River

Czechoslovak history: The establishment of the republic: After the separation of the communists, the Social Democracy yielded primacy to the Czech Agrarians, or Republicans, as the latter party was officially renamed. The Agrarians were the backbone of government coalitions until the disruption of the republic during World War II; from its ranks came Antonín Švehla (prime minister,…

Czechoslovakia, former country in central Europe encompassing the historical lands of Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia. Czechoslovakia was formed from several provinces of the collapsing empire of Austria-Hungary in 1918, at the end of World War I. In the interwar period it became the most prosperous

Český Krumlov, city, South Bohemia region, southwestern Czech Republic. Situated roughly 15 miles (25 km) southwest of the larger city of České Budějovice, it lies on the Vltava River. The first part of the city’s name, Český, means “Czech,” and the second part, Krumlov, was derived from a German

Bohemian Forest: …of the Český les (Oberpfälzerwald Mountains) is separated from the main group (the Šumava and Hinterer Wald) by a depression that extends roughly between the towns of Cham, Furth im Wald, and Domažlice (German: Taus). The gradients there are gentler and the hills largely cleared for upland farming. The…

Bohemian Massif, dissected quadrangular plateau, with an area of about 60,000 square miles (about 158,000 square km), occupying Bohemia, Czech Republic. Centring on Prague, it reaches a maximum elevation of 5,256 feet (1,602 m) and is bounded by four ranges: the Ore Mountains (Krušné hory, or

Cieszyn: …Czech side is known as Český Těšín.

Montenegro: Medieval South Slav kingdoms: …and 960 one such župan, Česlav, operating from the županija of Zeta in the hinterland of the Gulf of Kotor, succeeded in unifying a number of neighbouring Serb tribes and extended his control as far north as the Sava River and eastward to the Ibar. Zeta and its neighbouring županija…

Battle of Çeşme, (July 6–7, 1770), naval clash in which a Russian fleet defeated and destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the harbour of Çeşme on the Aegean Sea. During the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–74, a Russian fleet under Aleksey Orlov entered the Mediterranean in 1770 to destroy the Ottoman fleet and

Luigi Palma di Cesnola was a U.S. Army officer, archaeologist, and museum director who amassed one of the largest collections of antiquities from Cyprus. Educated at the Royal Military Academy, Turin (1843–48), Cesnola served at the age of 17 in the Sardinian Army of Revolution and in 1851 was

Carlos Manuel de Céspedes was a Cuban revolutionary hero. Although his revolution failed, Céspedes started the Ten Years’ War (1868–78), which ultimately led to Cuban independence. Céspedes was born into a prominent plantation family who had been granted their Cuban estate in 1517. After receiving

Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses was a Spanish writer of histories and short stories. Céspedes is best known for his early work, the romance Poema trágico del español Gerardo, y desengaño del amor lascivo (1615–17), translated (1622) by Leonard Digges as Gerardo the Unfortunate Spaniard, or a Pattern

Carlos Manuel de Céspedes was a Cuban revolutionary hero. Although his revolution failed, Céspedes started the Ten Years’ War (1868–78), which ultimately led to Cuban independence. Céspedes was born into a prominent plantation family who had been granted their Cuban estate in 1517. After receiving

Pablo de Céspedes was a Spanish poet, painter, sculptor, and architect. Céspedes was educated at Alcalá de Henares, where he studied theology and Oriental languages. On leaving the university he went to Rome. In 1560, while in Rome, proceedings were taken against him by the Inquisition at

law of war: Cessation of hostilities: Hostilities may be suspended pending negotiation between the parties. Negotiation may, or may not, be preceded by the display of a white flag, which merely means that one side wishes to enter into communication with the other. The parties may then enter…

Ewald Christian von Kleist: … (1757) and the short epic Cessides und Paches (1759), considered to be the most polished of all his poems. Der Frühling (1749), influenced by the Scottish poet James Thomson’s The Seasons, is typical of his heartfelt nature poetry in which passionate love for nature is expressed in vivid imagery. Wounded…

cessio bonorum, (Latin: “a cession of goods”), in Roman law, a voluntary surrender of goods by a debtor to his creditors. It did not amount to a discharge of the debt unless the property ceded was sufficient for the purpose, but it secured the debtor from personal arrest. The creditors sold the

annexation: Unlike cession, whereby territory is given or sold through treaty, annexation is a unilateral act made effective by actual possession and legitimized by general recognition.

Alaska: …Russia, was established in the Treaty of Cession of 1867 (which declared the transfer of Alaska from Russia to the United States). The roughly 1,000-mile (1,600-km) de facto boundary runs through the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Strait to a point between Alaska’s St. Lawrence Island and Russia’s Chukotskiy (Chukchi)…

Textron Inc.: subsidiaries, Bell Helicopter Textron and Cessna Aircraft Company, together account for about a third of its revenues. Bell Helicopter, with headquarters in Fort Worth, Texas, makes civil and military rotary-wing craft, including the commercial 206B JetRanger III, the AH-1W SuperCobra attack helicopter, and the OH-58D Kiowa Warrior armed reconnaissance helicopter.…

history of flight: General aviation: …per hour; the four-seat Cessna Airmaster, powered by a 145–165-horsepower engine that enabled a cruising speed of about 160 miles (260 km) per hour; and the seven to nine passenger Beechcraft Model 18, powered by two 450-horsepower engines that enabled a cruising speed of about 220 miles (350 km) per…

Clyde Vernon Cessna was an American aviator and aircraft manufacturer who invented the cantilever wing and a V-shaped tail configuration. His dedication to a simple, flexible monoplane design made his planes, such as variations on the model 180, popular as bush aircraft and as forest and rescue

Textron Inc.: subsidiaries, Bell Helicopter Textron and Cessna Aircraft Company, together account for about a third of its revenues. Bell Helicopter, with headquarters in Fort Worth, Texas, makes civil and military rotary-wing craft, including the commercial 206B JetRanger III, the AH-1W SuperCobra attack helicopter, and the OH-58D Kiowa Warrior armed reconnaissance helicopter.…

wastewater treatment: Direct discharge of sewage: …they were usually connected to cesspools, not to sewers. In densely populated areas, local conditions soon became intolerable because the cesspools were seldom emptied and frequently overflowed. The threat to public health became apparent. In England in the middle of the 19th century, outbreaks of cholera were traced directly to…

jai alai: …caught and thrown with a cesta, a long, curved wicker scoop strapped to one arm. Called pelota vasca in Spain, the Western Hemisphere name jai alai (Basque “merry festival”) was given to the game when it was imported to Cuba in 1900.

Pietro Antonio Cesti was a composer who, with Francesco Cavalli, was one of the leading Italian composers of the 17th century. Cesti studied in Rome and then moved to Venice, where his first known opera, Orontea, was produced in 1649. In 1652 he became chapelmaster to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria

Czech language, West Slavic language closely related to Slovak, Polish, and the Sorbian languages of eastern Germany. It is spoken in the historical regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and southwestern Silesia in the Czech Republic, where it is the official language. Czech is written in the Roman (Latin)

Rome: The river lands: The Ponte Cestio, often rebuilt since the 1st century bce, leads from Tiber Island to Trastevere, on the west bank, while the Ponte Fabricio (62 bce), the oldest in Rome, links the island to the shore below the Capitoline, on the east bank. Just downstream from…

tapeworm, any member of the invertebrate class Cestoda (phylum Platyhelminthes), a group of parasitic flatworms containing about 5,000 species. Tapeworms, which occur worldwide and range in size from about 1 mm (0.04 inch) to more than 15 m (50 feet), are internal parasites, affecting certain

flatworm: Annotated classification: Subclass Cestodaria Unsegmented tapeworms containing 1 set of genitalia; parasites of the body cavity or intestine of annelid worms or fish; about 105 species. Order Amphilinidea Uterus long and N-shaped; genital pores at or near posterior extremity; intestinal parasites of teleosts (bony fish); 105 species. Order…

tapeworm, any member of the invertebrate class Cestoda (phylum Platyhelminthes), a group of parasitic flatworms containing about 5,000 species. Tapeworms, which occur worldwide and range in size from about 1 mm (0.04 inch) to more than 15 m (50 feet), are internal parasites, affecting certain

cestodiasis, infestation with cestodes, a group of flattened and tapelike hermaphroditic worms that are intestinal parasites in humans and other animals, producing larvae that may invade body tissues. For humans there are two kinds of tapeworm infestations: (1) intestinal cestodiasis, in which the

Solanales: Family characteristics: …genus from Neotropical forests is Cestrum, with about 175 species. Better known, because of its ornamental and drug plants, is Nicotiana (tobacco), which has 95 species, mainly in western South America but with outlying groups in Mexico and Australia and isolated species on oceanic islands and in southwestern Africa. Physalis…

Venus’s girdle, (Cestum veneris) ribbon-shaped comb jelly of the order Cestida (phylum Ctenophora) found in the Mediterranean Sea. Its graceful, transparent body, which is a delicate violet in colour, is 1 metre (about 40 inches) or more long and about 5 cm (2 inches) wide. It has a well-developed

boxing: Early years: … developed a glove called the caestus (cestus) that is seen in Roman mosaics and described in their literature; this glove often had lumps of metal or spikes sewn into the leather. The caestus is an important feature in a boxing match in Virgil’s Aeneid (1st century bce). The story of…

caesura, in modern prosody, a pause within a poetic line that breaks the regularity of the metrical pattern. It is represented in scansion by the sign ‖. The caesura sometimes is used to emphasize the formal metrical construction of a line, but it more often introduces the cadence of natural speech

cetacean, (order Cetacea), any member of an entirely aquatic group of mammals commonly known as whales, dolphins, and porpoises. The ancient Greeks recognized that cetaceans breathe air, give birth to live young, produce milk, and have hair—all features of mammals. Because of their body form,

cetacean, (order Cetacea), any member of an entirely aquatic group of mammals commonly known as whales, dolphins, and porpoises. The ancient Greeks recognized that cetaceans breathe air, give birth to live young, produce milk, and have hair—all features of mammals. Because of their body form,

Beltane, festival held on the first day of May in Ireland and Scotland, celebrating the beginning of summer and open pasturing. Beltane is first mentioned in a glossary attributed to Cormac, bishop of Cashel and king of Munster, who was killed in 908. Cormac describes how cattle were driven between

diesel engine: Fuel for diesels: The cetane number, which defines the ignition quality of a fuel, is determined using ASTM D613 “Standard Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil.”

Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyy, city, southernmost Ukraine. It lies on the southwestern shore of the broad, shallow Dniester River estuary. In the 6th century bc, Greeks from Miletus established the colony of Tyras on the site. It later came under the Scythians, and it was settled by Slavs in early Kievan

Romania: Relief: …into the limestone tableland of Cetățile Ponorului, where the erosive action of water along joints in the rocks has created a fine example of the rugged karst type of scenery. To the west lie the parallel mountain ranges of Zărand, Codru-Moma, and Pădurea Craiului; to the south, along the Mureș…

Chatham, port, Medway unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Kent, southeastern England. The port lies along the River Medway just above its confluence with the River Thames, on the southeastern periphery of Greater London. Chatham is continuous with the communities of Rochester

Paul Anka: …Mornin’ Comes,” a duet with Peter Cetera. Anka toured and continued to release compilations and concert recordings throughout the 1980s and ’90s. A successful Spanish-language album, Amigos, was released in 1996.

demand curve: …relationship is contingent on certain ceteris paribus (other things equal) conditions remaining constant. Such conditions include the number of consumers in the market, consumer tastes or preferences, prices of substitute goods, consumer price expectations, and personal income. A change in one or more of these conditions causes a change in…

Cetshwayo was the last great king of the independent Zulus (reigned 1872–79), whose strong military leadership and political acumen restored the power and prestige of the Zulu nation, which had declined during the reign of his father, Mpande (Panda). As absolute ruler of a rigidly disciplined army

Croatia: Drainage: In Dalmatia the Krka and Cetina rivers are of particular importance because of their hydroelectric potential and because they flow into the Adriatic Sea.

Gutierre de Cetina was a Spanish poet, author of “Ojos claros serenos” (“Clear, Serene Eyes”), one of the most frequently anthologized poems in the Spanish language. Cetina was a soldier and spent most of his life traveling, visiting Italy, Germany, and Mexico. Influenced by the poet Garcilaso de

Cetinje, city, Montenegro, historical capital of Montenegro. It lies 2,198 feet (670 metres) above sea level on the Cetinje plateau, surrounded by peaks and at the foot of Mount Lovćen (5,738 feet [1,749 metres]). The city’s name derives from the river, the Cetina (or Cetinja). The monastery at

sauropod: …evolved into several major subgroups: Cetiosauridae, Brachiosauridae (including Brachiosaurus), Camarasauridae (including Camarasaurus), Diplodocidae (including Diplodocus and Apatosaurus), and Titanosauridae. The smaller sauropods reached a length of up

dinosaur: The first finds: …a single large tooth, and Cetiosaurus, which he named from an incomplete skeleton composed of very large bones. Having carefully studied most of these fossil specimens, Owen recognized that all of these bones represented a group of large reptiles that were unlike any living varieties. In a report to the…

Southeast Asian arts: 11th century to the present: …important, however, are the buildings—called cetiyas—that combine the attributes of stupa and shrine. These have a history and a line of evolution of their own, which can be traced from the Pyu stupa to the huge structural temple. The typical stupa, derived from the early medieval Indian form, is a…

Chetnik, member of a Serbian nationalist guerrilla force that formed during World War II to resist the Axis invaders and Croatian collaborators but that primarily fought a civil war against the Yugoslav communist guerrillas, the Partisans. After the surrender of the Yugoslav royal army in April

flower chafer, (subfamily Cetoniinae), any of a group of beetles in the family Scarabaeidae (insect order Coleoptera) that are distributed worldwide and are brilliantly coloured, with the majority of the iridescent species occurring in the tropics. Most measure less than 12 mm (0.5 inch), although

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Cetopsidae (whalelike catfishes) Body naked, lacking bony plates. South America. 7 genera, 23 species. Family Callichthyidae (callichthyid armoured catfishes) 2 longitudinal series of overlapping bony plates. Herbivorous aquarium fishes. South and Central America. 8 genera, about 177 species.

chondrichthyan: Annotated classification: Family Cetorhinidae (basking sharks) 2 dorsal fins, the 1st well in advance of pelvics; lunate caudal fin; gill openings extending around sides almost meeting at throat. Hundreds of minute teeth. Ovoviviparous. Embryonic development undescribed. Size at birth probably 1.5–1.8 metres (5–6 feet); maximum size to 13–14…

basking shark, (Cetorhinus maximus), huge, slow-swimming shark of the family Cetorhinidae. Named for its habit of floating or slowly swimming at the surface, the basking shark is found predominantly in coastal areas in temperate regions of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It is one of the largest

cetacean: Annotated taxonomy: †Family Cetotheriidae (cetotheres) About 30 genera. Middle Oligocene to Lower Pliocene. North and South America and Europe. †Suborder Archaeoceti (archaeocetes, or zeuglodonts) At least 24 genera. Anterior and posterior teeth differentiated; total teeth not exceeding 44, the basic number in

cetacean: Annotated taxonomy: †Family Cetotheriidae (cetotheres) About 30 genera. Middle Oligocene to Lower Pliocene. North and South America and Europe. †Suborder Archaeoceti (archaeocetes, or zeuglodonts) At least 24 genera. Anterior and posterior teeth differentiated; total teeth not exceeding 44, the basic number in

Iceland moss, (Cetraria islandica), fruticose (branched, bushy) lichen with an upright thallus usually attached in one place. It varies in colour from deep brown to grayish white and may grow to a height of 7 cm (3 inches). The trough-shaped branches fork into flattened lobes that are edged with

Beltane, festival held on the first day of May in Ireland and Scotland, celebrating the beginning of summer and open pasturing. Beltane is first mentioned in a glossary attributed to Cormac, bishop of Cashel and king of Munster, who was killed in 908. Cormac describes how cattle were driven between

Cetshwayo was the last great king of the independent Zulus (reigned 1872–79), whose strong military leadership and political acumen restored the power and prestige of the Zulu nation, which had declined during the reign of his father, Mpande (Panda). As absolute ruler of a rigidly disciplined army

Kosovo: Cultural milieu: …when University of Pristina professor Anton Çetta and other activists led an antivendetta campaign. The practice resurfaced, however, amid the political instability following the 1998–99 conflict.

Sète, town and a principal French Mediterranean commercial port, Hérault département, Occitanie région, southern France, southwest of Montpellier. It occupies the lower slopes and foot of the isolated Mont Saint-Clair, which lies on a tongue of land between the Mediterranean Sea and the large

Tahar Ben Jelloun: …aveuglante absence de lumière (2001; This Blinding Absence of Light), a harrowing account of the life of a Moroccan political prisoner that was partially inspired by Ben Jelloun’s own 18-month detainment in an army camp in the late 1960s, won the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award in 2004.

Ceṭṭi, group of castes widespread in southern India, roughly corresponding to the Banias, a similar group of merchant castes in the north. They specialize primarily in the mercantile trades, as bankers, moneylenders, pawnbrokers, shopkeepers, and merchants. They employ a special trade jargon, which

Cetus, constellation in the southern sky, at about 2 hours right ascension and 10° south in declination. The brightest star, Deneb Kaitos (from the Arabic for “tail of the whale”), has a visual magnitude of 2.04. The most famous star in Cetus is Mira Ceti, or Omicron Ceti, the first known variable

pancreatic cancer: Treatment: …drugs such as cetuximab (Erbitux), a monoclonal antibody that binds to EGFR and thus prevents kinase activation and cell division, are being developed and tested in clinical trials for pancreatic cancer.

cetyl alcohol, [CH3(CH2)15OH], a solid organic compound that was one of the first alcohols to be isolated from fats. Cetyl alcohol was discovered in 1817 by the French chemist Michel Chevreul. When he heated a sample of spermaceti (a solid wax formed by the cooling of sperm whale oil) with caustic

Ceuta, Spanish exclave, military post, and free port on the coast of Morocco, at the Mediterranean entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar. Ceuta is an autonomous city administered by Spain. Ceuta, Melilla (also an exclave), and other tiny islets along the coast of North Africa constitute the

Ceva’s theorem, in geometry, theorem concerning the vertices and sides of a triangle. In particular, the theorem asserts that for a given triangle ABC and points L, M, and N that lie on the sides AB, BC, and CA, respectively, a necessary and sufficient condition for the three lines from vertex to

Giovanni Ceva was an Italian mathematician, physicist, and hydraulic engineer best known for the geometric theorem bearing his name concerning straight lines that intersect at a common point when drawn through the vertices of a triangle. Most details of Ceva’s early life are known only through his

Giovanni Ceva was an Italian mathematician, physicist, and hydraulic engineer best known for the geometric theorem bearing his name concerning straight lines that intersect at a common point when drawn through the vertices of a triangle. Most details of Ceva’s early life are known only through his

Tommaso Ceva was a Jesuit mathematician and poet, who was the younger brother of Giovanni Ceva. In 1663 Tommaso Ceva entered the Society of Jesus at the Brera College in Milan and soon became a professor of rhetoric and mathematics, teaching at Brera for more than 40 years. Ceva’s only mathematical

Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata: …Río de la Plata—Pedro de Cevallos—arrived in Montevideo with a large force of men and ships. Cevallos pushed the Portuguese back and organized a new government in Buenos Aires before being supplanted by another viceroy just a few months after taking office. The viceroys following Cevallos—Juan José de Vértiz y…

Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan to c. 1700 ce: In 1723 Dga’-ldan’s successor, Cevang Rabtan, was again on the attack. Aided by Swedish officers who had been Russian prisoners at the Battle of Poltava (1709) and found their way to these distant parts, the Dzungars launched a devastating invasion of the eastern Kazakh lands. The memory of this…

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Daily life and social customs: …national dish of ćevapi, or ćevapčići. These small rolls of seasoned ground meat, typically a mixture of beef and lamb, are grilled and usually served in a bread pocket. The plums that grow in the country are often made into thick jam or slivovitz, a popular brandy.

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Daily life and social customs: …national dish of ćevapi, or ćevapčići. These small rolls of seasoned ground meat, typically a mixture of beef and lamb, are grilled and usually served in a bread pocket. The plums that grow in the country are often made into thick jam or slivovitz, a popular brandy.

Orhan Pamuk: Works: …later published his first novel, Cevdet Bey ve oğulları (“Cevdet Bey and His Sons”), a sweeping history of an Istanbul family during and after the establishment of the Turkish republic. He followed it with Sessiz ev (1983; Silent House), relying on multiple narrators to shape the story of a family…

Ahmed Cevdet Paşa was a statesman and historian, a major figure in 19th-century Turkish letters. Cevdet went to Istanbul at the age of 17 to complete his education at a religious college. In 1844/45 he was appointed qadi (judge) and then became the juridical adviser to the grand vizier (Ottoman

Cévennes, mountain range of southern France containing peaks over 5,000 feet (1,525 m) and forming the southeastern rim of the Massif Central, overlooking the lower valley of the Rhône River and the plain of Languedoc. A part of the Atlantic-Mediterranean watershed, its Mediterranean slope is riven

Cévennes National Park, nature reserve located in the départements of Lozère and Gard, southern France. The park, created in 1970, occupies 353 square miles (913 square km) of the Cévennes and Causses regions southeast of the Massif Central. It is dominated by calcareous (limestone) plateaus, the

ceviche, dish of South American origin comprising raw fish or shellfish marinated in citrus juice. The great fishing cultures of the world often consume raw fish, a culinary custom made possible by the freshness of the catch. So it is that in Norway salmon is often eaten straight from the fjord,

vitamin C, water-soluble, carbohydrate-like substance that is involved in certain metabolic processes of animals. Although most animals can synthesize vitamin C, it is necessary in the diet of some, including humans and other primates, in order to prevent scurvy, a disease characterized by soreness

Chewa, Bantu-speaking people living in the extreme eastern zone of Zambia, northwestern Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Mozambique. They share many cultural features with their Bemba kinsmen to the west. Their language, Chewa, is also called Chichewa, Nyanja, or Chinyanja and is important in Malawi. The

Ceyhan River, river, southern Turkey, rising in the Nurhak Mountains of the Eastern Taurus range, northeast of Elbistan. It flows southeast past Elbistan, where it is fed by the Harman Deresi and numerous other small streams. It then turns south, is joined by the Aksu on the outskirts of

Ceyhan River, river, southern Turkey, rising in the Nurhak Mountains of the Eastern Taurus range, northeast of Elbistan. It flows southeast past Elbistan, where it is fed by the Harman Deresi and numerous other small streams. It then turns south, is joined by the Aksu on the outskirts of

Sri Lanka, island country lying in the Indian Ocean and separated from peninsular India by the Palk Strait. It is located between latitudes 5°55′ and 9°51′ N and longitudes 79°41′ and 81°53′ E and has a maximum length of 268 miles (432 km) and a maximum width of 139 miles (224 km). Proximity to the

cinnamon, (Cinnamomum verum), bushy evergreen tree and the spice derived from its bark. The tree is native to Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon), the neighboring Malabar Coast of India, and Myanmar (Burma), and it is also cultivated in South America and the West Indies. The spice, consisting of the dried