Qi Rushan was a playwright and scholar who revived interest in traditional Chinese drama in 20th-century China and in the West. Born into a prosperous and well-educated family, Qi received a classical Chinese education. He also studied traditional Chinese theatre from childhood and learned European

Qi Baishi was, along with Zhang Daqian, one of the last of the great traditional Chinese painters. Qi was of humble origins, and it was largely through his own efforts that he became adept at the arts of poetry, calligraphy, and painting. He was active to the end of his long life and served as head

Qiqihar, city, western Heilongjiang sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated in the middle of the fertile Nen River plain, a part of the Northeast (Manchurian) Plain. The site was originally settled by nomadic Tungus and Daur herdsmen; the city’s name Qiqihar is from a Daur word meaning

Qijia culture, the only Neolithic culture to be uncovered in China that shows northern Eurasian influence. Although most archaeologists date the Qijia in the Late Neolithic Period, it survived into historical times, and remains from as late as the 1st century bce have been found. Evidence of the

Kao-hsiung, special municipality (chih-hsia shih, or zhizia shi) and major international port in southwestern Taiwan. It is situated on the coast of the Taiwan Strait, its city centre about 25 miles (40 km) south-southeast from central T’ai-nan (Tainan) special municipality. The site has been

New Taipei City: In the extreme north the Ch’i-hsing (Qixing) Mountains rise to 3,675 feet (1,120 metres).

Qilian Mountains, rugged mountain range on the border of Qinghai and Gansu provinces, west-central China. Glaciers cover an area of about 760 square miles (1,970 square km) and contain some 23 cubic miles (95 cubic km) of ice. This vast ice reservoir is the most important water source for

qilin, in Chinese mythology, the unicorn whose rare appearance often coincides with the imminent birth or death of a sage or illustrious ruler. (The name is a combination of the two characters qi “male,” and lin, “female.”) A qilin has a single horn on its forehead, a yellow belly, a multicoloured

Chinese architecture: The Ming dynasty (1368–1644): Exceptional is the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests (Qiniandian) at the Temple of Heaven, a descendant of the ancient Mingtang state temple. It took its present circular form about 1530. Its three concentric circles of columns, which range up to 18 metres (59 feet) in height, symbolize…

Qiying was a Chinese official who negotiated the Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the first Opium War (1839–42), fought by the British in China to gain trade concessions there. A member of the imperial family of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), Qiying served in various high governmental positions

Qiangtang, enormous alpine basin in the northern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, southwestern China. With an average elevation exceeding 16,500 feet (5,000 metres) above sea level, it lies between the Kunlun Mountains to the north, the Tanggula Mountains to the east, and the Nyainqêntanglha

Qiao Shi was a Chinese politician who rose to top leadership positions in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and for a time in the 1990s was one of the most powerful men in China. Raised in Shanghai, Jiang Zhitong changed his name after joining the CCP in 1940. A graduate of East China Associated

Chinese languages: Reconstruction of Chinese protolanguages: …language of the important dictionary Qieyun of ad 601 (Sui dynasty), which mainly represents a Southern language type. One difficulty is that the language in a given area represents a mixture of at least two layers: an older one of the original local type, antedating the language of the Qieyun,…

Qian Zhongshu was a Chinese scholar and writer whose erudition and scholarly achievements were practically unrivaled in 20th-century China. Qian attended missionary schools in Suzhou and Wuxi while receiving English and classical Chinese training under the tutelage of his father. A student of the

Qian Xuesen was a Chinese engineer and research scientist widely recognized as the “father of Chinese aerospace” for his role in establishing China’s ballistic missile program. Qian was the only child of an aristocratic Hangzhou family whose recorded lineage of more than a thousand years has been

Beijing: Public and commercial buildings: …contains three large halls, the Palace of Heavenly Purity (Qianqinggong), the Hall of Union (Jiaotaidian), and the Palace of Earthly Tranquillity (Kunninggong).

tapestry: Eastern Asia: …have been found in the Mogao Caves near the town of Dunhuang in Gansu province. It is thought that these weavings are probably not representative of the more fully developed kesi of the Tang period because they show only simple repeating patterns of flowers, vines, ducks, lions, etc., and were…

Qianlong was the fourth emperor of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12) whose six-decade reign (1735–96) was one of the longest in Chinese history. He conducted a series of military campaigns that eliminated the Turk and Mongol threats to northeastern China (1755–60), enlarged his empire by

Chifeng, city, southeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (qu), northeastern China. It lies on the upper reaches of the Yingjin River, a tributary of the upper Liaoha River (itself a branch of the West Liao River). The name, meaning “Red Mountain” in Chinese, refers to the red-coloured peak

lokapāla: The other Buddhist lokapālas are Dhṛtarāṣṭra (east), Virūḍhaka (south), and Virūpākṣa (west).

qin, fretless Chinese board zither with seven strings. Traditionally the body of the qin was of a length that represented the 365 days of the year (3 chi [a chi is a Chinese foot], 6 cun [a cun is a Chinese inch, one-tenth of a chi], and 5 fen [a fen is one-tenth of a Chinese inch] long). The qin

Qin Jiushao was a Chinese mathematician who developed a method of solving simultaneous linear congruences. In 1219 Qin joined the army as captain of a territorial volunteer unit and helped quash a local rebellion. In 1224–25 Qin studied astronomy and mathematics in the capital Lin’an (modern

Qin dynasty, dynasty that established the first great Chinese empire. The Qin—which lasted only from 221 to 207 bce but from which the name China is derived—established the approximate boundaries and basic administrative system that all subsequent Chinese dynasties were to follow for the next two

Qin River, river of north-central China. It rises in the Taiyue Mountains of Shanxi province, China and flows south through the plateau past Qinyuan and near Yangcheng, through the southwest spur of the Taihang Mountains, and onto the plain of northern Henan province. There it swings southeastward

Qin Hui was a minister of the Song dynasty (960–1279) who led a peace party that opposed continued prosecution of a war to regain former Chinese territory in the North. He is remembered as a traitor, however, in Chinese history. After Juchen tribes had occupied the North and captured the Song

Qin Hui was a minister of the Song dynasty (960–1279) who led a peace party that opposed continued prosecution of a war to regain former Chinese territory in the North. He is remembered as a traitor, however, in Chinese history. After Juchen tribes had occupied the North and captured the Song

Qin Mountains, mountain range in north China, extending along a west-east axis from southeastern Gansu province into Shaanxi and Henan provinces. Considered to be an eastern extension of the Kunlun Mountains, it constitutes a watershed between the Wei River to the north and Han River to the south

Qin tomb, major Chinese archaeological site near the ancient capital city of Chang’an, Shaanxi sheng (province), China, now near the modern city of Xi’an. It is the burial place of the first sovereign emperor, Shihuangdi of the Qin dynasty (221–207 bce), who unified the empire, began construction

Chinese literature: Classical literature: The Qin-Han school tried to underrate the achievements of Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, along with the Song essayists, and proudly declared that post-Han prose was not worth reading. The Tang-Song school, on the other hand, accused its opponents of limited vision and reemphasized Han Yu’s…

Qinhuangdao, seaport city lying on the northeastern coast of Hebei sheng (province), China. It is situated on the Liaodong Gulf, at the eastern extremity of the Hebei Plain before the plain’s narrowing at the coast at Shanhaiguan, approximately 12 miles (20 km) to the northeast. The city’s

Qinzong was the last emperor (reigned 1125/26–1127) of the Bei (Northern) Song dynasty (960–1127). Zhao Huan became emperor when his father, the Huizong emperor (reigned 1100–1125/26), abdicated in the face of an invasion by the Juchen tribes. The invasion was halted when the Chinese agreed to a

qing, stone or jade chime used as a percussion instrument in ancient Chinese music. Sound was produced by hitting the qing with a mallet. The largest known qing—36 inches long × 24 inches wide × 1.5 inches high (91 cm long × 61 cm wide × 4 cm high)—was excavated in Lajia, Qinghai province, in 2000.

Qing dynasty, the last of the imperial dynasties of China, spanning the years 1644 to 1911/12. Under the Qing the territory of the empire grew to treble its size under the preceding Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the population grew from some 150 million to 450 million, many of the non-Chinese

Qinghai, sheng (province) of northwestern China. It is bounded to the north and east by Gansu province, to the southeast by Sichuan province, to the south and west by the Tibet Autonomous Region, and to the west and northwest by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang. Qinghai is the fourth largest

Koko Nor, lake, Qinghai province, west-central China. The largest mountain lake without a river outlet in Central Asia, it is located in a depression of the Qilian Mountains, its surface at an elevation of about 10,500 feet (3,200 metres) above sea level. The length of the lake approaches 65 miles

Beijing: Education: …these are Peking University and Tsinghua (Qinghua) University. Peking University (1898) is one of the largest comprehensive institutions in China. In 1953 the university moved from its old site at Shatan, in the inner city, to the present campus, which previously belonged to the missionary-established Yenching (Yanjing) University. The Haidian…

Qingliu Dang, group of conservative Chinese officials who advocated a return to traditional Confucian moral principles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement was a reaction against the increasing demands for concessions in China by Western powers. Consisting mainly of young

jinbi shanshui, style of Chinese landscape painting during the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties. In this style, a rich decorative effect was achieved by the application of two mineral colours, azurite blue and malachite green, together with gold, to a fine line drawing. Among the early

Chinese architecture: The Song (960–1279), Liao (907–1125), and Jin (1115–1234) dynasties: …a remarkably realistic hand scroll, Going up the River at Qingming Festival Time, painted by the 12th-century court artist Zhang Zeduan (whether painted before or after the sacking is uncertain). From contemporary accounts, Bianjing was a city of towers, the tallest being a pagoda 110 metres (360 feet) high, built…

yingqing ware, type of refined, thinly potted Chinese porcelain produced at Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, and in Hebei province. It was created primarily during the Song dynasty (960–1279), although it is likely that production began in the Tang dynasty (618–907) and continued into the Ming dynasty

Chiang Kai-shek: …he apparently belonged to the Green Gang (Qing Bang), a secret society involved in financial manipulations. In 1918 he reentered public life by joining Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang. Thus began the close association with Sun on which Chiang was to build his power. Sun’s…

Chinese literature: Prose: …in the new vogue of qingtan (“pure conversation”), intellectual discussions on lofty and nonmundane matters, recorded in a 5th-century collection of anecdotes titled Shishuo xinyu (“A New Account of Tales of the World”) by Liu Yiqing. Though prose writers as a whole continued to be most concerned with lyrical expression…

Qingdao, port city, eastern Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. It is located on the south coast of the Shandong Peninsula at the eastern entrance to Jiaozhou (Kiaochow) Bay, one of the best natural harbours in northern China. Although the bay sometimes freezes in severe winters, it is always

Plateau of Tibet, vast high plateau of southwestern China. It encompasses all of the Tibet Autonomous Region and much of Qinghai province and extends into western Sichuan province and southern Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang. The region lies between the Kunlun Mountains and its associated

Qiu Ying was a Chinese painter noted for his gongbi brush technique, used to produce highly detailed figure and architectural paintings and flower studies. Qiu did not pursue the other characteristic arts and activities of the man of letters that Chinese critics believed were marks of a great

Qiongshan, former city, Hainan sheng (province), China. It is situated some 3 miles (5 km) south of central Haikou on the northern coast of Hainan Island; in 2003 it became a district of Haikou. A county town was first established there in the early years of the 1st century bce, and after 25 ce its

Hainan, sheng (province) in southern China. Its name means “south of the sea.” The main land territory of the province is coextensive with Hainan Island and a handful of nearby offshore islands located in the South China Sea and separated from the Leizhou Peninsula of southern Guangdong province to

Korean literature: Transitional literature: 1894–1910: …Chayujong (1910; “Liberty Bell”); and Ch’oe Ch’ansik, Ch’uwŏlsaek (1912; “Colour of the Autumn Moon”). In their works these writers advocated modernization, a spirit of independence, contact with Western countries, study abroad, the diffusion of science and technology, and the abolition of conventions and superstition.

Korean literature: The Three Kingdoms period and unification: 57 bce–935 ce: Another member of the group, Ch’oe Ch’i-Wŏn, who had studied in Tang China and passed the civil service examination there, contributed greatly to the development of Korean literature in Chinese. He was renowned for his poetry and his prose. Noteworthy legends that developed during this time include such tales as…

Choe Je-u was the founder of the Donghak sect, a religion amalgamated of Buddhist, Daoist, Confucian, and even some Roman Catholic elements with an apocalyptic flavor and a hostility to Western culture, which was then beginning to undermine the traditional Korean order. The sect, later known as the

Korea: Military rule: …in the hands of the Choe family. The Choe had a private army for personal protection and a new public military organization for national security. The latter also served, in effect, as their private army. The Choe also established a body of civilian officials to manage the state’s personnel administration,…

Korean literature: Later Koryŏ: 12th century to 1392: …chip (“Collection to Relieve Idleness”), Ch’oe Hae’s Tongin chi mun (“Writings of the Eastern People”), and Yi Che-Hyŏn’s Yŏgong p’aesŏl (“Lowly Jottings by Old Man Oak”) illustrate the views on literature of the newly risen scholar-bureaucrats active in this period.

Ch’oe Kyŏng was one of the most famous Korean painters of the early Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910). He was also one of the first court painters of the Chosŏn dynasty. He excelled in portrait painting and made the portraits of many members of the royal family. His success led to his appointment as head

Korean literature: Modern literature: 1910 to the end of the 20th century: …literary movement was launched by Ch’oe Namsŏn and Yi Kwangsu. In 1908 Ch’oe published the poem “Hae egeso pada ege” (“From the Sea to Children”) in Sonyŏn (“Children”), the first literary journal aimed at producing cultural reform. Inspired by Lord Byron’s Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Ch’oe celebrates in clean masculine diction…

Choe Si-hyeong was the second leader of the Korean apocalyptic antiforeign Donghak (Cheondogyo) religion and helped organize the underground network that spread the sect after the 1864 execution of its founder, Choe Je-u, for fomenting rebellion. After Choe Je-u’s death, Choe Si-hyeong took over

North Korea: Economy of North Korea: …a mass-mobilization measure called the Ch’ŏllima (“Flying Horse”) movement that was patterned on China’s Great Leap Forward of 1958–60. Subsequently, in the early 1960s, programs were instituted in agricultural and industrial management, called respectively the Ch’ongsan-ni Method and Taean Work System. In the late 1990s the country adopted the official…

Yalu River: The Yalu rises in Tian Lake (known in Korean as Ch’ŏn Lake), a body of water of indeterminate depth on top of Mount Baitou (Mount Paektu), on the Chinese–North Korean border, at an elevation of about 9,000 feet (2,700 meters) above sea level. Winding southward as far as Hyesan,…

Ch’ŏndogyo, (“Eastern Learning”), indigenous Korean religion that combines elements of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, shamanism, and Roman Catholicism. There is no concept of eternal reward in Ch’ŏndogyo, because its vision is limited to bringing righteousness and peace to the world. Toward this

Ch’ŏngch’ŏn River, river, central North Korea. It rises in the Chŏgyu Mountains about 75 miles (120 km) northwest of the city of Hamhŭng. The Ch’ŏngch’ŏn flows generally southwest for about 125 miles (200 km) past the cities of Hŭich’ŏn, Kujang, and Anju, draining an area of rich agricultural

Ch’ŏngch’ŏn River, river, central North Korea. It rises in the Chŏgyu Mountains about 75 miles (120 km) northwest of the city of Hamhŭng. The Ch’ŏngch’ŏn flows generally southwest for about 125 miles (200 km) past the cities of Hŭich’ŏn, Kujang, and Anju, draining an area of rich agricultural

Korean literature: Later Chosŏn: 1598–1894: …as well as Kim Ch’ŏng-T’aek’s Ch’ŏnggu yŏngŏn (“Songs of Green Hills”)—contained poems that had previously been transmitted only orally as well as songs that had in the past been recorded in book form. These collections also included new works by contemporary authors and, overall, contributed greatly to the elevation of…

Seoul: City site: Likewise, the Cheonggye Stream—a small tributary of the Han that drains the old city center but was covered over by streets and expressways in the mid-20th century—has been uncovered and restored; once a focus of everyday activities for many residents, it is now a river park and…

Ch’ŏngjin, city, capital of North Hamgyŏng do (province), northeastern North Korea. The city is situated along Kyŏngsŏng Bay, facing the East Sea (Sea of Japan). Before it became an open port in 1908, Ch’ŏngjin was a small fishing village. During the later stages of the Japanese occupation of Korea

Cheongju, city, North Chungcheong do (province), central South Korea. An old inland rural city, it is now the political and economic center of the province. After the city was connected to Seoul by highway in 1970, it developed rapidly. Rice, barley, beans, and cotton are produced within the

Ch’ŏndogyo: …altar in a ritual called ch’ŏngsu. They are instructed to meditate on God, offer prayers (kido) upon leaving and entering their homes, dispel harmful thoughts (e.g., of greed and lust), and worship God in church on Sundays.

Daigak Guksa: …Buddhist priest who founded the Ch’ŏnt’ae sect of Buddhism.

Chu, one of the most important of the small states contending for power in China between 770 and 223 bce. Originally one of the duke states under the Xi (Western) Zhou dynasty (1046–771 bce), Chu rose in the mid-8th century bce around the present province of Hubei, in the fertile valley of the

Matteo Ricci: Mission to China: …friend of the Confucian scholar Qu Taisu. Ricci taught him the rudiments of mathematics, receiving in return an introduction into the circles of the mandarins (high civil or military officials of the Chinese empire) and of the Confucian scholars. Noting that Ricci wore the habit of a Buddhist monk (which…

Chuci, compendium of ancient Chinese poetic songs from the southern state of Chu during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 bce). The poems were collected in the 2nd century ce by Wang Yi, an imperial librarian during the latter part of the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce). Many of the poems are attributed to

Qu Yuan was one of the greatest poets of ancient China and the earliest known by name. His highly original and imaginative verse had an enormous influence over early Chinese poetry. Qu Yuan was born a member of the ruling house of Chu, a large state in the central valley of the Yangtze River (Chang

Quzhou, city, western Zhejiang sheng (province), China. Quzhou has been a natural transportation centre since ancient times, being situated on the upper stream of the Fuchun River—there known as the Changshan River—at its confluence with the Wuxi River. Natural routes lead westward into Jiangxi

Qufu, city, Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. It lies 70 miles (110 km) south of Jinan. In ancient times Qufu was the capital of the small independent state of Lu, which flourished from the 6th to the 4th century bce. It was established as a county-level city in 1986. Qufu is best known as

Chumbi Valley, valley in the eastern Great Himalaya Range of the southern Tibet Autonomous Region, China. It is situated on a small south-pointing protuberance of territory between Bhutan (east) and Sikkim state, India (west). Formed by the passage of the Amo (Torsa) River, which rises below Tang

Kim Chŏng-hui was the best-known Korean calligrapher of the 19th century. Kim was born into a family of artists and government officials. As a young man he accompanied his father on a trip to Peking, where he became friendly with many of the leading Chinese scholars of the day. Returning to Korea,

chuanqi, a form of traditional Chinese operatic drama that developed from the nanxi in the late 14th century. Chuanqi alternated with the zaju as the major form of Chinese drama until the 16th century, when kunqu, a particular style of chuanqi, began to dominate serious Chinese drama. Highly

Taoism: Internal developments: …Liu Deren (1142); and the Quanzhen (“Perfect Realization”) sect, founded in 1163 by Wang Chongyang (Wang Zhe). This last sect came to the favorable attention of the Mongols, who had taken over in the North, and its second patriarch, Qiu Changqun, was invited into Central Asia to preach to Genghis…

Quanzhou, port and city, eastern coastal Fujian sheng (province), China. It is situated on the north bank of the Jin River, at the head of the river’s estuary, facing the Taiwan Strait. Pop. (2002 est.) city, 497,723; (2007 est.) urban agglom., 1,463,000. A Quanzhou prefecture was established there

Chinese literature: May Fourth period: …the smaller Chuangzao She (“Creation Society”), on the other hand, were followers of the “Romantic” tradition who eschewed any expressions of social responsibility by writers, referring to their work as “art for art’s sake.” In 1924, however, the society’s leading figure, Guo Moruo, converted to Marxism, and the Creation…

pottery: Coloured glazes: …Chinese as “blown red” (chui hong). It was certainly used as a monochrome in early Ming times and possibly even earlier, and is the direct ancestor of the showy flambé glazes (yao bian) of the Qianlong period that are often vividly streaked with unreduced copper blue.

Chunqiu, the first Chinese chronological history, said to be the traditional history of the vassal state of Lu, as revised by Confucius. It is one of the Five Classics (Wujing) of Confucianism. The name, actually an abbreviation of “Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter,” derives from the old custom of

Kao-hsiung: …King Ning-ching (Ningjing), and the Ch’un-ch’iu (Chunqiu; Spring and Autumn) Pagodas are major tourist attractions. Feng-shan (Fengshan), administrative seat of the former county, is linked by railway to Chi-lung (Jilong, or Keelung) in northeastern Taiwan. The National Sun Yat-sen University was founded in 1980 at Kao-hsiung.

Spring and Autumn period, (770–476 bce), in Chinese history, the period during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 bce)—specifically the first portion of the Dong (Eastern) Zhou—when many vassal states fought and competed for supremacy. It was named for the title of a Confucian book of chronicles, Chunqiu,

Chuncheon, city and provincial capital, Gangwon do (province), northern South Korea. It is in the basin formed by the confluence of the Han and Soyang rivers. During the Korean War (1950–53), Chuncheon sustained heavy damage, but after the war it was reconstructed as a modern city. The city is a

Chongqing, city (shi) and provincial-level municipality (zhixiashi), southwest-central China. The leading river port, transportation hub, and commercial and industrial centre of the upper Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) basin, the city is located some 1,400 miles (2,250 km) from the sea, at the

Chongzhen was the reign name (nianhao) of the 16th and last emperor (reigned 1627–44) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The Chongzhen emperor ascended the throne at the age of 16 on the death of his brother, the Tianqi emperor (reigned 1620–27), and tried to revive the deteriorating Ming government.

Chongming Island, large island in the mouth of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), Shanghai municipality, China. The island has been formed through the accumulation of silt the river has carried down from its middle and upper course. It was first mentioned in the 7th century ad, when it seems to have

South Chungcheong, do (province), west-central South Korea. Facing the Yellow Sea to the west, it is bounded on the north by Gyeonggi province, on the east by North Chungcheong province, and on the south by North Jeolla province. Daejeon—administratively designated a metropolitan city with

North Chungcheong, do (province), central South Korea. The only province of South Korea with no seacoast, it is bordered by the provinces of Gangwon (north), North Gyeongsang (east), North Jeolla (southwest), South Chungcheong (west), and Gyeonggi (northwest). Its capital is Cheongju. The province

Chungju, city, North Chungcheong do (province), central South Korea. Connected with Seoul by water transport on the Han River, it was the administrative and economic center of the province until the provincial government was removed to Cheongju in 1909. Although traditionally an agricultural

Tongyeong, city and port, South Gyeongsang do (province), southeastern South Korea. The city was created in 1995 when Chungmu city was combined with Tongyeong county. Until it was made a municipality in 1955, Chungmu was called Tongyeong, deriving its name from Tongjeyeong, which in Old Korean

Kim Chŏng-hui: …unique style known as the ch’usa, which has continued to be one of the major calligraphic styles in Korea.

Ch’usŏk, Korean holiday celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month to commemorate the fall harvest and to honour one’s ancestors. Similar to Thanksgiving Day in the United States, the Harvest Moon Festival, as it is also known, is one of the most popular holidays in Korea. The day begins

Cho Sok is a noted Korean painter of the Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910) famous for his depiction of birds. A scholar by training, Cho was offered numerous official posts but always declined, preferring to spend his days painting. Magpies were his favourite subject, so much so that almost any painting

Korean music: Court instrumental music: Processional military music (ch’wit’a) begins in the style seen in ancient drawings, with drums, gongs, and accompanying conch shell and straight trumpets, in addition to a “barbarian” oboe with a conical body. This ensemble is followed by a softer one with the more typical Korean hourglass drum (changgo)…

methanol (CH3OH), the simplest of a long series of organic compounds called alcohols, consisting of a methyl group (CH3) linked with a hydroxy group (OH). Methanol was formerly produced by the destructive distillation of wood. The modern method of preparing methanol is based on the direct

Cabrini-Green: In 2000 the Chicago Housing Authority (CHA) began demolishing Cabrini-Green buildings as part of an ambitious and controversial plan to transform all of the city’s public housing projects; the last of the buildings was torn down in 2011.

Western dance: Dance contests and codes: …Latin-American rumba, samba, calypso, and cha-cha-cha. What was left of the social barriers existing in 1900 between the exclusive and the popular dancing establishments was swept away.

Dakota Johnson: Later films: …credits from that year include Cha Cha Real Smooth, in which she plays the single mother of an autistic son; Persuasion, based on the Jane Austen novel; and Am I OK?, a dramedy about a woman on a path of self-discovery. In Daddio (2023), which is largely set in a…

wind instrument: Trumpets: …found in China, where the zhajiao adds a shallow and flat mouthpiece to the same basic design. Another long trumpet of Rome was the cornu, which was curved to a G-shape for portability and braced crosswise for carrying over the shoulder.

Poch’ŏngyo: …religion was subsequently assumed by Cha’ Kyŏng-sŏk, an early associate of Kang. During the March 1 independence movement of 1919, Cha’ and 30,000 of the religion’s adherents were imprisoned by the Japanese. Cha’ escaped two years later and established Pohwagyo (“Religion of Universal Enlightenment”), which was registered with the government…