Earth exploration: Seismic refraction methods: …transmitted through low-velocity layers (channel waves) or along the surface of a borehole (tube waves). Under certain circumstances (e.g., oblique incidence on an interface), waves can change from one mode to another.

English Channel, narrow arm of the Atlantic Ocean separating the southern coast of England from the northern coast of France and tapering eastward to its junction with the North Sea at the Strait of Dover (French: Pas de Calais). With an area of some 29,000 square miles (75,000 square km), it is

D’Entrecasteaux Channel, inlet of the Tasman Sea, extending northeast for about 35 miles (55 km) between Bruny Island (east) and the southeast coast of mainland Tasmania, Australia, to merge with the River Derwent estuary. It was sighted in 1642 by the Dutch navigator Abel Janszoon Tasman and was

Channel–Port aux Basques, town on the southwestern tip of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is the terminal for car ferries across Cabot Strait from North Sydney, Nova Scotia, and is the connecting point for the 570-mile (917-km) semicircular final stage of the Trans-Canada

valley: Misfit streams: …ways known collectively as the Channeled Scabland was formed. Because preglacial valleys were filled to overspilling, this process is really an example of stream overfitness. Numerous diagnostic landforms, including great cataracts, characterize the Channeled Scabland.

channeling, in solid-state physics, the directionally selective penetration of crystalline solids by a beam of atoms. The effect was predicted in 1912 by the German physicist Johannes Stark but was not confirmed until 1960. The directions in which penetration is greatest characteristically are

fluting and reeding: Sometimes channeling, slightly resembling fluting, is found on Norman pillars, an instance of which is found in the crypt of Canterbury Cathedral, Kent, Eng. Exactly the same kind of ornament occurs frequently in Germany—e.g., in the crypt of Roda Rolduc, near Aachen, which, it has been…

New Age movement: Realizing the New Age: Two transformative tools, channeling and the use of crystals, were identified with the New Age movement as it peaked in the 1980s. Many New Agers discovered their psychic abilities and became known as channels. Either consciously or in a trance, they claimed to establish contact with various preternatural…

conch: …these clam eaters are the channeled conch (B. canaliculatum) and the lightning conch (B. contrarium), both about 18 cm long and common on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Another melongenid is the Australian trumpet, or baler (Syrinx aruanus), which may be more than 60 cm long—the largest living…

channeling, in solid-state physics, the directionally selective penetration of crystalline solids by a beam of atoms. The effect was predicted in 1912 by the German physicist Johannes Stark but was not confirmed until 1960. The directions in which penetration is greatest characteristically are

Karl Deisseroth: …light-sensitive ion channel known as channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), which occurs naturally in algae, could act as an optical switch in mammalian neurons. The neurons, genetically engineered to express ChR2 on their surface, could be turned on when exposed to a flash of blue light, enabling very rapid and precise control over…

snakehead, any of a number of species of freshwater fish of the family Channidae, found in Africa and Asia. Snakeheads, long-bodied and more or less cylindrical in cross section, have large mouths and long, single dorsal and anal fins; they range from about 10 to 90 cm (4 to 36 inches) long.

Carol Channing was an American actress and singer known for her comically outsize performances, gravelly voice, and animated features. Channing was raised in San Francisco. After modeling and teaching dance in high school, she enrolled at Bennington College in Vermont. Though she ultimately dropped

Carol Channing was an American actress and singer known for her comically outsize performances, gravelly voice, and animated features. Channing was raised in San Francisco. After modeling and teaching dance in high school, she enrolled at Bennington College in Vermont. Though she ultimately dropped

Edward Channing was an American historian best remembered for a monumental study of his country’s development from ad 1000 through the American Civil War (1861–65). Channing, a son of the poet William Ellery Channing (1817–1901), was associated throughout his career with Harvard University, where

Edward Channing was an American historian best remembered for a monumental study of his country’s development from ad 1000 through the American Civil War (1861–65). Channing, a son of the poet William Ellery Channing (1817–1901), was associated throughout his career with Harvard University, where

Grease: Summary: …by the sharp-tongued Rizzo (Stockard Channing); the group exclusively socializes with the T-Birds.

Walter Channing was a U.S. physician and one of the founders of the Boston Lying-In Hospital (1832). He was the first to use ether as an anesthetic in obstetrics and the first professor of obstetrics at Harvard University (1815). A graduate in medicine (1809) of the University of Pennsylvania,

William Ellery Channing was an American author and moralist, a Congregationalist and, later, Unitarian clergyman. Known as the “apostle of Unitarianism,” Channing was a leading figure in the development of New England Transcendentalism and of organized attempts in the U.S. to eliminate slavery,

Burkina Faso: European exploration and colonization: …French officers Paul Voulet and Charles Paul Louis Chanoine (also known as Julien Chanoine) defeated the morho naba Boukari-Koutou (Wobogo) of Mossi in 1896 and then proceeded to overrun the Gurunsi lands. The Gurma accepted a French protectorate in 1897, and in that same year the lands of the Bobo…

Burkina Faso: European exploration and colonization: …French officers Paul Voulet and Charles Paul Louis Chanoine (also known as Julien Chanoine) defeated the morho naba Boukari-Koutou (Wobogo) of Mossi in 1896 and then proceeded to overrun the Gurunsi lands. The Gurma accepted a French protectorate in 1897, and in that same year the lands of the Bobo…

Burkina Faso: European exploration and colonization: …French officers Paul Voulet and Charles Paul Louis Chanoine (also known as Julien Chanoine) defeated the morho naba Boukari-Koutou (Wobogo) of Mossi in 1896 and then proceeded to overrun the Gurunsi lands. The Gurma accepted a French protectorate in 1897, and in that same year the lands of the Bobo…

milkfish, (Chanos chanos), silvery marine food fish that is the only living member of the family Chanidae (order Gonorhynchiformes). Fossils of this family date from as far back as the Cretaceous Period (145.5 million to 65.5 million years ago). The milkfish is often collected when young and raised

tea ceremony, time-honoured institution in Japan, rooted in the principles of Zen Buddhism and founded upon the reverence of the beautiful in the daily routine of life. It is an aesthetic way of welcoming guests, in which everything is done according to an established order. The ceremony takes

China: The Chinese Revolution (1911–12): …the Chinese dynastic revolution called chanrang, which means the peaceful shift in rule from a decadent dynasty to a more-virtuous one.) But events turned against him, and the presidency was given to Sun Yat-sen, who had been appointed provisional president of the republic by the National Assembly. In February 1912…

chanson, (French: “song”), French art song of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The chanson before 1500 is preserved mostly in large manuscript collections called chansonniers. Dating back to the 12th century, the monophonic chanson reached its greatest popularity with the trouvères of the 13th

chanson à personnages, medieval French song in the form of a dialogue, often between a husband and a wife, a knight and a shepherdess, or lovers parting at dawn. Specific forms of such chansons include the pastourelle and the

Charles Van Lerberghe: …Belgium, to write his masterpiece, La Chanson d’Ève. The predominantly free-verse poems of that volume, influenced by Italian painting, offer up a set of allegorical tableaux in which Eve appears as a primal poet symbolizing universal values. These poems were further publicized when Gabriel Fauré, one of the premier composers…

chanson de geste, any of the Old French epic poems forming the core of the Charlemagne legends. More than 80 chansons, most of them thousands of lines long, have survived in manuscripts dating from the 12th to the 15th century. They deal chiefly with events of the 8th and 9th centuries during the

French literature: The chansons de geste: …of poems that include the Chanson de Guillaume (“Song of William”). The epics in the Geste de Doon de Mayence deal with rebellious vassals, among them Raoul de Cambrai, in a gripping story of injustice and strained loyalties. The fanciful 13th-century Huon de Bordeaux (Huon of the Horn), which introduces…

La Chanson de Roland, Old French epic poem that is probably the earliest (c. 1100) chanson de geste and is considered the masterpiece of the genre. The poem’s probable author was a Norman poet, Turold, whose name is introduced in its last line. The poem takes the historical Battle of Roncesvalles

Jehan Bodel: …1199), nine fabliaux (1190–97), La Chanson des Saisnes (before 1200; “Song of the Saxons”), Le Jeu de Saint Nicolas (performed c. 1200), and Les Congés (1202; “Leave-Takings”), his poignant farewell to his friends, a lyrical poem of 42 stanzas.

chanson de toile, an early form of French lyric poetry dating from the beginning of the 12th century. The poems consisted of short monorhyme stanzas with a refrain. Chanson de toile is derived from the Old French phrase chançon de toile, literally, “linen

Jean Richepin: His first book of poetry, La Chanson des gueux (“Song of the Poor”), was published in 1876. Local authorities responded to its coarse language by sentencing him to a month in prison.

chant royal, fixed form of verse developed by French poets of the 13th to the 15th century. Its standard form consisted in the 14th century of five stanzas of from 8 to 16 lines of equal measure, without refrain, but with an identical rhyme pattern in each stanza and an envoi using rhymes from the

Henri Duparc: Two of them, “Soupir” and “Chanson triste,” were later incorporated in his collection of songs, written between 1868 and 1884, including eight with orchestral accompaniment. In these songs, Duparc enlarged the French song into a scena, or opera-like scene, and brought to it a poetic sense of musical prosody and…

chanson: …in large manuscript collections called chansonniers.

plainsong, the Gregorian chant (q.v.) and, by extension, other similar religious chants. The word derives from the 13th-century Latin term cantus planus (“plain song”), referring to the unmeasured rhythm and monophony (single line of melody) of Gregorian chant, as distinguished from the measured

La Marseillaise, French national anthem, composed in one night during the French Revolution (April 24, 1792) by Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle, a captain of the engineers and amateur musician. After France declared war on Austria on April 20, 1792, P.F. Dietrich, the mayor of Strasbourg (where

Olympe Bhêly-Quénum: …is unjustly accused of adultery; Le Chant du lac (1965; “The Song of the Lake”), which illustrated the modern conflict between educated Africans and their superstitious countrymen; and L’Initié (1979; “The Initiate”), the protagonist of which is a French-trained doctor who is also an initiate of a faith-healing cult. A…

Jean Giono: …Le Chant du monde (1934; Song of the World), which, like most of his work, was the protest of a sensitive man against modern civilization. In 1939 Giono spent two months in jail for pacifist activities. In 1945 he was held captive by a communist band of Resistance fighters who…

George Balanchine: The American years: …Le Chant du rossignol (The Song of the Nightingale) for the Ballet Russe in 1925. A long series of Stravinsky–Balanchine ballets followed; some of them were composed in collaboration. In 1972, a year after Stravinsky’s death, the New York City Ballet staged a Stravinsky Festival. Ten years later, in…

Alain Resnais: ” Le Chant du styrène (1959; “The Song of Styrene”), written by author and critic Raymond Queneau, nominally publicizing the versatility of the plastic polystyrene, became a meditation on the transformation of matter from amorphous nature into bright, banal household implements.

Australian literature: Literature from 1970 to 2000: …and attracted widespread notice with The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith (1972). Nearly all his novels explore the intersection of history and the individual life and contemplate just what kind of effect the insignificant individual can have on events of some moment. When Schindler’s Ark (1982), which is centrally about just…

chant royal, fixed form of verse developed by French poets of the 13th to the 15th century. Its standard form consisted in the 14th century of five stanzas of from 8 to 16 lines of equal measure, without refrain, but with an identical rhyme pattern in each stanza and an envoi using rhymes from the

chant royal: …of this form, and his Chant royal chrétien, with its refrain “Santé au corps et Paradis à l’âme” (“Health to the body and Paradise to the soul”), was famous. The 17th-century fabulist Jean de La Fontaine was the last exponent of the chant royal before its eclipse. Revived in the…

Chanthaburi, town, eastern Thailand. Chanthaburi is a commercial centre near the mouth of the Chanthaburi River, serving the region’s pepper, rubber, fruit, and coffee plantations. The Chanthaburi Range is to the north, and the Gulf of Thailand is about 15 miles (25 km) to the south. Pop. (2000

Saint Jane Frances of Chantal ; canonized 1767; feast day August 21) was a French cofounder of the Visitation Order. In 1592 she married Baron de Chantal, who was killed in a hunting accident (1601), leaving her with four children. In 1604 she heard St. Francis de Sales preach the Lent at Dijon and

surf music: instrumental songs, among them the Chantays (“Pipeline”), the Ventures (“Walk—Don’t Run”), and the Surfaris (whose “Wipe Out” featured the most identifiable drum solo in rock history). Surfing culture also flourished on the beaches of Australia, giving rise not only to an Australian version of surf music but also to…

Chanticleer: …as Edmond Rostand’s verse drama Chantecler (1910), which is set in a barnyard and features a boastful rooster.

Chanticleer, character in several medieval beast tales in which human society is satirized through the actions of animals endowed with human characteristics. Most famous of these works is a 13th-century collection of related satirical tales called Roman de Renart, whose hero is Reynard the Fox. The

chantefable, a medieval tale of adventure told in alternating sections of sung verse and recited prose. The word itself was used—and perhaps coined—by the anonymous author of the 13th-century French work Aucassin et Nicolette in its concluding lines: “No cantefable prent fin” (“Our chantefable is

cantor, in Judaism and Christianity, an ecclesiastical official in charge of music or chants. In Judaism the cantor, or ḥazzan, directs liturgical prayer in the synagogue and leads the chanting. He may be engaged by a congregation to serve for an entire year or merely to assist at the ceremonies of

bagpipe: …of the melody pipe, or chanter, while the remaining pipes, or drones, sound single notes tuned against the chanter by means of extendable joints. The sound is continuous; to articulate the melody and to reiterate notes the piper employs gracing—i.e., rapidly interpolated notes outside the melody, giving an effect of…

feudalism: Modern critiques: …time of the French historian Louis Chantereau Le Febvre (1588–1658), questions were raised concerning the extent to which the feudal construct oversimplified and distorted the historical realities it was intended to capture. Chantereau Le Febvre denounced as futile the attempts of his contemporaries to deduce general rules from uncertain principles.…

chanterelle, Highly prized, fragrant, edible mushroom (Cantharellus cibarius) in the order Cantharellales (phylum Basidiomycota). It is bright yellow in colour and is found growing on forest floors in summer and autumn. Its similarity to the poisonous jack-o-lantern (Clitocybe illudens, order

shanty, also spelled Chantey, or Chanty (from French chanter, “to sing”), English-language sailors’ work song dating from the days of sailing ships, when manipulating heavy sails, by means of ropes, from positions on the deck constituted a large part of a sailor’s work. The leader, or shantyman,

Chanthaburi, town, eastern Thailand. Chanthaburi is a commercial centre near the mouth of the Chanthaburi River, serving the region’s pepper, rubber, fruit, and coffee plantations. The Chanthaburi Range is to the north, and the Gulf of Thailand is about 15 miles (25 km) to the south. Pop. (2000

Chanthakuman was the ruler of the Lao kingdom of Luang Prabang who was confronted by increasingly serious local, regional, and international threats to his state’s survival. Chanthakuman was the second son of King Mangthaturat, and succeeded his elder brother Suk Soem (Souka-Seum) in 1852 as a

Chanthakuman was the ruler of the Lao kingdom of Luang Prabang who was confronted by increasingly serious local, regional, and international threats to his state’s survival. Chanthakuman was the second son of King Mangthaturat, and succeeded his elder brother Suk Soem (Souka-Seum) in 1852 as a

Chanticleer, character in several medieval beast tales in which human society is satirized through the actions of animals endowed with human characteristics. Most famous of these works is a 13th-century collection of related satirical tales called Roman de Renart, whose hero is Reynard the Fox. The

Chantilly, residential town and tourist center, Oise département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France, 26 miles (42 km) north of Paris by road. Situated near the forest of Chantilly, it is celebrated for its château, park, and racecourse and associated stables. In the 18th century Chantilly

Chantilly lace, bobbin lace made at Chantilly, north of Paris, from the 17th century; the silk laces for which Chantilly is famous date from the 18th century. In the 19th century both black and white laces were made in matte silk. Half-stitch was used for the solid design areas, giving the lace a

Chantilly porcelain, celebrated soft-paste porcelain produced from 1725 to c. 1789 by a factory established in the Prince de Condé’s château at Chantilly, Fr. Two periods can be distinguished, according to the composition of the porcelain; in the first, up to about 1740, a unique, opaque milk-white

goshawk: …wings and short tail; the chanting goshawks of Africa (two species of Melierax), named for their piping calls during breeding season, large, long-winged, strongly patterned birds of open country that forage on the ground, chiefly for lizards; and the closely related Gabar goshawk (Melierax, or Micronisus, gabar), also widespread in…

Boğazköy: Excavations: …travelers, it was another Frenchman, Ernest Chantre, who in 1892–93 made the first soundings and found the first cuneiform tablets there. The language in which those texts were written was not known at the time, but its identity with that of the so-called Arzawa letters found in Tell el-Amarna in…

Sir Francis Legatt Chantrey was a prolific early 19th-century English sculptor whose work is noted for its naturalism and psychological vitality. Though his work was Classical in format, like that of his contemporaries, these unusual qualities inspired the next generation of English sculptors in

education: The English Reformation: …Henry’s son Edward VI, the Chantries Act was passed, confiscating the estates of the church expressly for use in education; but the turmoil of the times, under the boy Edward and then his Roman Catholic sister Mary I, allowed the funds allocated to education to be diverted elsewhere. Many primary…

chantry, chapel, generally within a church, endowed for the singing of masses for the founder after his death. The practice of founding chantries, or chantry chapels, in western Europe began during the 13th century. A chantry was added to the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris in 1258. During the

Joseph Canteloube: …most widely admired are the Chants d’Auvergne (1923–30), scored for voice with orchestra.

Nabile Farès: …“The Song of Akli”) and Chants d’histoire et de vie pour des roses de sable: texte bilingue pour un peuple sahrawi (1978; “Songs of History and Life for the Sand Roses”). The latter, written in Spanish and French, is a celebration of the struggle of the Saharoui people against the…

comte de Lautréamont: …stanza of Lautréamont’s prose poem Les Chants de Maldoror was published anonymously in 1868. A complete edition was printed in 1869, but the Belgian publisher, alarmed by its violence and fearing prosecution, refused to distribute it to booksellers. The Poésies, a shorter work, was printed in June 1870. Lautréamont died…

Victor Hugo: Success (1830–51): …intimate and personal in inspiration; Les Chants du crépuscule (1835; Songs of Twilight), overtly political; Les Voix intérieures (1837; “Inner Voices”), both personal and philosophical; and Les Rayons et les ombres (1840; “Sunlight and Shadows”), in which the poet, renewing these different themes, indulges his gift for colour and picturesque…

shanty, also spelled Chantey, or Chanty (from French chanter, “to sing”), English-language sailors’ work song dating from the days of sailing ships, when manipulating heavy sails, by means of ropes, from positions on the deck constituted a large part of a sailor’s work. The leader, or shantyman,

Khanty-Mansiysk, city and administrative centre of Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug (district), Russia, in the West Siberian Plain. Situated on the Irtysh River near its confluence with the Ob River, the city was formed in 1950 from the urban settlement of Khanty-Mansiysk (founded 1931) and the

Hanukkah, Jewish festival that begins at sundown on Kislev 25 (usually in December, according to the Gregorian calendar) and is celebrated for eight days. Hanukkah reaffirms the ideals of Judaism and commemorates in particular the rededication of the Second Temple of Jerusalem by the lighting of

Hanukkah, Jewish festival that begins at sundown on Kislev 25 (usually in December, according to the Gregorian calendar) and is celebrated for eight days. Hanukkah reaffirms the ideals of Judaism and commemorates in particular the rededication of the Second Temple of Jerusalem by the lighting of

Albania: Creating the new state: …given the greater part of Çamëria, a part of the old region of Epirus centred on the Thíamis River. Many observers doubted whether the new state would be viable with about one-half of Albanian lands and population left outside its borders, especially since those lands were the most productive in…

René Descartes: Final years and heritage of René Descartes: Clerselier’s brother-in-law, Hector Pierre Chanut, who was French resident in Sweden and later ambassador, helped to procure a pension for Descartes from Louis XIV, though it was never paid. Later, Chanut engineered an invitation for Descartes to the court of Queen Christina, who by the close of…

Chanute, city, Neosho county, southeastern Kansas, U.S., on the Neosho River. Settled c. 1870 and named for Octave Chanute, a civil engineer and aviation pioneer, the settlement developed as a trading and shipping centre for an agricultural and oil-producing region. Manufactures include drilling

Rantoul: …economy was largely dependent on Chanute Air Force Base, adjacent to Rantoul. Built in 1917 and named for Octave Chanute (1832–1910), a pioneer in aviation engineering, it was one of the oldest and one of the largest technical-training centres of the U.S. Air Force. The base closed in 1993, and…

Chanute glider of 1896, biplane hang glider designed and built by American aviation pioneers Octave Chanute, Augustus M. Herring, and William Avery in Chicago during the early summer of 1896. Along with the standard glider flown by Otto Lilienthal of Germany, the Chanute glider, designed by Chanute

Chanute glider of 1896, biplane hang glider designed and built by American aviation pioneers Octave Chanute, Augustus M. Herring, and William Avery in Chicago during the early summer of 1896. Along with the standard glider flown by Otto Lilienthal of Germany, the Chanute glider, designed by Chanute

Octave Chanute was a leading American civil engineer and aeronautical pioneer. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Immigrating to the United States with his father in 1838, Chanute attended private schools in New York City. His first job was as a member of a surveying

Novosibirsk: Lake Chany, which has no outlet, is a basin of inland drainage. The swampy forest, or taiga, of the north gives way southward to forest-steppe of birch groves and finally to true steppe on fertile soils.

Xiongnu: …a ruler known as the chanyu, the rough equivalent of the Chinese emperor’s designation as the tianzi (“son of heaven”). They ruled over a territory that extended from western Manchuria (Northeast Provinces) to the Pamirs and covered much of present Siberia and Mongolia. The Xiongnu were fierce mounted warriors who…

Zhenzong: As a result of the Treaty of Chanyuan (1004), the Song agreed to the permanent loss of the northern territory between China and the Great Wall.

Thailand: The Ayutthayan period, 1351–1767: …governed by hereditary lords, or chao. The inner circles, however, were administered by officeholders appointed by the king; to a limited degree these operated on bureaucratic rather than hereditary lines.

Zhao, ancient Chinese feudal state, one of the seven powers that achieved ascendancy during the Warring States (Zhanguo) period (475–221 bce) of Chinese history. In 403 bce Zhao Ji, the founder of Zhao, and the leaders of the states of Wei and Han partitioned the state of Jin. The state of Zhao

Wareru was a famous king of Hanthawaddy (Hansavadi, or Pegu), who ruled (1287–96) over the Mon people of Lower Burma. Wareru was a Tai adventurer of humble origins who had married a daughter of King Ramkhamhaeng of Sukhothai and had established himself as overlord of Martaban on the Salween River

Zhao Rukuo was a Chinese trade official whose two-volume work Zhufan zhi (“Description of the Barbarians”) is one of the best-known and most wide-ranging accounts of foreign places and goods at the time of the Song dynasty (960–1279). Zhao was a member of the Song imperial family and once held the

Zhao Gao was a Chinese eunuch who conspired to seize power on the death of Shihuangdi, first emperor of the Qin dynasty (221–207 bce). His action eventually led to the downfall of the dynasty. As the chief eunuch to Shihuangdi, Zhao Gao handled all the emperor’s communications with the outside

Zhao Mengfu was a Chinese painter and calligrapher who, though occasionally condemned for having served in the foreign Mongol court (Yuan dynasty, 1206–1368), has been honoured as an early master within the tradition of the literati painters (wenrenhua), who sought personal expression rather than

Laos: Ethnic groups and languages: …muong was led by a chao muong, a hereditary ruler and member of the nobility. While communes were also ruled by nobles, villages were headed by commoners selected from the heads of households. The muong were ethnically diverse social and administrative units. Among the Black Tai, for instance, the nobility…

Chao Phraya River, principal river of Thailand. It flows south through the nation’s fertile central plain for more than 225 miles (365 km) to the Gulf of Thailand. Thailand’s capitals, past and present (Bangkok), have all been situated on its banks or those of its tributaries and distributaries, as

Thailand: Relief: …Khorat Plateau is the extensive Chao Phraya River basin, which is the cultural and economic heartland of Thailand. The region, sometimes called the Central Plain, consists of two portions: heavily dissected rolling plains in the north and the flat, low-lying floodplain and delta of the Chao Phraya in the south.…

Chaobai River: …its two main tributaries, the Chao and Bai ("White") rivers, about 2 miles (3 km) south of the town of Miyun and 10 miles (16 km) south of the Miyun Reservoir (in Beijing municipality). The Chao is fed by source streams in the mountains of northern Hebei and flows southeast…

Zhao Shuli was a Chinese novelist and short-story writer. Zhao’s familiarity with rural life in North China and his fascination with folk literature and art determined the substance and style of his later writings. After attending a teachers college, he taught in primary schools. To supplement his

Zhao Ziyang was the premier of China (1980–87) and general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (1987–89). Born into a landlord family in Henan province, Zhao joined the Young Communist League in 1932 and became a member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1938. He served in local party

Zhao Youqin was a Chinese astronomer, mathematician, and Daoist who calculated the value of π, constructed astronomical instruments, conducted experiments with a camera obscura, and compiled an influential astronomical compendium. Zhao was one of the patriarchs of the northern branch of the