Orlando Cepeda was a Puerto Rican professional baseball player who became one of the first new stars to emerge when major league baseball arrived on the U.S. West Coast in 1958. Cepeda grew up surrounded by baseball: his father, Pedro (“Perucho”) Cepeda, was a power-hitting shortstop who was known

Western dance: Dance contests and codes: …Latin-American rumba, samba, calypso, and cha-cha-cha. What was left of the social barriers existing in 1900 between the exclusive and the popular dancing establishments was swept away.

Western dance: Dance contests and codes: …Latin-American rumba, samba, calypso, and cha-cha-cha. What was left of the social barriers existing in 1900 between the exclusive and the popular dancing establishments was swept away.

cha-shitsu, small Japanese garden pavilion or room within a house, specifically designed for the tea ceremony. Ideally, the cha-shitsu, or tea house, is separated from the house and is approached through a small garden called a roji (“dewy path”), the first step in breaking communication with the

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadayev was an intellectual and writer whose ideas of Russian history precipitated the controversy between the opposing intellectual camps of Slavophiles and Westernizers. In his early years Chaadayev was an army officer and a liberal. During the 1820s he experienced a

Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadayev was an intellectual and writer whose ideas of Russian history precipitated the controversy between the opposing intellectual camps of Slavophiles and Westernizers. In his early years Chaadayev was an army officer and a liberal. During the 1820s he experienced a

chaat, a traditional savory snack sold by street vendors in India that originated in the country’s northern region and is now popular throughout South Asia and at Indian restaurants worldwide. Chaat is an umbrella term for a wide range of roadside foods that usually feature some kind of fried dough

Qamdo, mountainous area in the far eastern part of the Tibet Autonomous Region, western China. It borders the provinces of Qinghai, Yunnan, and Sichuan to the north, east, and southeast, respectively. Myanmar (Burma) and the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh lie to the south. In Qamdo the great

Jacques Chaban-Delmas was a French politician, president of the National Assembly, and premier. Delmas was educated in political science and law and worked as a journalist before joining the army in 1938. As one of the early members of the Résistance (joined December 1940), he used Chaban as his

Jacques Chaban-Delmas was a French politician, president of the National Assembly, and premier. Delmas was educated in political science and law and worked as a journalist before joining the army in 1938. As one of the early members of the Résistance (joined December 1940), he used Chaban as his

platinum group: History: …produced by the French physicist P.F. Chabaneau in 1789; it was fabricated into a chalice that was presented to Pope Pius VI. The discovery of palladium was claimed in 1802 by the English chemist William Wollaston, who named it for the asteroid Pallas. Wollaston subsequently claimed the discovery of another…

Khabarovsk, city and administrative centre of Khabarovsk kray (territory), far eastern Russia. Khabarovsk lies along the Amur River just below its confluence with the Ussuri. The town was named after the Russian explorer E.P. Khabarov, who made several expeditions to the Amur River basin in the

Khabarovsk, kray (region), far eastern Russia. The kray includes the Yevreyskaya (Jewish) autonomous oblast (province). Its focus is the basin of the lower Amur River, flanked by the Sikhote-Alin mountains (south) and by the complex of mountains (north) dominated by the Bureya Range and a series of

chabazite, common hydrated sodium and calcium aluminosilicate mineral, (Ca,Na2)Al2Si4O12·6H2O, in the zeolite family. Its brittle, glassy, white or flesh-red, rhombohedral crystals often are found in cavities in basalt or andesite, as in Trentino, Italy; Northern Ireland; Melbourne, Australia; and

Chablis, classic white wine of France, made from chardonnay grapes grown in strictly delimited areas surrounding the village of Chablis and along the Serein River in the district of Yonne in northern Burgundy. Chablis is noted for its distinctively dry, full-bodied, somewhat acidic character and a

Michael Chabon is an American novelist and essayist known for his elegant deployment of figurative language and adventurous experiments with genre conceits. His narratives are frequently suffused with references to world mythology and to his own Jewish heritage. Chabon was the elder of two

Rohan Family: …transferred in 1648 to the house of Chabot, thereafter called Rohan-Chabot; but the titles of prince de Guémenée (said to date from 1570) and of duc de Montbazon (first created in 1588) remained with the Rohans, who later also obtained those of prince de Soubise (1667) and of duc de…

Philippe de Chabot, seigneur de Brion was the grand admiral of France under Francis I, whose favour raised him from the petty nobility of Poitou to glory and the vicissitudes of power. As well as the seigniory of Brion, he held the titles of comte de Charny and comte de Buzançois. A companion of

Chabrias was a mercenary who fought with distinction for the Athenians against various enemies and for the kings of Cyprus and Egypt. Chabrias defeated the Spartans in 388 and again in 378, when Athens joined Thebes against Sparta. On the latter occasion he invented a new defensive technique: he

Emmanuel Chabrier was a French composer whose best works reflect the verve and wit of the Paris scene of the 1880s and who was a musical counterpart of the early Impressionist painters. In his youth Chabrier was attracted to both music and painting. While studying law in Paris from 1858 to 1862, he

Emmanuel Chabrier was a French composer whose best works reflect the verve and wit of the Paris scene of the 1880s and who was a musical counterpart of the early Impressionist painters. In his youth Chabrier was attracted to both music and painting. While studying law in Paris from 1858 to 1862, he

Claude Chabrol was a French motion-picture director, scenarist, and producer who was France’s master of the mystery thriller. After attending the School of Political Science at the University of Paris, he was a critic and public relations man for Twentieth Century-Fox’s French office. Le Beau Serge

Chac, Mayan god of rain, especially important in the Yucatán region of Mexico where he was depicted in Classic times with protruding fangs, large round eyes, and a proboscis-like nose. Like other major Mayan gods, Chac also appeared as four gods, the Chacs. The four gods were associated with the

Henry Moore: Travel and further artistic influences: …plaster cast of a limestone Chac Mool—a Mayan representation of the rain spirit, depicted as a male reclining figure with its knees drawn up together, its staring head at a right angle to its body, and its hands holding on its stomach a flat dish for sacrifices. Moore became fascinated…

Battle of Chacabuco, (Feb. 12, 1817), in the Latin American wars of independence, a victory won by South American patriots over Spanish royalists north of Santiago, Chile. It began the expulsion of the Spaniards from Chile, completed the next year at the Battle of Maipú. After Argentine

Chacao, city, northwestern Miranda state, northern Venezuela. The city is situated in a valley in the central highlands. It was formerly a commercial centre in an agricultural area producing coffee, corn (maize), sugarcane, and fruit. With the growth of the national capital, it has become a

Taubaté: The city includes Chácara do Visconde, birthplace of the writer Monteiro Lobato, now a historical museum, and it is the seat of a university (1976). It has a professional football (soccer) club and stadium. Pop. (2010) 278,686.

Latin American dance: The Southern Cone: …the gaucho dances include the chacarrera and gato (couple dances based on the fandango) and malambo (a man’s solo dance with improvised footwork).

caccia: …a 14th-century French genre, the chace, a setting of a text in three-part canon. The English catch, a 17th-century type of round, may derive its name from caccia.

William Somerville: …of his best-known poems, especially The Chace (1735). That poem, written in Miltonic blank verse, traces the history of hunting up to the Norman Conquest of England (1066) and gives incidental information on kennel design, hare hunting, stag hunting, otter hunting, the breeding and training of dogs, and dog diseases…

Rosa Chacel was a leading mid-20th-century Spanish woman novelist and an accomplished essayist and poet who, as a member of the Generation of 1927, balanced her dense narrative style with surrealist imagery and psychological insights. Chacel studied painting and sculpture in Madrid, but ill health

Virgin Islands: The people of the Virgin Islands: The Chachas of St. Thomas form a distinct ethnic unit apart from the other islanders. They are descended from French Huguenots who a century ago came from Saint-Barthélémy—a West Indian island the French purchased from Sweden in 1877, after holding it themselves from 1648 to 1784.…

Western dance: Dance contests and codes: …Latin-American rumba, samba, calypso, and cha-cha-cha. What was left of the social barriers existing in 1900 between the exclusive and the popular dancing establishments was swept away.

chachalaca, any of several small birds of the curassow family. See

Chachapoyas, town, northern Peru. It lies at 7,657 feet (2,334 m) above sea level in the cool Utcubamba River valley. A site of ancient settlement, it is the oldest Spanish town east of the Andes. Founded in 1538 as San Juan de la Frontera de los Chachapoyas (“Saint John of the Frontier of the

Oceanic art and architecture: New Britain: …most remarkable came from the Chachet (northwestern Baining), who constructed figures up to 40 feet high for daytime mourning ceremonies. The Chachet figures had essentially tubular bodies with rudimentary arms and legs and tall heads with gaping mouths and painted eyes. Among other Baining groups, the best-known type of mask…

Chachi, Indians of the coastal lowlands of western Ecuador, one of the few aboriginal groups left in the region. The Chachi speak a Chibchan language somewhat related to the language of the neighbouring Tsáchila people. Like the Tsáchila, the Chachi believe themselves to be descended from peoples

Tashkent, capital of Uzbekistan and the largest city in Central Asia. Tashkent lies in the northeastern part of the country. It is situated at an elevation of 1,475 to 1,575 feet (450 to 480 metres) in the Chirchiq River valley west of the Chatkal Mountains and is intersected by a series of canals

Chachoengsao, town, south-central Thailand, about 25 miles (40 km) east of Bangkok. It is a port on the Bang Pakong River. On the railway between Bangkok and the Cambodian border, Chachoengsao is connected by a coastal road to Trat (southeast) and is a site of Buddhist pilgrimage. Rice cultivation

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Chacidae (squarehead catfishes) Head broad, long, depressed, mouth terminal, wide. Eastern India to Borneo. 1 genus, 3 species. Family Malapteruridae (electric catfishes) Rayed dorsal fin lacking; spines lacking. Electric organs. Food fishes. Size to 1.2 metres (about 4 feet), 23 kg (50 pounds). Africa.

chacma, species of baboon

chacma, species of baboon

Chaco, provincia (province), northeastern Argentina. It is located between the northwestern Argentine highlands and the Paraná River and is bounded on part of the east by Paraguay. Resistencia, in the southeast on the Paraná, is the provincial capital. The province is mostly low hardwood forest

Gran Chaco, lowland alluvial plain in interior south-central South America. The name is of Quechua origin, meaning “Hunting Land.” Largely uninhabited, the Gran Chaco is an arid subtropical region of low forests and savannas traversed by only two permanent rivers and practically unmarked by roads

chaparral, scrubland plant communities composed of broad-leaved evergreen shrubs, bushes, and small trees usually less than 2.5 metres (about 8 feet) tall—the characteristic vegetation of coastal and inland mountain areas of southwestern North America. Chaparral is largely found in regions of

Argentina: The Gran Chaco: …where the Pampas begin, the Chaco Austral (“Southern Chaco”). The Gran Chaco in Argentina descends in flat steps from west to east, but it is poorly drained and has such a challenging combination of physical conditions that it remains one of the least-inhabited parts of the country. It has a…

Chaco Boreal, region of distinctive vegetation occupying about 100,000 square miles (259,000 square km) in northwestern Paraguay, southeastern Bolivia, and northern Argentina. The region is part of the vast arid lowland known as the Gran Chaco. The Chaco Boreal’s land is flat and is marked by

Chaco Culture National Historical Park, area of Native American ruins in northwestern New Mexico, U.S. It is situated some 45 miles (70 km) south of Bloomfield and about 55 miles (90 km) northeast of Gallup. The park was established in 1907 as Chaco Canyon National Monument and was redesignated and

Argentina: The Gran Chaco: …River is known as the Chaco Central. Argentines have named the area southward to latitude 30° S, where the Pampas begin, the Chaco Austral (“Southern Chaco”). The Gran Chaco in Argentina descends in flat steps from west to east, but it is poorly drained and has such a challenging combination…

Chaco Culture National Historical Park, area of Native American ruins in northwestern New Mexico, U.S. It is situated some 45 miles (70 km) south of Bloomfield and about 55 miles (90 km) northeast of Gallup. The park was established in 1907 as Chaco Canyon National Monument and was redesignated and

Bolivia: The Chaco War and military rule: …the younger literate veterans—the so-called Chaco generation—at the total failure of Bolivian arms. Charging that the traditional politicians and the international oil companies had led Bolivia into its disastrous war, the returning veterans set up rival socialist and radical parties and challenged the traditional political system.

Chaco: Chaco National Park (37,000 acres [15,000 hectares]) in northeastern Chaco province includes extensive savannas and palm forests.

Chaco War: …treaty was arranged by the Chaco Peace Conference, which included Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, Uruguay, and the United States. It was signed in Buenos Aires on July 21, 1938. Paraguay gained clear title to most of the disputed region, but Bolivia was given a corridor to the Paraguay River and…

Chaco War, (1932–35), costly conflict between Bolivia and Paraguay. Hostile incidents began as early as 1928 over the Chaco Boreal, a wilderness region of about 100,000 square miles (259,000 square km) north of the Pilcomayo River and west of the Paraguay River that forms part of the Gran Chaco.

mara: patagonum) or the Chacoan mara (D. salinicola).

peccary: The Chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri) is the largest, weighing over 40 kg. It is also the least common, living only in the dry Chacoan region of South America (see Gran Chaco). About 5,000 are estimated to remain and were thought to be extinct by the scientific…

Chaconne, solo instrumental piece that forms the fifth and final movement of the Partita No. 2 in D Minor, BWV 1004, by Johann Sebastian Bach. Written for solo violin, the Chaconne is one of the longest and most challenging entirely solo pieces ever composed for that instrument. Bach’s string

chaconne, originally a fiery and suggestive dance that appeared in Spain about 1600 and eventually gave its name to a musical form. Miguel de Cervantes, Francisco Gómez de Quevedo, and other contemporary writers imply a Mexican origin. Apparently danced with castanets by a couple or by a woman

ayahuasca: …with the leaves of the chacruna plant (Psychotria viridis). Alternatively, the leaves of certain other plants, most notably the chagropanga plant (Diplopterys cabrerana), may be used. B. caapi is a source of harmine, an alkaloid that inhibits the breakdown in the digestive system of DMT

scorpion: Annotated classification: Family Chactidae 129 species found from Mexico to northern South America. 2 lateral eyes on each side. Family Scorpionidae 119 species found mostly in tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia, and Australia. Includes the largest species, the emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator). Family Bothriuridae

scorpion: Annotated classification: Family Chactidae 129 species found from Mexico to northern South America. 2 lateral eyes on each side. Family Scorpionidae 119 species found mostly in tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia, and Australia. Includes the largest species, the emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator). Family Bothriuridae

Claude Lelouch: …dramedy Chacun sa vie (2017; Everyone’s Life) and Les Plus belles années d’une vie (2019; The Best Years of a Life).

Chad, landlocked country in north-central Africa. The terrain is that of a shallow basin that rises gradually from the Lake Chad area in the west and is rimmed by mountains to the north, east, and south. Natural irrigation is limited to the Chari and Logone rivers and their tributaries, which flow

British Invasion: …Clark Five, Peter and Gordon, Chad and Jeremy, and Manfred Mann. Manchester had the Hollies, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Freddie and the Dreamers, and Herman’s Hermits. Newcastle had the Animals. And Birmingham had the Spencer Davis Group (featuring Steve Winwood) and the

Chad Basin, vast depression in Central Africa that constitutes the largest inland drainage area on the continent. Lake Chad, a large sheet of fresh water with a mean depth of between 3.5 and 4 feet (1 and 1.2 metres), lies at the centre of the basin but not in its lowest part. The area is lined

Chad: Civil war: …of Al-Kufrah, while the smaller Chad National Front (FNT) operated in the east-central region. Both groups aimed at the overthrow of the existing government, the reduction of French influence in Chad, and closer association with the Arab states of North Africa. Heavy fighting occurred in 1969 and 1970, and French…

Chad: Independence of Chad: …become the leader of the Chad Progressive Party (PPT). An autonomous republic within the French Community was proclaimed in November 1958, and complete independence in the restructured community was attained on Aug. 11, 1960. The country’s stability was endangered by tensions between the Black and often Christian populations of the…

vertically striped blue-yellow-red national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is unspecified.When French West Africa was under colonial rule, little was done to develop a sense of nationality; emphasis was on the culture and political and economic systems of France. The independence movement in

history of Chad, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Chad, focusing on from the 16th century ce to the present day. Chad is a landlocked country in north-central Africa. The population of Chad presents a tapestry composed of different languages, peoples, and religions that

Lake Chad, freshwater lake located in the Sahelian zone of west-central Africa at the conjunction of Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger. It is situated in an interior basin formerly occupied by a much larger ancient sea that is sometimes called Mega-Chad. Historically, Lake Chad has ranked among

Chad, landlocked country in north-central Africa. The terrain is that of a shallow basin that rises gradually from the Lake Chad area in the west and is rimmed by mountains to the north, east, and south. Natural irrigation is limited to the Chari and Logone rivers and their tributaries, which flow

Saint Chad ; feast day, March 2) was a monastic founder, abbot, and first bishop of Lichfield, who is credited with the Christianization of the ancient English kingdom of Mercia. With his brother St. Cedd, he was educated at the great abbey of Lindisfarne on Holy Island (off the coast of

Chad: Education of Chad: The University of N’Djamena (formerly the University of Chad), founded in 1971, offers higher education, and some Chad students study abroad.

Afghanistan: Daily life and social customs: …have continued to wear the chador (or chadri, in Afghanistan), the full body covering mandated by the Taliban. This has been true even of those women of the middle class (most in Kabul) who had shed that garment during the communist era. Some men have shaved or trimmed their beards,…

Islamic arts: Islamic art under European influence and contemporary trends: … and Kamran Diba, the Iraqis Rifat Chaderji and Mohamed Makiya, the Jordanian Rasem Badran, and the Bangladeshi Mazharul Islam. A unique message was transmitted by the visionary Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy, who, in eloquent and prophetic terms, urged that the traditional forms and techniques of vernacular architecture be studied and…

Chadic languages, superfamily of languages in the Afro-Asiatic phylum. Some 140 or more Chadic languages are spoken, predominantly in Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Chad. The four subdivisions of the Chadic family—West Chadic, Central Chadic (Biu-Mandara), Masa, and East Chadic—show considerable

tea ceremony, time-honoured institution in Japan, rooted in the principles of Zen Buddhism and founded upon the reverence of the beautiful in the daily routine of life. It is an aesthetic way of welcoming guests, in which everything is done according to an established order. The ceremony takes

Chadic languages, superfamily of languages in the Afro-Asiatic phylum. Some 140 or more Chadic languages are spoken, predominantly in Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Chad. The four subdivisions of the Chadic family—West Chadic, Central Chadic (Biu-Mandara), Masa, and East Chadic—show considerable

Afghanistan: Daily life and social customs: …have continued to wear the chador (or chadri, in Afghanistan), the full body covering mandated by the Taliban. This has been true even of those women of the middle class (most in Kabul) who had shed that garment during the communist era. Some men have shaved or trimmed their beards,…

Afghanistan: Daily life and social customs: …have continued to wear the chador (or chadri, in Afghanistan), the full body covering mandated by the Taliban. This has been true even of those women of the middle class (most in Kabul) who had shed that garment during the communist era. Some men have shaved or trimmed their beards,…

Chadron, city, seat of Dawes county, northwestern Nebraska, U.S., near the White River, a few miles south of the South Dakota state line, in the Nebraska panhandle. Sioux Indians lived in the region when cattle ranchers arrived in the 1870s. A community called O’Linn soon grew at the site; in 1885

George Whitefield Chadwick was a composer of the so-called New England group, whose music is rooted in the traditions of European Romanticism. Chadwick studied organ and music theory in Boston and in 1877 went to Germany to study with Karl Reinecke, Salomon Jadassohn, and Josef Rheinberger.

H. Munro Chadwick was an English philologist and historian, professor of Anglo-Saxon at the University of Cambridge (1912–41), who helped develop an integral approach to Old English studies. The son of an Anglican vicar in Yorkshire, Chadwick attended Wakefield Grammar School and Clare College,

H. Munro Chadwick was an English philologist and historian, professor of Anglo-Saxon at the University of Cambridge (1912–41), who helped develop an integral approach to Old English studies. The son of an Anglican vicar in Yorkshire, Chadwick attended Wakefield Grammar School and Clare College,

James Chadwick was an English physicist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935 for the discovery of the neutron. Chadwick was educated at the University of Manchester, where he worked under Ernest Rutherford and earned a master’s degree in 1913. He then studied under Hans Geiger at the

Michael Ventris: …thereafter by the Cambridge linguist John Chadwick, they assembled dramatic evidence supporting Ventris’ theory. In 1953 they published their historic paper, “Evidence for Greek Dialect in the Mycenaean Archives.” Their Documents in Mycenaean Greek (1956; rev. ed., 1973) was published a few weeks after Ventris’ death in an auto accident,…

Edward Stratemeyer was an American writer of popular juvenile fiction, whose Stratemeyer Literary Syndicate (1906–84) produced such books as the Rover Boys series, the Hardy Boys series, the Tom Swift series, the Bobbsey Twins series, and the Nancy Drew series. Stratemeyer worked as a store clerk

Sir Edwin Chadwick was a lawyer and social reformer who devoted his life to sanitary reform in Britain. As secretary of the royal commission on reform of the poor laws (1834–46), Chadwick was largely responsible for devising the system under which the country was divided into groups of parishes

James Chadwick was an English physicist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1935 for the discovery of the neutron. Chadwick was educated at the University of Manchester, where he worked under Ernest Rutherford and earned a master’s degree in 1913. He then studied under Hans Geiger at the

Viktor Ahn: …age eight, inspired by countryman Chae Ji-Hoon, who captured a gold and a silver medal at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. At 5 feet 4 inches (1.64 metres) and 120 pounds (54 kg), Ahn was perfectly built for the fast speeds and tight corners of short track. In…

chaebol, any of the more than two dozen family-controlled conglomerates that dominate South Korea’s economy. While the founding families do not necessarily own majority stakes in the companies, the descendents of the founders often retain control by virtue of long association with the businesses.

flowering quince, (genus Chaenomeles), genus of three species of flowering plants in the rose family (Rosaceae), native to eastern Asia. Flowering quince is cultivated primarily as an ornamental for its showy flowers, though its astringent applelike fruit can be used in preserves and liqueurs and

flowering quince: Major species: The Chinese flowering quince (Chaenomeles cathayensis) reaches 3 metres (9.8 feet) in height. It produces white to pink flowers and bears the largest fruit of the genus, 15 cm (5.9 inches) long. The Japanese quince (C. japonica) is popularly grown in bonsai and has provided several…

flowering quince: Major species: The Japanese quince (C. japonica) is popularly grown in bonsai and has provided several horticultural varieties with red, pink, or white flowers. The common flowering quince (C. speciosa), frequently used in informal hedges, bears red, pink, or white flowers and grows to about 2 metres (6.6…

flowering quince: Major species: The common flowering quince (C. speciosa), frequently used in informal hedges, bears red, pink, or white flowers and grows to about 2 metres (6.6 feet).

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Chaenopsidae (pike blennies) Pliocene to present. Body very elongated; jaws long; long gill area; dorsal and anal fins long, confluent with caudal fin; no scales or lateral line; about 86 species in tropical and subtropical marine shore areas of Central America and Caribbean; small fishes living…

Chariton: …a Greek novelist, author of Chaereas and Callirhoë, probably the earliest fully extant romantic novel in Western literature. The romances of Chariton and of Achilles Tatius are the only ones preserved in a number of ancient papyri. The complex but clearly narrated plot concerns a husband and wife whose love…

scorpion: Annotated classification: Family Chaerilidae 18 species found in southern Asia and continental Southeast Asia. Female reproductive system includes an ovariuterus, with yolk-rich ova developing within. Family Superstitioniidae 9 species, mostly in caves of the American Southwest and Mexico. Family Hemiscorpiidae

scorpion: Annotated classification: Family Chaerilidae 18 species found in southern Asia and continental Southeast Asia. Female reproductive system includes an ovariuterus, with yolk-rich ova developing within. Family Superstitioniidae 9 species, mostly in caves of the American Southwest and Mexico. Family Hemiscorpiidae

Chaeronea, in ancient Greece, fortified town on Mt. Petrachus, guarding the entry into the northern plain of Boeotia. Controlled by the Boeotian city of Orchomenus (q.v.) in the 5th century bc, it was the scene of the battle in which Philip II of Macedon defeated Thebes and Athens (338 bc). The