Thomas Muster: …6–2, 6–4) victory over American Michael Chang in the final of the 1995 French Open, Muster extended his clay court winning streak to 35 matches. He would carry that string to 40, which at the time was the third longest streak in the Open era, behind Björn Borg (44) and…

Morris Chang is a Chinese-born engineer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist who founded (1987) Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), a leading maker of computer chips. Chang originally wanted to become a writer, but his father dissuaded him from the idea. In 1949 Chang moved to the

Victor Chang was a Chinese-born Australian cardiologist and surgeon who was a pioneer in modern heart and heart-lung transplantation. He also helped develop devices, such as artificial heart valves, that could be used in heart surgery. Chang was the son of Australian-born Chinese parents. In 1937

Victor Chang was a Chinese-born Australian cardiologist and surgeon who was a pioneer in modern heart and heart-lung transplantation. He also helped develop devices, such as artificial heart valves, that could be used in heart surgery. Chang was the son of Australian-born Chinese parents. In 1937

Kalgan, city in northwestern Hebei sheng (province), northern China. Kalgan, the name by which the city is most commonly known, is from a Mongolian word meaning “gate in a barrier,” or “frontier.” The city was colloquially known in Chinese as the Dongkou (“Eastern Entry”) into Hebei from Inner

Zhangzhou, city, southeastern Fujian sheng (province), China. The city is situated on the north bank of the Xi River, some 25 mi (40 km) upstream from Xiamen (Amoy) in the small alluvial plain formed by the Xi and Jiulong rivers. Zhangzhou was first established as a county in 502–515 ce and became

Franklin Chang-Díaz is a Costa Rican-born American physicist and the first Hispanic astronaut. Chang-Díaz aspired to be an astronaut as a young child. In 1967 his parents sent him from Costa Rica to live with relatives in Connecticut. He earned a bachelor’s degree (1973) in mechanical engineering

dress: China: The informal Manchu changfu, a plain long robe, was worn by all classes from the emperor down, though Chinese women also continued to wear their Ming-style costumes, which consisted of a three-quarter-length jacket and pleated skirt. Men’s changfu, cut in the style of the qifu, usually were made…

Chang-hua, county (hsien, or xian), west-central Taiwan. Chang-hua city, in the north of the county, is the administrative seat. The county is bordered by the special municipality T’ai-chung (Taizhong) to the north, the counties Nan-t’ou (Nantou) and Yün-lin (Yunlin) to the east and south,

Chang-hua, shih (municipality) and seat of Chang-hua hsien (county), west central Taiwan, situated southwest of T’ai-chung in the centre of the western coastal plain. Founded in the 17th century, the city was fortified in 1734 and in the succeeding century became the chief market and commercial

bridge: Taiwan: Completed in 2007, the Chang-hua–Kao-hsiung Viaduct is the world’s second longest bridge and serves as part of the Taiwan High Speed Rail network. Reaching 157.3 km (97.8 miles) in length, the bridge runs from Zouying in Kao-hsiung to Baguashan in Chang-hua county. The bridge and train line were built…

Zhangshu, city, north-central Jiangxi sheng (province), southeastern China. It lies along the Gan River some 47 miles (75 km) southwest of Nanchang, the provincial capital. A county named Qingjiang was first set up in the area in 938 ce during the Nan (Southern) Tang dynasty in the Ten Kingdoms

Zhangdi was an emperor (reigned ad 75–88) of the Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220), whose reign marked the beginning of the dissipation of Han rule. The Zhangdi emperor’s reign was the third since the Liu family had restored the Han imperial dynasty following Wang Mang’s usurpation of power, and

Ernest B. Schoedsack: Early life and work: Chang: A Drama of the Wilderness (1927) was filmed in the jungles of Siam (now Thailand) and was about a family menaced by man-eating tigers and leopards; its “star” was a baby elephant. The herd of stampeding elephants that climaxes the film nearly flattened Schoedsack…

Hangayn Mountains, range in central Mongolia. It extends northwest-southeast for about 500 miles (805 km), parallels the Mongolian Altai Mountains (south), and rises to a height of 12,812 feet (3,905 m) in Otgon Tenger Peak. Most of its northern drainage flows into the Selenge River, which, with

Changamire Dynasty: Its founder, Changamir, was a lowly son of Matope, the ruler of the Mbire (or Monomotapa) empire, who appointed him governor of its central and southern provinces. He declared his independence of Matope’s successor and founded a kingdom that he called Rozwi. He established trade contacts with…

Changamire Dynasty, dynasty that ruled a vast area in central Africa between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers (now in Zimbabwe). The dynasty was the greatest power in central Africa from the 15th century until its destruction about 1830; it succeeded even in driving the Portuguese out of the interior

Changbai Mountains, mountain range forming the border between the Chinese provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and North Korea. The name in Chinese means “Forever White Mountains”; the Korean name means “White-Topped Mountains.” Consisting of a series of parallel ranges with a general

Changbai Mountains, mountain range forming the border between the Chinese provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and North Korea. The name in Chinese means “Forever White Mountains”; the Korean name means “White-Topped Mountains.” Consisting of a series of parallel ranges with a general

Changbai Mountains, mountain range forming the border between the Chinese provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and North Korea. The name in Chinese means “Forever White Mountains”; the Korean name means “White-Topped Mountains.” Consisting of a series of parallel ranges with a general

Changbai Mountains: Changbai Mountains Natural Reserve, established in 1960, covers some 850 square miles (2,200 square km) and contains a great diversity of vegetation and wildlife, as well as a crater lake, a high waterfall, and hot springs.

Changbai Mountains: Changbai Mountains Natural Reserve, established in 1960, covers some 850 square miles (2,200 square km) and contains a great diversity of vegetation and wildlife, as well as a crater lake, a high waterfall, and hot springs.

Changbai Mountains, mountain range forming the border between the Chinese provinces of Liaoning and Jilin and North Korea. The name in Chinese means “Forever White Mountains”; the Korean name means “White-Topped Mountains.” Consisting of a series of parallel ranges with a general

Changchun, city and provincial capital of Jilin sheng (province), China. The area around the city was originally the grazing ground of a Mongol banner (army division). In 1796 the Mongol duke requested and was granted permission from the Qing (Manchu) court to open this area to colonization by

Ch’ang-ch’un was a Taoist monk and alchemist who journeyed from China across the heartland of Asia to visit Genghis Khan, the famed Mongol conqueror, at his encampment north of the Hindu Kush mountains. The narrative of Ch’ang-ch’un’s expedition, written by his disciple-companion Li Chih-chang,

pansori: Rhythm: …frameworks of pansori are called jangdan. Each jangdan is distinguished by the number and subdivision of beats within a metric unit, by the pattern of accents, and by general tempo specifications. Like the melodic modes, the meters employed in pansori are evocative of particular emotional states. Some jangdan, for instance,…

Changde, city in northern Hunan sheng (province), China. Situated on the north bank of the Yuan River above its junction with the Dongting Lake system, Changde is a natural centre of the northwest Hunan plain. In historical times it was also a centre from which governments controlled the mountain

Anaxagoras: …He also accounted for biological changes, in which substances appear under new manifestations: as men eat and drink, flesh, bone, and hair grow. In order to explain the great amount and diversity of change, he said that “there is a portion of every thing, i.e., of every elemental stuff, in…

photoreception: Eye movements and active vision: This phenomenon, known as change blindness, seems to imply that one reason humans do not “see” saccades is that the preceding image is not retained. Thus, humans have no basis for detecting the change that each saccade causes.

Sam Cooke: “A Change Is Gonna Come” (1965) remains his signature song, an anthem of hope and boundless optimism that expresses the genius of his poetry and sweetness of his soul. Cooke was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986 and was a…

Hilary Mantel: …Botswana to write the novel A Change of Climate (1994), about British missionaries in South Africa, and on her own straitened adolescence for the clear-eyed coming-of-age novel An Experiment in Love (1995). Three years later she returned to historical fiction with The Giant, O’Brien, which imaginatively explores and contrasts the…

Elvis Presley: Military service, movies, and mainstreaming: …(from Blue Hawaii [1961] to Change of Habit [1969]) over the next eight years, almost none of which fit any genre other than “Elvis movie,” which meant a light comedic romance with musical interludes. Most had accompanying soundtrack albums, and together the movies and the records made him a rich…

Shirley Temple: …other credits from 1934 included Change of Heart; Now I’ll Tell, which starred Spencer Tracy as a gambler; and Now and Forever, a romantic drama featuring Gary Cooper and Carole Lombard. However, it was arguably Bright Eyes (1934) that propelled her to stardom. The musical was specifically made for

Michel Butor: …Modification (1957; Second Thoughts, or A Change of Heart), Butor perfected his experimental technique and was considered to have arrived at his full powers. The work won the Prix Renaudot.

Carlos Fuentes: Cambio de piel (1967; A Change of Skin) defines existentially a collective Mexican consciousness by exploring and reinterpreting the country’s myths. Terra nostra (1975; “Our Land,” Eng. trans. Terra nostra) explores the cultural substrata of New and Old Worlds as the author, using Jungian archetypal symbolism, seeks to understand…

phase: …altered to another form, a phase change is said to have occurred.

Ornette Coleman: …Jazz to Come (1959) and Change of the Century (1960). Coleman moved to New York City, where his radical conception of structure and the urgent emotionality of his improvisations aroused widespread controversy. His recordings Free Jazz (1960), which used two simultaneously improvising jazz quartets, and Beauty Is a Rare Thing…

Adrienne Rich: Background and early work: The resulting volume, A Change of World (1951), reflected her mastery of the formal elements of poetry and her considerable restraint. The Diamond Cutters and Other Poems (1955) was followed by Snapshots of a Daughter-in-Law: Poems 1954–1962 (1963), published long after her earlier volumes. This third collection exhibited…

change ringing, traditional English art of ringing a set of tower bells in an intricate series of changes, or mathematical permutations (different orderings in the ringing sequence), by pulling ropes attached to bell wheels. On five, six, or seven bells, a peal is the maximum number of permutations

AFL–CIO: Merger of the AFL and the CIO: …from the AFL-CIO and launched Change to Win, a formal coalition that afforded an alternative to the AFL-CIO.

chemical compound: …into their constituent elements by chemical changes. A chemical change (that is, a chemical reaction) is one in which the organization of the atoms is altered. An example of a chemical reaction is the burning of methane in the presence of molecular oxygen (O2) to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and…

chemical compound: …into their constituent compounds by physical methods, which are methods that do not change the way in which atoms are aggregated within the compounds. Compounds can be broken down into their constituent elements by chemical changes. A chemical change (that is, a chemical reaction) is one in which the organization…

social change, in sociology, the alteration of mechanisms within the social structure, characterized by changes in cultural symbols, rules of behaviour, social organizations, or value systems. Throughout the historical development of their discipline, sociologists have borrowed models of social

baseball: The pitching repertoire: …to the fastball is the change-up, which is a deliberately slower pitch that can sneak past a batter expecting a fastball.

baseball: The pitching repertoire: …to the fastball is the change-up, which is a deliberately slower pitch that can sneak past a batter expecting a fastball.

Rascal Flatts: …albums Nothing like This (2010), Changed (2012), and Rewind (2014), all of which debuted at number one on the Billboard country album chart. Back to Us (2017) was the group’s 12th album to reach the Top Ten on that chart.

Thomas Hardy: Middle period: …Life’s Little Ironies (1894), and A Changed Man (1913). Hardy’s short novel The Well-Beloved (serialized 1892, revised for volume publication 1897) displays a hostility to marriage that was related to increasing frictions within his own marriage.

Macaulay Culkin: Return to acting: …Adam Green’s Aladdin (2016), and Changeland (2019). During this time he also worked in television, notably making appearances on Will & Grace, in 2003; Foster Hall, in 2004; Kings, in 2009; Dollface, in 2019; American Horror Story, in 2021; and The Righteous Gemstones, in 2022. Culkin lent his voice to…

Clint Eastwood: 2000 and beyond: Changeling (2008) was a period piece set in Los Angeles in 1928. It was based on a grim true story of a missing boy whose mother, Christine Collins (Angelina Jolie), is horrified when, several months later, the police “return” him to her in the person…

changeling, in European folklore, a deformed or imbecilic offspring of fairies or elves substituted by them surreptitiously for a human infant. According to legend, the abducted human children are given to the devil or used to strengthen fairy stock. The return of the original child may be effected

Ōe Kenzaburō: Chenjiringu (2000; The Changeling) tells the story of a writer who relives his personal history, often in a dreamlike and surreal manner, after he receives a collection of audiotapes from an estranged friend who appears to have recorded his own suicide. In Suishi (2009; Death by Water)…

English literature: Other Jacobean dramatists: 1621) and The Changeling (1622), in which the moral complacency of men of rank is shattered by the dreadful violence they themselves have casually set in train, proving the answerability of all men for their actions despite the exemptions claimed for privilege and status. The hand of…

Diana Wynne Jones: …children, Jones’s first published novel, Changeover (1970), was intended for adults. Despite having penned the novel in 1966, Jones did not embark on her writing career in earnest until all her children were in school.

Justin Bieber: Marriage to Hailey Baldwin, Changes, and Justice: …Baldwin), and their relationship inspired Changes (2020). They had their first child, Jack Blues, in August 2024. Bieber’s sixth studio album, Justice, was released in 2021 and garnered eight Grammy nominations, including song of the year and record of the year for the chart-topping single “Peaches.” Bieber had another global…

accounting: The statement of cash flows: Companies also prepare a third financial statement, the statement of cash flows. Cash flows result from three major aspects of the business: (1) operating activities, (2) investing activities, and (3) financing activities. These three categories are illustrated in Table 3.

pyŏlgok, Korean poetic form that flourished during the Koryŏ period (935–1392). Of folk origin, the pyŏlgok was sung chiefly by women performers (kisaeng) and was intended for performance on festive occasions. The theme of most of these anonymous poems is love, and its joys and torments are

changgo, hourglass-shaped (waisted) drum used in much of Korea’s traditional music. It is about 66 cm (26 inches) long and has two heads stretched over hoops; one of them is struck with a hand and the other with a stick. An early Japanese variant of the changgo is the san no tsuzumi, used in

changgo, hourglass-shaped (waisted) drum used in much of Korea’s traditional music. It is about 66 cm (26 inches) long and has two heads stretched over hoops; one of them is struck with a hand and the other with a stick. An early Japanese variant of the changgo is the san no tsuzumi, used in

Changhsingian Stage, last of two internationally defined stages of the Upper Permian (Lopingian) Series, encompassing all rocks deposited during the Changhsingian Age (254.2 million to 252.2 million years ago) of the Permian Period. The name of the interval is derived from the Chinese county of

airport: Unit terminals: …movers such as those at Changi Airport in Singapore, at Dallas–Fort Worth, and at Houston Intercontinental Airport in Texas.

Toni Collette: …such as Shaft (2000) and Changing Lanes (2002), Collette won accolades for the gravitas she brought to ancillary characters in About a Boy (2002) and The Hours (2002).

American literature: New directions: In The Changing Light at Sandover (1982), James Merrill, previously a polished lyric poet, made his mandarin style the vehicle of a lighthearted personal epic, in which he, with the help of a Ouija board, called up the shades of all his dead friends, including the…

Zadie Smith: Other works and honors: … (2007) and published essay collections Changing My Mind (2009), Feel Free (2018), and Intimations (2020). Grand Union, a volume of her short stories, was released in 2019. Smith also wrote the play The Wife of Willesden, which debuted in London in 2021. The work is a reimagining of The Wife…

Lindsay Anderson: Contractor (1969), Home (1970), and The Changing Room (1971). His subsequent films included O Lucky Man! (1973), In Celebration (1974), Britannia Hospital (1982), and The Whales of August (1987). His later stage productions included Storey’s The March on Russia (1989).

Native American literature: Plains: …resembles the Navajo myth of Changing Woman, the Sun’s mistress who bore the children Monster-Slayer and Child-Born-of-Water. This concept of change into an astral body is quite widespread in the Plains. In a Cheyenne version of the Dog Husband story, the mother and her children go to the sky and…

Battle of the Chosin Reservoir, campaign early in the Korean War, part of the Chinese Second Offensive (November–December 1950) to drive the United Nations out of North Korea. The Chosin Reservoir campaign was directed mainly against the 1st Marine Division of the U.S. X Corps, which had

changgo, hourglass-shaped (waisted) drum used in much of Korea’s traditional music. It is about 66 cm (26 inches) long and has two heads stretched over hoops; one of them is struck with a hand and the other with a stick. An early Japanese variant of the changgo is the san no tsuzumi, used in

Chakma, largest of the indigenous populations of Bangladesh, also settled in parts of northeastern India and in Myanmar (Burma). Their Indo-Aryan language has its own script, but the Chakma writing system has given way, for the most part, to Bengali script. The earliest history of the Chakma people

Jingdezhen, city, northeastern Jiangxi sheng (province), southeastern China. Situated on the south bank of the Chang River, it was originally a market town called Changnanzhen and received its present name in 1004, the first year of the Jingde era during the Song dynasty (960–1279). Throughout the

Shango, major deity of the religion of the Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria. He also figures in the religion of the Edo people of southeastern Nigeria, who refer to him as Esango, and in the religion of the Fon people of Benin, who call him Sogbo or Ebioso. Like all of the Yoruba gods (orishas),

Changsha, city and capital of Hunan sheng (province), China. It is on the Xiang River 30 miles (50 km) south of Dongting Lake and has excellent water communications to southern and southwestern Hunan. The area has long been inhabited, and Neolithic sites have been discovered in the district since

Changsha, city and capital of Hunan sheng (province), China. It is on the Xiang River 30 miles (50 km) south of Dongting Lake and has excellent water communications to southern and southwestern Hunan. The area has long been inhabited, and Neolithic sites have been discovered in the district since

Changsha: The contemporary city: …in the world, the 94-story Changsha IFS (International Finance Square) Tower 1.

Changshu, city in southern Jiangsu sheng (province), China. Changshu is situated in the coastal plain some 22 miles (35 km) north of Suzhou, and it first became an independent county in 540 ce under the Nan (Southern) Liang dynasty (502–557). From Sui times (581–618) it was a subordinate county

Kang Youwei was a Chinese scholar, a leader of the Reform Movement of 1898 and a key figure in the intellectual development of modern China. During the last years of the empire and the early years of the republic he sought to promote Confucianism as an antidote against “moral degeneration” and

changsŭng, (Korean: “long life”), wooden or stone pole carved with a human face and placed at the entrance (and sometimes to the north, south, east, and west) of a Korean village or temple to frighten away evil spirits. Among rice-growing peasants, it is believed to be a guardian deity who can

Mount Everest: Geology and relief: The peak of Changtse (24,803 feet [7,560 meters]) rises to the north. Khumbutse (21,867 feet [6,665 meters]), Nuptse (25,791 feet [7,861 meters]), and Lhotse (27,940 feet [8,516 meters]) surround Everest’s base to the west and south.

Changzhi, city in southeastern Shanxi sheng (province), China. It is situated in the Lu’an plain—a basin surrounded by the western highlands of the Taihang Mountains, watered by the upper streams of the Zhuozhang River. It is a communication centre; to the northeast a route and a railway via

Changzhou, city, southern Jiangsu sheng (province), China. It was a part of the commandery (jun; a military district) of Kuaiji under the Qin (221–206 bce) and Han (206 bce–220 ce) dynasties and, after 129 ce, a part of Wu Commandery. It first became an independent administrative unit under the Xi

Chaniá, city, dímos (municipality), port, and capital of Chaniápereferiakí enótita (regional unit), on the northwestern coast of Crete, Greece. It was the capital of Crete from 1841 to 1971. The city lies along the southeastern corner of the Gulf of Khaniá and occupies the neck of the low, bulbous

Sangam literature, the earliest writings in the Tamil language, thought to have been produced in three chankams, or literary academies, in Madurai, India, from the 1st to the 4th century ce. The Tolkappiyam, a book of grammar and rhetoric, and eight anthologies (Ettuttokai) of poetry were

Cozumel: Chankanaab National Park, just south of San Miguel, has a museum, botanic garden, and archaeological park. Cruise ships dock regularly at a pier south of San Miguel. Cozumel has regular ferry service from Playa del Carmen and Puerto Morelos. An international airport is located 2…

Chankillo, archaeological site erected between 200 and 300 bce in the desert of the Sechín River basin in the Ancash region of Peru. The site is about 9 miles (14 km) from the Pacific coast and consists of a hilltop building complex encircled by thick, gated walls, a row running north-south of 13

communication: Linear models: …information source, a transmitter, a channel of transmission, a receiver, and a destination—all arranged in linear order. Messages (electronic messages, initially) were supposed to travel along this path, to be changed into electric energy by the transmitter, and to be reconstituted into intelligible language by the receiver. In time, the…

streambed, any long, narrow, sloping depression on land that is shaped by flowing water. Streambeds can range in width from a few feet for a brook to several thousand for the largest rivers. The channel may or may not contain flowing water at any time; some carry water only occasionally. Streambeds

electronics: Using MOSFETs: …layer of electron-rich material, the channel, connects the source and drain electrically and permits current to flow between them when the drain is biased positively with respect to the source. The amount of current is controlled by the gate voltage. Without gate voltage, no current flows, because the p-n junction…

WarnerMedia: Warner: …were sold in 1986 to Turner Broadcasting System, which in turn merged with Time Warner Inc. in 1996.) Television also presented new opportunities for Warner Brothers, where the hit series Maverick (1957) and 77 Sunset Strip (1958) were made. In 1967 Jack Warner sold his remaining stake in the company…

telecommunications media: Transmission media and the problem of signal degradation: In communications media, channel attenuation is typically expressed in decibels (dB) per unit distance. Attenuation of zero decibels means that the signal is passed without loss; three decibels means that the power of the signal decreases by one-half. The plot of channel attenuation as the signal frequency is…

drum: …as corbina, whiting, weakfish, and channel bass. Many members of the family are food or game fishes. Among the better-known species are the channel bass, or red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), a large, reddish species of the western Atlantic Ocean; the white seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) of the eastern Pacific; the freshwater…

ostariophysan: Importance: Culture of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is an important industry in the southern United States. Numerous ostariophysans provide sport fishers with recreation and food; several, such as the mahseers (several species of Tor) of Asia and the dorado (Salminus maxillosus) of South America, rank among the world’s…

Channel Country, pastoral region situated primarily in southwestern Queensland, Australia, but extending slightly into northeastern South Australia and northwestern New South Wales. The region’s area of 60,000 square miles (155,000 square km) includes flat alluvial terrain that is drained by the

telecommunication: Channel encoding: As described in Source encoding, one purpose of the source encoder is to eliminate redundant binary digits from the digitized signal. The strategy of the channel encoder, on the other hand, is to add redundancy to the transmitted signal—in this case so that…

Channel Islands, archipelago in the English Channel, west of the Cotentin peninsula of France, at the entrance to the Gulf of Saint-Malo, 80 miles (130 km) south of the English coast. The islands are dependencies of the British crown (and not strictly part of the United Kingdom), having been so

Channel Islands, island chain extending some 150 miles (240 km) along, and about 12–70 miles (20–115 km) off, the Pacific coast of southern California. The islands form two groups. The Santa Barbara group, to the north, is separated from the mainland by the Santa Barbara Channel and includes San

Ventura: Channel Islands National Park is located 14 miles (23 km) offshore in the Santa Barbara Channel. Inc. town, 1866; city, 1906. Pop. (2010) 106,433; Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura Metro Area, 823,318; (2020) 110,763; Oxnard–Thousand Oaks–Ventura Metro Area, 843,843.

semiconductor device: Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors: …key device parameters is the channel length, L, which is the distance between the two n+-p junctions, as indicated in Figure 9. When the MOSFET was first developed, in 1960, the channel length was longer than 20 micrometres (μm). Today channel lengths less than 1 μm have been fabricated in…

marketing: Place: …said to be following a channel of distribution. For example, the channel of distribution for many food products includes food-processing plants, warehouses, wholesalers, and supermarkets. By using this channel, a food manufacturer makes its products easily accessible by ensuring that they are in stores that are frequented by those in…

Television in the United States: The new technologies: …in the practice of “channel surfing.” Viewer choice and control increased dramatically with these technologies and would increase even more profoundly in the new century.

Channel Tunnel, rail tunnel between England and France that runs beneath the English Channel. The Channel Tunnel, 50 km (31 miles) long, consists of three tunnels: two for rail traffic and a central tunnel for services and security. The tunnel runs between Folkestone, England, and Sangatte (near

Channel Tunnel: …Rail Link (CTRL), also called High Speed 1, was opened to connect the Channel Tunnel with London, facilitating even greater movement of international passenger traffic between mainland Europe and the United Kingdom. The high-speed railway runs 108 km (67 miles) and crosses under the Thames. Its trains can reach speeds…