chamomile: …English, or Roman, chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) or German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Several species are cultivated as garden ornamentals, especially golden marguerite, or yellow chamomile (Cota tinctoria).

rust fly: The carrot rust fly (Psila rosae; also known as Chamaepsila rosae) often damages carrots, celery, and related plants.

palm: Distribution: …genera transcending continental bounds are Chamaerops in Europe and Africa, Elaeis (oil palm) and Raphia (raffia palm, or jupati) in Africa and America, and Borassus (palmyra palm), Calamus (rattan palm), Hyphaene (doum palm), and Phoenix (date palm) in Africa and Asia. Numbers of

palm: Distribution: The northernmost palm is the European fan palm (Chamaerops humilis), which grows about the Mediterranean in Europe and North Africa; the southernmost is the nikau palm (Rhopalostylis sapida), of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. Although there are species with extensive ranges, especially in America, most are restricted in range,…

Chamar, widespread caste in northern India whose hereditary occupation is tanning leather; the name is derived from the Sanskrit word charmakara (“skin worker”). The Chamars are divided into more than 150 subcastes, all of which are characterized by well-organized panchayats (governing councils).

Chamba, town, northwestern Himachal Pradesh state, northwestern India. The town lies on the Ravi River between two mountain ridges. The independent princely state of Chamba was founded in the 6th century ce and fell under Kashmir, Mughal, and Sikh rule before becoming part of British India in 1846.

Chambal River, river, northern India. The Chambal is the chief tributary of the Yamuna River and rises in the Vindhya Range just south of Mhow, western Madhya Pradesh state. From its source it flows north into southeastern Rajasthan state. Turning northeast, it flows past Kota and along the

Chambal River: The Chambal’s lower course is lined by a 10-mile (16-km) belt of badland gullies resulting from accelerated soil erosion and is the site of a major project in soil conservation.

cardiovascular disease: Abnormalities of individual heart chambers: Abnormalities of the heart chambers may be serious and even life-threatening. In hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the left-sided heart chambers, including the aorta, are underdeveloped. Infants born with this condition rarely survive more than two or three days. In other cases, only one chamber…

Alban Berg: His Chamber Concerto for violin, piano, and 13 wind instruments was written in 1925, in honour of Schoenberg’s 50th birthday.

Benny Goodman: Working with others: …the small group, or “chamber jazz” ensemble, Goodman made perhaps his most lasting contribution to jazz history. In 2024 the U.S. Library of Congress added a 1939 recording of “Rose Room,” by the Benny Goodman Sextet with Charlie Christian to the National Recording Registry, a list of audio recordings…

James Joyce: Legacy of James Joyce: Joyce’s other works—some verse (Chamber Music, 1907; Pomes Penyeach, 1927; Collected Poems, 1936) and a play, Exiles (1918)—though competently written, added little to his international stature.

chamber music, music composed for small ensembles of instrumentalists. In its original sense, chamber music referred to music composed for the home, as opposed to that written for the theatre or church. Since the “home”—whether it be drawing room, reception hall, or palace chamber—may be assumed to

Esperanza Spalding: In 2010 Spalding released Chamber Music Society, on which she combined jazz, folk, and world music components with classical chamber music traditions. The album notably featured a guest appearance by famed Brazilian singer and guitarist Milton Nascimento. Early the following year Spalding was honoured with the Grammy Award for…

chamber of commerce: National chambers of commerce.: The Chamber of Commerce of the United States, “a national federation working for good citizenship, good government and good business,” was founded in 1912. In the late 20th century its membership comprised more than 40,000 business members and more than 4,000 organization members including trade…

France: Louis XVIII, 1815–24: When a new Chamber of Deputies was elected in August 1815, the ultras scored a sweeping victory; the surprised king, who had feared a surge of antimonarchical sentiment, greeted the legislature as la chambre introuvable (“the incomparable chamber”). But the political honeymoon was short-lived. Louis was shrewd enough,…

rederijkerskamer, (Dutch: “chamber of rhetoric”), medieval Dutch dramatic society. Modelled after contemporary French dramatic societies (puys), such chambers spread rapidly across the French border into Flanders and Holland in the 15th century. At first they were organized democratically; later

cardiovascular disease: Abnormalities of individual heart chambers: Abnormalities of the heart chambers may be serious and even life-threatening. In hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the left-sided heart chambers, including the aorta, are underdeveloped. Infants born with this condition rarely survive more than two or three days. In other cases, only one chamber…

positive organ: …organ developed into the 18th-century chamber organ.

chamber process, method of producing sulfuric acid by oxidizing sulfur dioxide with moist air, using gaseous nitrogen oxides as catalysts, the reaction taking place primarily in a series of large, boxlike chambers of sheet lead. The lead-chamber process has been largely supplanted in modern

sonata da camera, a type of solo or trio sonata intended for secular performance; the designation is usually found in the late 17th century, especially in the works of Arcangelo Corelli. In that model, an opening prelude is followed by a succession of dance movements. Compare sonata da

Arnold Schoenberg: First major works: …similar form in the more-concise Chamber Symphony in E Major (1906), a work novel in its choice of instrumental ensemble. Turning away from the “monster” post-Romantic orchestra, Schoenberg wrote for a chamberlike group of 15 instruments.

John Grisham: Other novels: …success with such titles as The Chamber (1994; film 1996), The Rainmaker (1995; film 1997), The Runaway Jury (1996; film 2003), and The Testament (1999).

John Grisham: Other novels: …titles as The Chamber (1994; film 1996), The Rainmaker (1995; film 1997), The Runaway Jury (1996; film 2003), and The Testament (1999).

circulatory system: Hearts: Chambered hearts with valves and relatively thick muscular walls are less commonly found in invertebrates but do occur in some mollusks, especially cephalopods (octopus and squid). Blood from the gills enters one to four auricles (depending on the species) and is passed back to the…

The Chambered Nautilus, poem by Oliver Wendell Holmes, first published in the February 1858 issue of The Atlantic Monthly in his “Breakfast-Table” column. Written in five seven-line stanzas, the poem later appeared in collections of poems by Holmes. The poem takes as its central metaphor the sea

France: The monarchy of France: He or the chamberlain kept lists of fiscal tenants and their obligations on the lord-king’s estates and in towns for use in verifying the service of provosts who collected the rents and profits of justice. But this service was hardly less exploitative than that of the household officers;…

cardinal camerlengo, in Roman Catholicism, one of the cardinals and key prelates of the Vatican who is appointed by the pope and is tasked with a specific series of functions in the crucial time of transition from one pope to his successor, including verifying the vacating pope’s death. The role of

Lord Chamberlain’s Men, a London-based theatrical company with which William Shakespeare was intimately connected for most of his professional career as a dramatist. It was the most important company of players in Elizabethan and Jacobean England. The troupe’s early history is somewhat complicated.

South American Indian languages: Classification of the South American Indian languages: In 1913 Alexander Chamberlain, an anthropologist, published a new classification in the United States, which remained standard for several years, with no discussion as to its basis. The classification (1924) of the French anthropologist and ethnologist Paul Rivet, which was supported by his numerous previous detailed studies…

Neville Chamberlain was the prime minister of the United Kingdom from May 28, 1937, to May 10, 1940, whose name is identified with the policy of “appeasement” toward Adolf Hitler’s Germany in the period immediately preceding World War II. The son of the statesman Joseph Chamberlain and younger half

Charles Joseph Chamberlain was a U.S. botanist whose research into the morphology and life cycles of the cycads, a primitive gymnosperm family possessing structural features found in both ferns and conifers, enabled him to postulate a course of evolutionary development for the spermatophyte (seed

Houston Stewart Chamberlain was a British-born Germanophile political philosopher, whose advocacy of the racial and cultural superiority of the so-called Aryan element in European culture influenced pan-German and German nationalist thought, particularly Adolf Hitler’s National Socialist movement.

John Chamberlain was an American sculptor, painter, printmaker, and filmmaker whose Abstract Expressionist works were characterized by an emotional approach to concept and execution. Chamberlain studied at the Art Institute of Chicago (1951–52), where he began working in metals, and at Black

John Chamberlain was an American sculptor, painter, printmaker, and filmmaker whose Abstract Expressionist works were characterized by an emotional approach to concept and execution. Chamberlain studied at the Art Institute of Chicago (1951–52), where he began working in metals, and at Black

Joseph Chamberlain was a British businessman, social reformer, radical politician, and ardent imperialist. At the local, national, or imperial level, he was a constructive radical, caring more for practical success than party loyalty or ideological commitment. The ideas with which he is most

Neville Chamberlain was the prime minister of the United Kingdom from May 28, 1937, to May 10, 1940, whose name is identified with the policy of “appeasement” toward Adolf Hitler’s Germany in the period immediately preceding World War II. The son of the statesman Joseph Chamberlain and younger half

Owen Chamberlain was an American physicist, who shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1959 with Emilio Segrè for their discovery of the antiproton. This previously postulated subatomic particle was the second antiparticle to be discovered and led directly to the discovery of many additional

pottery: Porcelain: …Worcester a factory established by Robert Chamberlain in 1786 produced porcelain decorated in a debased Japanese style. Because of their gaudy colour—iron red and underglaze blue coupled with lavish gilding—some Japanese patterns are called thunder-and-lightning patterns. Similar Japanese patterns were being employed at Derby and at an older Worcester factory,…

Sir Austen Chamberlain was a British foreign secretary from 1924 to 1929, who helped bring about the Locarno Pact (1925), a group of treaties intended to secure peace in western Europe by eliminating the possibility of border disputes involving Germany. The pact gained for Chamberlain a share (with

Sir Austen Chamberlain was a British foreign secretary from 1924 to 1929, who helped bring about the Locarno Pact (1925), a group of treaties intended to secure peace in western Europe by eliminating the possibility of border disputes involving Germany. The pact gained for Chamberlain a share (with

Wilt Chamberlain was a professional basketball player, considered to be one of the greatest offensive players in the history of the game. More than 7 feet (2.1 metres) tall, Chamberlain was an outstanding centre. During his 1961–62 season he became the first player to score more than 4,000 points

Wilt Chamberlain was a professional basketball player, considered to be one of the greatest offensive players in the history of the game. More than 7 feet (2.1 metres) tall, Chamberlain was an outstanding centre. During his 1961–62 season he became the first player to score more than 4,000 points

Canadian literature: The Quiet Revolution: Nationalism adopted revolutionary language in Chamberland’s Terre Québec (1964), and personal rebellion triumphed in the avant-garde magazines La Barre du jour (founded 1965) and Les Herbes rouges (founded 1968). A preoccupation with freedom of expression (la parole) revealed itself in titles such as Giguère’s L’Âge de la parole (1965; “The…

Hugh Chamberlen, the Elder was a British male midwife, prominent member of a family of medical men remembered for the parts they played in the introduction of the obstetrical forceps. He was the grandnephew of Peter Chamberlen the Elder, inventor of the forceps, and was its chief exploiter. A

Peter Chamberlen, the Elder was a surgeon, a French Huguenot whose father, William, emigrated with his family to England in 1569. A celebrated accoucheur (“obstetrician”), he aided the wives of James I and Charles I in childbirth. Chamberlen is credited with the invention (c. 1630) of the

Giuseppe Mario Bellanca: …the premier flying circus pilot Clarence D. Chamberlin commissioned a plane from him and remained his friend, getting him a job at the Wright Aircraft Corporation (1924–26). In 1927 Chamberlin flew a Bellanca plane on the first transatlantic flight with a passenger to set a new long-distance record, from New…

Edward Hastings Chamberlin was an American economist known for his theories on industrial monopolies and competition. Chamberlin studied at the University of Iowa, where he was influenced by economist Frank H. Knight. He pursued graduate work at the University of Michigan and in 1927 obtained his

Smashing Pumpkins: …Iha, bassist D’Arcy, and drummer Jimmy Chamberlin.

Smashing Pumpkins: …Iha, bassist D’Arcy, and drummer Jimmy Chamberlin.

Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin was a U.S. geologist and educator who proposed the planetesimal hypothesis, which held that a star once passed near the Sun, pulling away from it matter that later condensed and formed the planets. In 1873 Chamberlin became assistant state geologist with the newly formed

chambers, in law, the private offices of a judge or a judicial officer where he hears motions, signs papers, and deals with other official matters when not in a session of court. The custom can be traced to 17th-century England, although it received no statutory sanction until the early 18th

cardiovascular disease: Abnormalities of individual heart chambers: Abnormalities of the heart chambers may be serious and even life-threatening. In hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the left-sided heart chambers, including the aorta, are underdeveloped. Infants born with this condition rarely survive more than two or three days. In other cases, only one chamber…

confession: Confession in contemporary U.S. law: In Chambers v. Florida (1940), the court held that the use of mental torture, accompanied by threats of violence, was enough to justify the suppression of a confession. In Ashcraft v. Tennessee (1944), a case in which a suspect confessed after 36 hours of continuous interrogation…

Chambers’s Encyclopaedia, British encyclopaedia published in Oxford, Eng., and named after its original publishers, Robert and William Chambers. The first edition in 10 volumes (1859–68) was based on a translation of the 10th edition of the German Konversations-Lexikon (now Brockhaus Enzyklopädie).

Dorothea Lambert Chambers was a British tennis player who was the leading female competitor in the period prior to World War I. Chambers won the Wimbledon singles seven times (1903–04, 1906, 1910–11, 1913–14), a record surpassed only by Helen Wills Moody in the 1930s. In the 1919 Wimbledon singles

Ephraim Chambers was a British encyclopaedist whose work formed a basis for the 18th-century French Encyclopaedists. The first edition of his Cyclopaedia; or, An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences appeared in 1728, and its success led to Chambers’ election to the Royal Society. The

Jimmy Cliff is a Jamaican singer and songwriter who was instrumental in introducing reggae to an international audience, largely through his performance in the landmark film The Harder They Come (1972). Just into his teens, Cliff began recording soon after moving from the countryside to Kingston,

Whittaker Chambers was an American journalist, Communist Party member, Soviet agent, and a principal figure in the Alger Hiss case, one of the most publicized espionage incidents of the Cold War. Chambers grew up on Long Island, N.Y., and attended Columbia University in New York City, where he

Planet of the Apes: John Chambers’s pioneering special effects and prosthetics makeup techniques earned him a special Academy Award. The movie benefited from a notable cast that included Shakespearean actor Maurice Evans, who was particularly impressive as the ape leader, Dr. Zaius. (Edward G. Robinson was originally cast for…

John Graham Chambers was a British sportsman and journalist who in 1867 devised the Marquess of Queensberry rules, which helped to define the rules in boxing. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) After a distinguished college career rowing for Cambridge, Chambers coached the

John T. Chambers is an American business executive who, as CEO (1995–2015) of Cisco Systems, Inc., elevated the technology company into one of the largest corporations in the world in the early 21st century. Chambers grew up in Charleston, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, from

John T. Chambers is an American business executive who, as CEO (1995–2015) of Cisco Systems, Inc., elevated the technology company into one of the largest corporations in the world in the early 21st century. Chambers grew up in Charleston, West Virginia, and attended West Virginia University, from

the Pretenders: …16, 1982, London), and drummer Martin Chambers (b. September 4, 1951, Hereford). Later members included guitarists Robbie McIntosh (b. October 25, 1957, Sutton, Surrey, England), Adam Seymour, and James Walbourne and bassists Malcolm Foster (b. January 13, 1956, Gosport, Hampshire, England) and Nick Wilkinson (b. 1971, Suffolk, England).

Robert Chambers was a Scottish author, publisher, and, with his brother William, founder of the firm of W. & R. Chambers, Ltd., and of Chambers’s Encyclopaedia. In 1818 Robert began business as a bookstall keeper in Edinburgh and befriended many literary figures, including Sir Walter Scott, who

William Chambers was a British eclectic architect of the Georgian period who was one of the leading Palladian-style architects of his day. He was the son of a merchant of Scottish descent living in Sweden. At age 16, after education in England, Chambers entered the service of the Swedish East India

Phoenix Suns: …and signed free agent forward Tom Chambers in the offseason. The two would form the core of a reinvigorated team that advanced to the conference finals in both 1989 and 1990, the first 2 of 13 consecutive playoff berths for the franchise. In 1992 Phoenix traded for perennial All Star…

Whittaker Chambers was an American journalist, Communist Party member, Soviet agent, and a principal figure in the Alger Hiss case, one of the most publicized espionage incidents of the Cold War. Chambers grew up on Long Island, N.Y., and attended Columbia University in New York City, where he

history of publishing: General periodicals: …Cyclopaedia (1833–58); the Chambers brothers, William and Robert, with Chambers’s (Edinburgh) Journal (1832–1956), which reached a circulation of 90,000 in 1845; and teetotaler John Cassell, with his Working Man’s Friend and Family Instructor (1850–53) and the Quiver (1861). Besides popular magazines, many standard works appeared serially, often with illustrations. Typical…

William Chambers was a British eclectic architect of the Georgian period who was one of the leading Palladian-style architects of his day. He was the son of a merchant of Scottish descent living in Sweden. At age 16, after education in England, Chambers entered the service of the Swedish East India

Chambersburg, borough (town), seat (1784) of Franklin county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the Cumberland Valley, 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Harrisburg. The site was settled in 1730 by Benjamin Chambers, who built sawmills and gristmills and a stockade (Fort Chambers) there for protection

Chambéry, town, capital of Savoie département, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, southeastern France. It lies in the Leysse Valley between the massifs of Beauges and La Grande Chartreuse, northeast of Grenoble. The Roman station of Lemincum gave its name to the Rock of Lémenc, which overlooks the town

Chambeshi River, river in northeastern Zambia. It rises in hills on the Tanzanian border and flows 300 miles (480 km) southwest to the Lake Bangweulu swamps. The swamps act as a check to the annual flooding, releasing the flood waters slowly through a myriad of channels and lagoons, to issue as the

Chambeshi River, river in northeastern Zambia. It rises in hills on the Tanzanian border and flows 300 miles (480 km) southwest to the Lake Bangweulu swamps. The swamps act as a check to the annual flooding, releasing the flood waters slowly through a myriad of channels and lagoons, to issue as the

Mount Ash-Shaʿnabī, mountain (5,066 feet [1,544 m]) that is the highest in Tunisia. It is part of a spur of the Tebéssa (Tabassah) Mountains, which are part of the Saharan Atlas Mountains. The mountain lies near the Algerian border, 6 miles (10 km) west-northwest of Al-Qaṣrayn

Chambly, city, Montérégie region, southern Quebec province, Canada. The city lies along the Chambly Basin—a widening of the Richelieu River. Its site, 14 miles (23 km) east of Montreal city, was first occupied by Fort-Chambly, a wooden stockade built in 1665 by Captain Jacques de Chambly, a French

Chambly Canal, navigational waterway bypassing a series of rapids on the Richelieu River between the Chambly Basin and Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, in Quebec province, Canada. Built between 1833 and 1843 and improved in 1850, it is nearly 20 km (12 miles) long and has nine hydraulic locks, a lift of

Le Chambon-Feugerolles, town, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes région, south-central France, on the Ondaine River, just southwest of Saint-Étienne. It is overlooked (southeast) by the castle of the Feugerolles (11th–14th centuries). The town is a former centre of the coal-mining and metallurgical industries.

Jacques Champion de Chambonnières was the first of the great 17th-century school of French harpsichord players and composers (clavecinistes). Chambonnières came from an old and distinguished family of musicians and succeeded his father as a musician to Louis XIII, a position he retained under Louis

Chambord, village, Loir-et-Cher département, Centre région, central France. It lies on the left bank of the Cosson River, east of Blois. The only commune in France owned entirely by the state (since 1932), it lies in the 13,600-acre (5,500-hectare) National Hunting Reserve and Breeding Park, which

Henri Dieudonné d’Artois, count de Chambord was the last heir of the elder branch of the Bourbons and, as Henry V, pretender to the French throne from 1830. The posthumous son of the assassinated Charles-Ferdinand, Duke de Berry, and grandson of King Charles X, he was forced to flee France in 1830

Charles V: Imperialist goals, rivalry with Francis I, and fight against Protestantism: After a secret treaty was signed in October 1551 between Henry II, Albert II Alcibiades, margrave of Brandenburg, and Maurice, elector of Saxony, Maurice in January 1552 ceded to France the cities of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, thus

Western painting: The hallmarks of Mannerism: …French writer on architectural theory Fréart de Chambray coined the word Maniériste (translated six years later as “Mannerist” by the English diarist John Evelyn), he applied it in disparaging fashion to Vasari and his contemporaries, the practitioners of the maniera. If, therefore, Mannerism is identified with the maniera, it can…

theatre: Developments in France and Spain: …comedy the typical scene was chambre à quatre portes (“room with four doors”), an informal interior. By 1700 Paris had two types of theatres, epitomized by the Opéra, with its Baroque scenery and machines, and the Comédie-Française, which did not rely on spectacle.

Henry II: In 1547 he created the Chambre Ardente in the Parlement of Paris for trying heretics. His Edict of Écouen (1559) laid the ground for systematic persecution of the Protestants.

Chambre des Enquêtes: …conducting investigations ordered by the Grand Chambre of the Parlement. The Chambre des Enquêtes grew out of sessions or enquiries that were conducted at the place of the crime or suit.

procedural law: Pretrial matters: … a special panel called the chambre d’accusation determines whether there is enough evidence for the case to proceed; in England the Magistrate’s Court makes the decision on “binding over” the defendant for trial; and in Germany the trial court itself (sitting without lay assessors) decides whether there is sufficient evidence.…

France: Henry IV: …the king—a new chamber, the Chambre de l’Édit, containing a number of Protestant magistrates who would judge all cases involving Huguenots. Although the problem of religion was not finally settled by the Edict of Nantes, Henry did succeed in effecting an extended truce during which he could apply himself to…

Chambre des Comptes, (French: Chamber of Accounts), in France under the ancien régime, sovereign court charged with dealing with numerous aspects of the financial administration of the country. Originally part of the king’s court (Parlement), it was established in 1320 as a separate, independent

Chambre des Enquêtes, (French: Chamber of Inquiries), in France under the ancien régime, a chamber of the Parlement, or supreme court, of Paris that was responsible for conducting investigations ordered by the Grand Chambre of the Parlement. The Chambre des Enquêtes grew out of sessions or

Chambre des Requêtes, (French: Chamber of Petitions), in France under the ancien régime, a chamber of the Parlement of Paris with responsibilities for examining the petitions of parties desiring to bring a case before the Parlement and for acting as a court of first instance for those with

Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, baron de l’Aulne: Early career: …upon to serve in the Royal Chamber, which acted as a supreme court in 1753–54, when the Parlement was exiled for defying the crown. He combined his duties with other forms of intellectual activity. In 1753 he translated into French Josiah Tucker’s Reflections on the Expediency of a Law for…

Lunéville faience: The first factory, established by Jacques Chambrette, became the Manufacture Royale du Roi de Pologne (“Royal Factory of the King of Poland”) in 1749, when the exiled king Stanisław I (Louis XV’s father-in-law) became duke of Lorraine and settled in the town.

waxplant: Unrelated plants: The Geraldton waxplant (Chamelaucium uncinatum), in the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), from Australia, is a heathlike shrub with waxy white, pink, or lilac flowers. Plants sometimes called wax flower include Anthurium and Stephanotis.

chameleon, (family Chamaeleonidae), any of a group of primarily arboreal (tree-dwelling) Old World lizards best known for their ability to change body colour. Other characteristics of chameleons include zygodactylous feet (with toes fused into opposed bundles of two and three), acrodont dentition

molding: Flat or angular: (3) A bevel, or chamfer, molding is an inclined band, fascia, or fillet. (4) A splay is a large bevel.

Sébastien-Roch Nicolas Chamfort was a French playwright and conversationalist, famous for his wit, whose maxims became popular bywords during the French Revolution. Soon after his birth—the date of which differs between sources—Chamfort was adopted by a grocer and his wife. He later was educated as

Chamic languages, group of languages spoken in Vietnam and Cambodia, classified as West Indonesian languages in the Hesperonesian group of the Austronesian language family. Of the nine Chamic languages, Jarai and Cham (including Western and Eastern) are the largest, with about 230,000 and 280,000

Michel Chamillart was the controller general who, under King Louis XIV, directed the financing and provisioning of the French army during the first half of the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). After serving as intendant at Rouen, Chamillart was made intendant of the finances of the kingdom

Cécile Chaminade was a French composer and pianist known chiefly for her piano music, which she performed on numerous concert tours, particularly in England. Chaminade’s earliest music studies were with her mother, a pianist and singer. Because her father forbade her enrollment in a conservatory,