Yash Chopra: Career: His reputation was redeemed by Chandni (1989; “Moonlight”), but Lamhe (1991; “Moments”), which is considered by many critics to be his best film, did not achieve wide popularity. Among Chopra’s other noteworthy works as producer-director were Kaala Patthar (1979; “Black Stone”), Dil To Pagal Hai (1997; “The Heart Is Crazy”),…

creation myth: Creation from the cosmic egg: …world is symbolized in the Chandogya Upanishad by the breaking of an egg, and the universe is referred to as an egg in other sources. The Buddhists speak of the transcending of ordinary existence, the realization of a new mode of being, as breaking the shell of the egg. Similar…

Alps: Agriculture: Villagers in such locations as Chandolin in the Swiss Anniviers Valley—which at 6,561 feet is the highest settlement inhabited year-round in the Alps—cut grass for feeding dairy cows, but most of the agriculture and pastoralism in the high valleys exists as hobby farming or second-income enterprises.

George Frideric Handel: Music of George Frideric Handel: …of which are the 11 Chandos Anthems; though written for a small group of singers and instrumentalists, they are conceived on a grand scale. Closely following these works are the four Coronation Anthems for George II; the most celebrated of these, Zadok the Priest, is a striking example of what…

Hugo von Hofmannsthal: …“Ein Brief” (also called “Chandos Brief,” 1902). This essay was more than the revelation of a personal predicament; it has come to be recognized as symptomatic of the crisis that undermined the esthetic Symbolist movement of the end of the century.

James Brydges, 1st duke of Chandos was an English nobleman and patron of composer George Frideric Handel. The son and heir of James Brydges, 8th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, he was a member of Parliament from 1698 to 1714. For eight years (1705–13) during the War of the Spanish Succession, he was

Grey Brydges, 5th Baron Chandos was a British nobleman whose lavish lifestyle earned him the nickname “King of the Cotswolds.” Brydges was member of Parliament for Cricklade in 1597–98. Because of his family’s friendship with Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, Brydges was imprisoned in 1601 after

James Brydges, 1st duke of Chandos was an English nobleman and patron of composer George Frideric Handel. The son and heir of James Brydges, 8th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, he was a member of Parliament from 1698 to 1714. For eight years (1705–13) during the War of the Spanish Succession, he was

James Brydges, 1st duke of Chandos was an English nobleman and patron of composer George Frideric Handel. The son and heir of James Brydges, 8th Baron Chandos of Sudeley, he was a member of Parliament from 1698 to 1714. For eight years (1705–13) during the War of the Spanish Succession, he was

John Brydges, 1st Baron Chandos of Sudeley was a knight prominent in England’s Tudor period. Brydges was descended from Sir John Chandos, a famous medieval knight, and served in the French wars of Henry VIII. He was knighted in 1513. During Queen Mary I’s reign he was lieutenant of the Tower of

Sir John Chandos was an English military captain, soldier of fortune, and a founding member of the Order of the Garter (1349). Chandos was a lifelong follower and companion of Edward the Black Prince, fighting under him at Crécy (1346), Poitiers (1356), and Nájera (1367). Given the lands of the

Chandpur, river port, south-central Bangladesh. It is situated at the confluence of the Dakatia and Meghna rivers. It is a major jute-shipping centre, connected by road and rail with Comilla, near the eastern border with India, and Noakhali to the southeast. Chandpur is linked by riverboat to

Chandra Gupta I, was the king of India (reigned 320 to c. 330 ce) and founder of the Gupta empire. He was the grandson of Sri Gupta, the first known ruler of the Gupta line. Chandra Gupta I, whose early life is unknown, became a local chief in the kingdom of Magadha (parts of modern Bihar state).

Chandragupta was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty (reigned c. 321–c. 297 bce) and the first emperor to unify most of India under one administration. He is credited with saving the country from maladministration and freeing it from foreign domination. He later fasted to death in sorrow for his

Chandragupta II, was a powerful emperor (reigned c. 380–c. 415 ce) of northern India. He was the son of Samudra Gupta and grandson of Chandragupta I. During his reign, art, architecture, and sculpture flourished, and the cultural development of ancient India reached its climax. According to

Chandra Gupta I, was the king of India (reigned 320 to c. 330 ce) and founder of the Gupta empire. He was the grandson of Sri Gupta, the first known ruler of the Gupta line. Chandra Gupta I, whose early life is unknown, became a local chief in the kingdom of Magadha (parts of modern Bihar state).

Chandragupta II, was a powerful emperor (reigned c. 380–c. 415 ce) of northern India. He was the son of Samudra Gupta and grandson of Chandragupta I. During his reign, art, architecture, and sculpture flourished, and the cultural development of ancient India reached its climax. According to

Chandra Shekhar was a politician and legislator, who served as prime minister of India from November 1990 to June 1991. Shekhar was a leading member of the Socialist Party before he joined the ruling Congress Party in 1964. He was a member of India’s upper legislative chamber, the Rajya Sabha, from

Chandra X-ray Observatory, U.S. satellite, one of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) fleet of “Great Observatories” satellites, which is designed to make high-resolution images of celestial X-ray sources. In operation since 1999, it is named in honour of Subrahmanyan

Gahadavala dynasty: …three rulers: Yashovigraha, Mahichandra, and Chandradeva (c. 1089–1103). By the period of Chandradeva, the Gahadavalas had taken control of Varanasi, Ayodhya, Kannauj, and Indrasthaniyaka (modern Delhi) and had expanded throughout Uttar Pradesh—sometimes at the expense of such powers as the Kalacuri dynasty. The Gahadavalas sought to ward off the growing…

Hemachandra was a teacher of the Shvetambara (“White-Robed”) sect of Jainism who gained privileges for his religion from Siddharaja Jayasimha, one of the greatest kings of Gujarat. Eloquent and erudite, Hemachandra also succeeded in converting the next king, Kumarapala, thus firmly entrenching

Chandragiri, village and historic site, southern Andhra Pradesh state, southeastern India. It lies in an upland region, about 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Tirupati and some 80 miles (130 km) northwest of Chennai (formerly Madras) in Tamil Nadu state. Chandragiri is historically important for its

Chandragupta was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty (reigned c. 321–c. 297 bce) and the first emperor to unify most of India under one administration. He is credited with saving the country from maladministration and freeing it from foreign domination. He later fasted to death in sorrow for his

Chandra Gupta I, was the king of India (reigned 320 to c. 330 ce) and founder of the Gupta empire. He was the grandson of Sri Gupta, the first known ruler of the Gupta line. Chandra Gupta I, whose early life is unknown, became a local chief in the kingdom of Magadha (parts of modern Bihar state).

Chandragupta II, was a powerful emperor (reigned c. 380–c. 415 ce) of northern India. He was the son of Samudra Gupta and grandson of Chandragupta I. During his reign, art, architecture, and sculpture flourished, and the cultural development of ancient India reached its climax. According to

Chandragupta was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty (reigned c. 321–c. 297 bce) and the first emperor to unify most of India under one administration. He is credited with saving the country from maladministration and freeing it from foreign domination. He later fasted to death in sorrow for his

Nayanthara: Rise to stardom: …her first few years include Chandramukhi (2005; “Moon-Faced Woman”) and Ghajini (2005), a remake of Christopher Nolan’s Memento (2000). Nayanthara had been 19 when she made her debut, and, in the early phase of her career, she had starred with male actors many years older than she. These actors included…

Chandrapur, city, eastern Maharashtra state, western India. It is situated along the Wardha River. The city’s name means “village of the Moon.” Chandrapur was the capital of the Gond dynasty from the 12th to the 18th century, and it was later conquered by the Maratha Bhonsles from Nagpur. It formed

Natarajan Chandrasekaran is an Indian businessman and chairman (2017– ) of Tata Sons, the holding company that owns the Tata Group conglomerate. Chandrasekaran was born into a farming family in 1963. After completing his primary and secondary education in public schools, he attended the Coimbatore

Chandrasekhar limit, in astrophysics, maximum mass theoretically possible for a stable white dwarf star. This limiting value was named for the Indian-born astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, who formulated it in 1930. Using Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity and the principles of

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was an Indian-born American astrophysicist who, with William A. Fowler, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics for key discoveries that led to the currently accepted theory on the later evolutionary stages of massive stars. Chandrasekhar was the nephew of Sir Chandrasekhara

Rajput: …of the epic Ramayana; and Chandravanshi (“House of the Moon,” or Lunar people), or those descended from Krishna, the hero of the epic Mahabharata. A third group, Agnikula (“Family of the Fire God”), is the group from which the Rajputs derive their claim to be Kshatriyas. Rajput habits of eating…

Chandrayaan, series of Indian lunar space probes. Chandrayaan-1 (chandrayaan is Hindi for “moon craft”), the first lunar space probe of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), found water on the Moon. It mapped the Moon in infrared, visible, and X-ray light from lunar orbit and used

Mylswamy Annadurai: …director for India’s lunar probes Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2. Chandrayaan-1 was launched from Sriharikota Island, India, on October 22, 2008, by a PSLV-C11 launch vehicle. It had a mass at liftoff of 1,380 kg (3,042 pounds), including a 55-kg (121-pound) payload that contained 11 scientific instruments from India and several other…

Mylswamy Annadurai: India’s lunar probes Chandrayaan-1 and Chandrayaan-2. Chandrayaan-1 was launched from Sriharikota Island, India, on October 22, 2008, by a PSLV-C11 launch vehicle. It had a mass at liftoff of 1,380 kg (3,042 pounds), including a 55-kg (121-pound) payload that contained 11 scientific instruments from India and several other countries. The…

Coco Chanel: Legacy: After her death in 1971, Chanel’s couture house was led by a series of designers, with Karl Lagerfeld’s tenure (1983–2019) being the longest and most influential. Under their direction, the Chanel brand has remained one of the most influential and iconic. Coco Chanel’s shrewd understanding of women’s fashion needs, her…

Coco Chanel: Chanel No. 5: …basis of her empire was Chanel No. 5. She developed the phenomenally successful perfume in 1921 with the help of Ernest Beaux, one of the most talented perfume creators in France. It has been said that the perfume got its name from the series of scents that Beaux created for…

Coco Chanel was a French fashion designer who ruled Parisian haute couture for almost six decades. Her elegantly casual designs inspired women to abandon the complicated, uncomfortable clothes—such as petticoats and corsets—that were prevalent in early 20th-century dress. Among her now-classic

Coco Chanel was a French fashion designer who ruled Parisian haute couture for almost six decades. Her elegantly casual designs inspired women to abandon the complicated, uncomfortable clothes—such as petticoats and corsets—that were prevalent in early 20th-century dress. Among her now-classic

Lon Chaney: …after changing his name to Lon Chaney, Jr., and portraying notable horror roles for Universal Studios, in particular the title character in The Wolf Man (1941).

Jack London was an American novelist and short-story writer whose best-known works—among them The Call of the Wild (1903) and White Fang (1906)—depict elemental struggles for survival. During the 20th century, he was one of the most extensively translated of American authors. Deserted by his

Lon Chaney was an American film actor whose versatility and moving performances in even the most macabre roles are classics of the silent screen. He is perhaps best known for his performances in The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Phantom of the Opera (1925). (Read Chaney’s 1929 Britannica

Lon Chaney was an American film actor whose versatility and moving performances in even the most macabre roles are classics of the silent screen. He is perhaps best known for his performances in The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Phantom of the Opera (1925). (Read Chaney’s 1929 Britannica

Lon Chaney: …after changing his name to Lon Chaney, Jr., and portraying notable horror roles for Universal Studios, in particular the title character in The Wolf Man (1941).

Nagaland: Cultural life: …chieftainships of the Semas and Changs to the democratic structures of the Angamis, Aos, Lothas, and Rengmas. A prominent village institution is the morung (a communal house or dormitory for young unmarried men), where skulls and other trophies of war formerly were hung. The pillars are still carved with striking…

zhang, an old Chinese measure of length equal to 10 chi, or 3.58 metres (11 feet 9 inches). The value was agreed upon by China in treaties (1842–44 and 1858–60) with England and France. It was thereafter used by Chinese maritime customs as the standard value for assessing all tariff duties. The

Tibet: Food and drink: …beverages—tea and barley beer (chang, or chhaang)—are particularly noteworthy. Brick tea from elsewhere in China and local Tibetan tea leaves are boiled in soda water. The tea is then strained and poured into a churn, and salt and butter are added before the mixture is churned. The resulting tea…

Zhang Ailing was a Chinese writer whose sad, bitter love stories gained her a large devoted audience as well as critical acclaim. A descendant of the famous late Qing statesman Li Hongzhang, Zhang attended a traditional private school in her early childhood. Her mother arranged a Western-style

Chang and Eng were congenitally joined twins who gained worldwide fame for their anatomical anomaly. As a result of their fame, the term Siamese twin came to denote the condition of being one of a pair of conjoined twins (of any nationality). Chang and Eng, joined at the waist by a tubular band of

Zhang Qian was a Chinese explorer, the first man to bring back a reliable account of the lands of Central Asia to the court of China. He was dispatched by the Han dynasty emperor Wudi in 138 bce to establish relations with the Yuezhi people, a Central Asian tribal group that spoke an Indo-European

John Woo: …the prominent martial-arts film director Chang Cheh. Chang’s films, with their bloody violence and emphasis on male bonding, were a significant influence on Woo.

Karakoram Range: Physiography: …km) if its easternmost extension—the Chang Chenmo (Chinese: Qiangchenmo) and Pangong ranges of the Plateau of Tibet—is included. The system occupies about 80,000 square miles (207,000 square km). The average elevation of mountains in the Karakorams is about 20,000 feet (6,100 metres), and four peaks exceed 26,000 feet (7,900 metres);…

Zhang Jian was a leading social reformer and industrial entrepreneur in early 20th-century China. Zhang received a traditional Confucian education, and in 1894 he passed the top level of the civil service examination. The following year China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War, and Zhang retired

Zhang Zhidong was a Chinese classicist and provincial official, one of the foremost reformers of his time. Zhang was born to a family of scholar-officials in Xingyi, Guizhou province, but, in accordance with Chinese custom, he was considered native to Nanpi (in present-day Hebei) province, where

Zhang Juzheng was a powerful Chinese minister during the years of the reign (1566/67–72) of the emperor Muzong (reign title Longqing) and the first decade of the reign (1572–1620) of the emperor Shenzong (reign title Wanli), both of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). His benevolent rule and strong

Zhang Junxiang was a leading playwright and motion-picture director in China. Zhang was educated at Qinghua University in Beijing and at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, and then studied film technique in Hollywood. His first published play, Xiaocheng gushi (1940; Tale of a Small Town),

Zhang Zhongjing was a Chinese physician who wrote in the early 3rd century ce a work titled Shang han za bing lun (Treatise on Febrile and Other Diseases), which greatly influenced the practice of traditional Chinese medicine. The original work was later edited and divided into two books, Shang han

Morris Chang is a Chinese-born engineer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist who founded (1987) Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), a leading maker of computer chips. Chang originally wanted to become a writer, but his father dissuaded him from the idea. In 1949 Chang moved to the

chronology: Chinese: … inscriptions of the last nine Shang kings (1324–1122 bc) record the number of months up to the 12th, with periodical additions of a 13th month, and regular religious services on the summer and winter solstice days, all of which indicates the adjustment of the length of the lunar year by…

Japanese performing arts: 7th to 16th centuries: …on the 9th-century narrative poem Chang hen ge (“The Song of Everlasting Sorrow”) by Bai Juyi. The original describes Emperor Xuanzong’s love for his concubine Yang Guifei (Yōkihi in Japanese). The Noh play emphasizes the Buddhist sentiment of the evanescence of mortal life and the inevitability of pain and sadness.…

Zhang Heng was a Chinese mathematician, astronomer, and geographer. His seismoscope for registering earthquakes was apparently cylindrical in shape, with eight dragons’ heads arranged around its upper circumference, each with a ball in its mouth. Below were eight frogs, each directly under a

Korean literature: Later Chosŏn: 1598–1894: …wihangin, among them Chŏng Nae-Gyo, Chang Hon, and Cho Su-Sam, formed fellowships of poets and composed poetry with great enthusiasm. They referred to their poems as p’ungyo (“poems of the people,” also called talk songs) and published a number of collections of these works (e.g., Sodae p’ungyo [1737; “Poems of…

Zhang Xianzhong was a Chinese rebel leader at the close of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Following a disastrous famine in the northern province of Shaanxi in 1628, Zhang became the leader of a gang of freebooters who used hit-and-run tactics to plunder widely throughout North China. Although his

Zhang Xueliang was a Chinese warlord who, together with Yang Hucheng, in the Xi’an Incident (1936), compelled the Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) to form a wartime alliance with the Chinese communists against Japan. Zhang Xueliang was the oldest son of the warlord Zhang Zuolin,

China: Conflict over entry into the war: Zhang Xun (Chang Hsün), a power in the Beiyang clique and also a monarchist, to mediate. As a price for mediation, Zhang demanded that Li dissolve parliament, which he did reluctantly on June 13. The next day Zhang entered Beijing with an army and set…

Yangtze River, longest river in both China and Asia and third longest river in the world, with a length of 3,915 miles (6,300 km). Its basin, extending for some 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from west to east and for more than 600 miles (1,000 km) from north to south, drains an area of 698,265 square

Yangtze River floods, floods of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) in central and eastern China that have occurred periodically and often have caused considerable destruction of property and loss of life. Among the most recent major flood events are those of 1870, 1931, 1954, 1998, 2010, and 2020. The

Yangtze Plain, series of alluvial plains of uneven width along the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) and its major tributaries, beginning east of Yichang (Hubei province), east-central China. The middle Yangtze Plain covers parts of northeastern Hunan, southeastern Hubei, and north-central Jiangxi

Chen Kaige: …codirected Chang jin hu (2021; The Battle at Lake Changjin), about a military campaign in the Korean War; hugely popular, the war epic set records at the Chinese box office.

Zhang Guolao, in Chinese religion, one of the Baxian, the Eight Immortals of Daoism. In art he is depicted carrying a phoenix feather and the peach of immortality. He rides (often backward) on a marvelous mule that is capable of being folded like paper when not in use. Zhang claimed to have been

Zhang Guotao was a founding member and leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the late 1920s and ’30s. After briefly contesting the leadership of the party with Mao Zedong in 1935 (the last time Mao’s leadership was contested), Zhang fell from power and in 1938 defected to the Chinese

Nian Rebellion: …coalition under the leadership of Zhang Lexing in 1855 and began to expand rapidly. Numbering from 30,000 to 50,000 soldiers and organized into five armies, they began to conduct plundering raids into adjacent regions. In 1863 they received a setback when their citadel, Zhihe (now Guoyang, Anhui province), was captured…

South Korea: The Second Republic: …the office of Prime Minister Chang Myon (Jang Myeon), who was elected by the lower house by a narrow margin of 10 votes.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights: …of the UDHR were Roosevelt; Chang Peng-chun, a Chinese playwright, philosopher, and diplomat; and Charles Habib Malik, a Lebanese philosopher and diplomat.

Zhang Binglin was a Nationalist revolutionary leader and one of the most prominent Confucian scholars in early 20th-century China. Zhang received a traditional education during which he was influenced by Ming dynasty (1368–1644) loyalist writers who had refused to serve the foreign Qing dynasty

Korea: The emergence of provincial magnates: …fortress under the command of Jang Bogo, who virtually monopolized trade with China and Japan and had a private navy of 10,000 men. Silla settlements in Chinese coastal cities in the Shantung Peninsula also were engaged in trade. Also powerful were the village rulers, who became “castle lords” by establishing…

traditional Chinese medicine: Bian Qiao: …older residents of the inn, Chang Sangjun, recognized Bian Qiao’s sterling qualities and decided to make the younger man his medical heir. Chang Sangjun told Bian Qiao that he could have his medical secrets if he would vow not to divulge them to others. When Bian Qiao agreed, Chang Sangjun…

pharmaceutical industry: Medicines of ancient civilizations: …of a substance known as chang shan (from the plant species Dichroa febrifuga), which has since been shown to contain antimalarial alkaloids (alkaline organic chemicals containing nitrogen). Workers at the school of alchemy that flourished in Alexandria, Egypt, in the 2nd century bc prepared several relatively purified inorganic chemicals,

Chang Sŭng-ŏp was an outstanding painter of the late Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910) in Korea. An orphan, Chang worked as a servant to a wealthy family, learning his art by watching the master’s son study painting. Although he later worked with Chinese painting manuals, he had no formal teachers, and

Zhang Tianyi was a Chinese writer whose brilliant, socially realistic short stories achieved considerable renown in the 1930s. Zhang was born into a scholarly family. In 1924 he graduated from a secondary school in Hangzhou and began writing, at first working in the detective-story genre. The

Zhang Daqian was a painter and collector who was one of the most internationally renowned Chinese artists of the 20th century. As a child, Zhang was encouraged by his family to pursue painting. In 1917 his elder brother, Zhang Shanzi (an artist famous for his tiger paintings), accompanied him to

Zhang Daoling was the founder and first patriarch of the Tianshidao (“Way of the Celestial Masters”) movement within Daoism. Zhang settled in the Sichuan area and there studied Daoism sometime during the reign of Shundi (125–144) of the Dong (Eastern) Han dynasty. Zhang claimed to have received a

Zhang Zai was a realist philosopher of the Song dynasty, a leader in giving neo-Confucianism a metaphysical and epistemological foundation. The son of a magistrate, Zhang studied Buddhism and Daoism but found his true inspiration in the Confucian Classics. In his chief work, Zhengmeng (“Correcting

Zhang Zuolin was a Chinese soldier and later a warlord who dominated Manchuria (now Northeast China) and parts of North China between 1913 and 1928. He maintained his power with the tacit support of the Japanese; in return he granted them concessions in Manchuria. Born into a peasant family, Zhang

Zhang Ziping was a Chinese author of popular romantic fiction and a founder of the Creation Society, a literary association devoted to the propagation of romanticism. After receiving a classical Chinese education and attending an American Baptist mission school for three years, Zhang Ziping went to

Victor Chang was a Chinese-born Australian cardiologist and surgeon who was a pioneer in modern heart and heart-lung transplantation. He also helped develop devices, such as artificial heart valves, that could be used in heart surgery. Chang was the son of Australian-born Chinese parents. In 1937

Long March, family of Chinese launch vehicles. Like those of the United States and Soviet Union, China’s first launch vehicles were also based on ballistic missiles. The Long March 1 (LM-1, or Chang Zheng 1) vehicle, which put China’s first satellite into orbit in 1970, was based on the Dong Feng 3

Chang’an, ancient site, north-central China. Formerly the capital of the Han, Sui, and Tang dynasties, it is located near the present-day city of

Chang’an, ancient site, north-central China. Formerly the capital of the Han, Sui, and Tang dynasties, it is located near the present-day city of

Chang’e, series of lunar probes launched by the China National Space Administration. The satellites are named for a goddess who, according to Chinese legend, flew from Earth to the Moon. Chang’e 1 was China’s first spacecraft to travel beyond Earth orbit. Its mission included stereoscopic imaging

Chang’e, the Chinese moon goddess whose loveliness is celebrated in poems and novels. She sought refuge in the moon when her consort, Hou Yi (the Lord Archer), discovered she had stolen the drug of immortality given to him by the gods. Hou Yi’s pursuit was impeded by the Hare, who would not let the

Chang’e: Chang’e 1 was China’s first spacecraft to travel beyond Earth orbit. Its mission included stereoscopic imaging of the lunar surface, assaying the chemistry of the surface, and testing technologies that could be used in expanding the Chinese national space program to the Moon. A Long…

Chang’e: Chang’e 2 was launched by a Long March 3C rocket on October 1, 2010. Instead of taking more than 13 days to reach the Moon as Chang’e 1 did, Chang’e 2 entered a 100-km (60-mile) circular lunar orbit 5 days after launch. Chang’e 2 was…

Chang’e: Chang’e 3 launched on December 2, 2013. The spacecraft consisted of a 1,200-kg (2,600-pound) lander, which carried a 120-kg (260-pound) rover, called Yutu after the rabbit that accompanied the goddess Chang’e to the Moon. The lander touched down in Mare Imbrium in the Moon’s northern…

Chang’e: Chang’e 4 lifted off on December 8, 2018. Like Chang’e 3, it carried a rover, Yutu-2. On January 3, 2019, Chang’e 4 became the first spacecraft to land on the Moon’s far side, which faces away from Earth. It landed in the Von Kármán crater…

Chang’e: Chang’e 5 launched on November 24, 2020, and landed on the Moon on December 1. It returned a sample of about 1.7 kg (60 ounces) of lunar rocks and soil to Earth from the plains of Oceanus Procellarum. The material was dated to be about…

Chang’e: Another lunar sample return mission, Chang’e 6, launched on May 3, 2024. Chang’e 6 landed on the lunar far side on June 1 and returned the first far-side samples to Earth on June 25. Two other missions, Chang’e 7 and 8, are planned in the 2020s as part of the…

Chang’e: Two other missions, Chang’e 7 and 8, are planned in the 2020s as part of the south pole research station project.

Chang’e: …other missions, Chang’e 7 and 8, are planned in the 2020s as part of the south pole research station project.

Zhang Ailing was a Chinese writer whose sad, bitter love stories gained her a large devoted audience as well as critical acclaim. A descendant of the famous late Qing statesman Li Hongzhang, Zhang attended a traditional private school in her early childhood. Her mother arranged a Western-style