Susan Musgrave: Fiction and essays: …reflected in her first novel, The Charcoal Burners (1980); her second, The Dancing Chicken (1987), is a darkly satiric novel with highly eccentric characters. The Dancing Chicken was followed by Cargo of Orchids (2000) and Given (2012). She also wrote several children’s books: Gullband (1974), a series of poems; Hag’s…

charcoal drawing, use of charred sticks of wood to make finished drawings and preliminary studies. The main characteristic of charcoal as a medium is that, unless it is fixed by the application of some form of gum or resin, it is impermanent, easily erased or smudged. This characteristic determined

Walter Mosley: …series included Rose Gold (2014), Charcoal Joe (2016), and Blood Grove (2021).

neurogenic arthropathy, condition characterized by the destruction of a stress-bearing joint, with development of new bone around the joint. Eventually the affected individual is unable to use the joint but experiences little or no pain or discomfort. The condition accompanies damage to the nervous

neurogenic arthropathy, condition characterized by the destruction of a stress-bearing joint, with development of new bone around the joint. Eventually the affected individual is unable to use the joint but experiences little or no pain or discomfort. The condition accompanies damage to the nervous

Jean-Baptiste-Étienne-Auguste Charcot was a French explorer and oceanographer who carried out extensive charting in the region of the Antarctic Peninsula. The son of the distinguished neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot, the young Charcot himself studied medicine and worked at the Hospital of Paris

Jean-Martin Charcot was the founder (with Guillaume Duchenne) of modern neurology and one of France’s greatest medical teachers and clinicians. Charcot took his M.D. at the University of Paris in 1853 and three years later was appointed physician of the Central Hospital bureau. He then became a

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, a group of inherited nerve diseases characterized by slowly progressive weakness and wasting of the muscles of the lower parts of the extremities. In Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT), the myelin sheath that surrounds motor and sensory nerves gradually deteriorates, blocking

charcuterie, French term that refers to prepared meats, such as sausage, ham, bacon, and pâté. So-called charcuterie boards have become popular as appetizers or party snacks in the United States in recent years. Strictly speaking, these should contain only French meat products, but the term has

Khartsyzsk, city, eastern Ukraine. It is located on the Krynychne-Ilovaysk rail line in an upland area about 15 miles (25 km) east of Donetsk. Khartsyzsk was founded in 1869 and raised to city status in 1938. Its industry has been mainly metallurgically based (wire and cable drawing, tubes and

chard, (Beta vulgaris), one of the four cultivated forms of the plant Beta vulgaris of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), grown for its edible leaves and leafstalks. Fresh chard is highly perishable and difficult to ship to distant markets. The young leaves can be eaten raw in salads, while

Jean Chardin was a French traveler to the Middle East and India. A jeweler’s son with an excellent education, Chardin traveled with a Lyon merchant to Persia and India in 1665. At Eṣfahān, Persia, he enjoyed the patronage of the shah, ʿAbbās II. On returning to France (1670), he published an

Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin was a French painter of still lifes and domestic scenes remarkable for their intimate realism and tranquil atmosphere and the luminous quality of their paint. For his still lifes, he chose humble objects (The Buffet, 1728) and for his genre paintings modest events

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin was a French philosopher and paleontologist known for his theory that man is evolving, mentally and socially, toward a final spiritual unity. Blending science and Christianity, he declared that the human epic resembles “nothing so much as a way of the Cross.” Various

Jean Chardin was a French traveler to the Middle East and India. A jeweler’s son with an excellent education, Chardin traveled with a Lyon merchant to Persia and India in 1665. At Eṣfahān, Persia, he enjoyed the patronage of the shah, ʿAbbās II. On returning to France (1670), he published an

Chablis: …wine of France, made from chardonnay grapes grown in strictly delimited areas surrounding the village of Chablis and along the Serein River in the district of Yonne in northern Burgundy. Chablis is noted for its distinctively dry, full-bodied, somewhat acidic character and a rather austere aroma described in wine terminology…

Hilaire Bernigaud, count de Chardonnet: …made synthetic fibre, sometimes called Chardonnet silk to distinguish it from other forms of rayon.

Hilaire Bernigaud, count de Chardonnet: …made synthetic fibre, sometimes called Chardonnet silk to distinguish it from other forms of rayon.

Hilaire Bernigaud, count de Chardonnet was a French chemist and industrialist who first developed and manufactured rayon. Trained as a civil engineer after completing scientific studies under Louis Pasteur, Chardonnet began to develop an artificial fibre in 1878. Obtaining a patent in 1884 on a

Hilaire Bernigaud, count de Chardonnet was a French chemist and industrialist who first developed and manufactured rayon. Trained as a civil engineer after completing scientific studies under Louis Pasteur, Chardonnet began to develop an artificial fibre in 1878. Obtaining a patent in 1884 on a

Lebap, oblast (province), southeastern Turkmenistan. It lies along the middle reaches of the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River), with the Karakum Desert on the left bank and the Kyzylkum and Sundukli deserts on the right. It is largely flat, but in the extreme southeast the spurs of the Gissar

Türkmenabat, city and administrative centre, Lebap oblast (province), Turkmenistan, on the Amu Darya (ancient Oxus River). The second largest city in Turkmenistan, it was founded as a Russian military settlement when the Transcaspian Railway reached the Amu Darya in 1886. It is now a rail junction

Poitou-Charentes: …the western départements of Vienne, Charente, Charente-Maritime, and Deux-Sèvres. In 2016 the Poitou-Charentes région was joined with the régions of Aquitaine and Limousin to form the new administrative entity of Nouvelle Aquitaine.

Charente River, river in western France, about 225 miles (360 km) long, rising near Rochechouart in the Limousin uplands (Haute-Vienne département), on the margin of the Massif Central, and flowing generally westward to the Bay of Biscay. Taking a northwesterly course to Civray (Vienne

Poitou-Charentes: of Vienne, Charente, Charente-Maritime, and Deux-Sèvres. In 2016 the Poitou-Charentes région was joined with the régions of Aquitaine and Limousin to form the new administrative entity of Nouvelle Aquitaine.

Poitou-Charentes: of Vienne, Charente, Charente-Maritime, and Deux-Sèvres. In 2016 the Poitou-Charentes région was joined with the régions of Aquitaine and Limousin to form the new administrative entity of Nouvelle Aquitaine.

Charenton-le-Pont, town, a southeastern suburb of Paris, in Val-de-Marne département, Île-de-France région, north-central France, at the confluence of the Seine and Marne rivers immediately southwest of the Bois (forest) de Vincennes and its pont (“bridge”). An old inner, industrial area,

Chares was an Athenian general and mercenary commander. In 357 bc Chares regained for Athens the Thracian Chersonese from the Thracian king Cersobleptes. During the Social War (Athens against her allies, 357–355), he commanded the Athenian forces; in 356 he was joined by Iphicrates and Timotheus

Chares of Lindos was an ancient Greek sculptor who created the Colossus of Rhodes, usually counted among the Seven Wonders of the World. A pupil of the sculptor Lysippus, Chares fashioned for the Rhodians a colossal bronze statue of the sun god Helios, the cost of which was defrayed by selling

Jean Charest is a Canadian politician who was the premier of Quebec (2003–12). Charest earned a law degree from the University of Sherbrooke and was called to the Quebec bar in 1980. He practiced criminal law in Sherbrooke before entering politics. In 1984 he was elected to the federal House of

Jean Charest is a Canadian politician who was the premier of Quebec (2003–12). Charest earned a law degree from the University of Sherbrooke and was called to the Quebec bar in 1980. He practiced criminal law in Sherbrooke before entering politics. In 1984 he was elected to the federal House of

François-Athanase Charette de La Contrie was a leader of the French royalist counterrevolutionary forces during the Wars of the Vendée (1793–96). A naval officer and landowner near Nantes, he joined the revolt that began in that region in March 1793 against the government of the revolutionary

heredity: Structure and composition of DNA: …it was found by biochemist Erwin Chargaff that the amount of A is always equal to T, and the amount of G is always equal to C.

heraldry: The charges on the field: The field is said to be “charged” with an object. Heraldic objects are of a large and increasing variety; as more arms are devised, new objects appear as charges—telescopes, aircraft, rolls of newsprint, and so on. Charges have been divided into…

crime: Trial procedure: …key courtroom figure, establish the charges, which in turn may determine whether the accused appears before a lower court (dealing with misdemeanors) or a higher court (dealing with felonies). The accused is offered bail in most cases but is not released unless he deposits with the court either cash or…

electric charge, basic property of matter carried by some elementary particles that governs how the particles are affected by an electric or magnetic field. Electric charge, which can be positive or negative, occurs in discrete natural units and is neither created nor destroyed. Electric charges

plea bargaining: Types of plea bargains: In charge bargaining, the defendant agrees to plead guilty to reduced charges (e.g., aggravated assault rather than attempted murder).

credit card, small plastic card containing a means of identification, such as a signature or picture, that authorizes the person named on it to charge goods or services to an account, for which the cardholder is billed periodically. The use of credit cards originated in the United States during the

electricity: Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors: …the availability and mobility of charge carriers within the materials. The copper wire in Figure 12, for example, has many extremely mobile carriers; each copper atom has approximately one free electron, which is highly mobile because of its small mass. An electrolyte, such as a saltwater solution, is not as…

charge conjugation, in particle physics, an operation that replaces particles with antiparticles (and vice versa) in equations describing subatomic particles. The name charge conjugation arises because a given particle and its antiparticle generally carry opposite electric charge. The positive

charge conjugation, in particle physics, an operation that replaces particles with antiparticles (and vice versa) in equations describing subatomic particles. The name charge conjugation arises because a given particle and its antiparticle generally carry opposite electric charge. The positive

charge conservation, in physics, constancy of the total electric charge in the universe or in any specific chemical or nuclear reaction. The total charge in any closed system never changes, at least within the limits of the most precise observation. In classical terms, this law implies that the

chargé d’affaires, the lowest rank of diplomatic representative recognized under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961). Chargés d’affaires are usually accredited to the foreign minister of the country in which they operate, rather than to the head of state, and act in the absence of

diplomacy: Diplomatic agents: A chargé d’affaires ad interim is a deputy temporarily acting for an absent head of mission.

geomagnetic field: Decay of the ring current: Two processes—charge exchange and wave-particle interactions—contribute to this loss. Charge exchange is a process wherein a cold atmospheric neutral particle interacts with a positive ion of the ring current and exchanges an electron. The ion is converted to an energetic neutral, which, since it is no…

radiation: Stopping power: Basically, the impinging ion undergoes charge-exchange cycles involving a single capture followed by a single loss. Ultimately, an electron is permanently bound when it becomes energetically impossible for the ion to lose it. A second charge-exchange cycle then occurs. This phenomenon continues repeatedly until the velocity of the heavy ion…

electroluminescence: …crystals: pure or intrinsic and charge injection. The principal differences between the two mechanisms are that in the first, no net current passes through the phosphor (electroluminescent material) and in the second, luminescence prevails during the passage of an electric current.

telescope: Charge-coupled devices: Another similar device, the charge injection device, is sometimes employed. The basic difference between the CID and the CCD is in the way the electric charge is transferred before it is recorded; however, the two devices may be used interchangeably as far as astronomical work is concerned.

The Charge of the Light Brigade, American historical film, released in 1936, that was loosely based on the futile British cavalry charge against heavily defended Russian troops at the Battle of Balaklava (1854) during the Crimean War (1853–56). The suicidal attack was made famous by Alfred, Lord

The Charge of the Light Brigade, poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, published in 1855. The poem, written in Tennyson’s capacity as poet laureate, commemorates the heroism of a brigade of British soldiers at the Battle of Balaklava (1854) in the Crimean War. The 600 troops of the brigade followed

television: Electron tubes: Charge storage thus occurs, and an electrical charge image is built up on the rear surface of the photoresistor.

deaf-blindness: Causes of deaf-blindness: …other genetic syndromes, such as CHARGE syndrome and Goldenhar syndrome, can also cause the condition. Other causes include illnesses or diseases of the pregnant mother or her child (e.g., rubella, meningitis, cytomegalovirus, and tumours) or accidents (e.g., head injury). A combination of any of the causes mentioned above is also…

mass spectrometry: Electron bombardment: …sample gas by proton or charge transfer. This process is called chemical ionization, and in some cases it increases the mass of the ion formed by one unit.

CCD, Semiconductor device in which the individual semiconductor components are connected so that the electrical charge at the output of one device provides the input to the next device. Because they can store electrical charges, CCDs can be used as memory devices, but they are slower than RAMs.

CP violation: …a quantitative theory establishing combined CP as a symmetry of nature. Physicists reasoned that if CP were invariant, time reversal T would have to remain so as well. But further experiments, carried out in 1964 by a team led by the American physicists James W. Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch,…

radiation: Excitation states: The charge-transfer state is an excited state. In a certain sense, electronic excitation involves motion of an electron from a lower orbit to a higher one. Quantum mechanics notes that the electron does not revolve around an atomic nucleus in a precise classical orbit but rather…

radiation measurement: Interactions of heavy charged particles: The term heavy charged particle refers to those energetic particles whose mass is one atomic mass unit or greater. This category includes alpha particles, together with protons, deuterons, fission fragments, and other energetic heavy particles often produced in accelerators. These particles carry at least one electronic charge, and…

fusion reactor: Principles of inertial confinement: …intense laser beam or a charged particle beam, referred to as the driver, upon the small pellet (typically 1 to 10 mm in diameter). For efficient thermonuclear burn, the time allotted for the pellet to burn must be less than the disassembly time. This means that, in the compressed state,…

small arm: Magazine repeaters: …different loading device, called a charger. This was simply a flat strip of metal with its edges curled to hook over the rims or grooves of a row of cartridges (also usually five). To load his rifle, a soldier drew back the bolt, slipped the charger into position above the…

Tupolev Tu-144, world’s first supersonic transport aircraft, designed by the veteran Soviet aircraft designer Andrey N. Tupolev and his son Alexey. It was test-flown in December 1968, exceeded the speed of sound in June 1969, and was first publicly shown in Moscow in May 1970. In its production

Théodore Géricault: …by his earliest major work, The Charging Chasseur (1812), which depicts an officer astride a rearing horse on a smoky battlefield, Géricault was drawn to the colourist style of the Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens and to the use of contemporary subject matter in the manner of an older colleague,…

Lake Chargoggagoggmanchauggauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg, lake, central Massachusetts, U.S. It is located in southern Worcester county near the town of Webster. The lake’s name is reportedly Nipmuc (Algonquian) for what popular culture has held to mean “You fish on your side; I fish on my side;

Chari River, principal tributary feeding Lake Chad in north-central Africa. It flows through Chad and the Central African Republic and is formed by the Bamingui (its true headstream), the Gribingui, and the Ouham, which brings to it the greatest volume of water. Near Sarh the Chari is joined on its

Raja Chari is an American astronaut who spent 176 days in space aboard the International Space Station (ISS) from 2021 to 2022. He is part of the Artemis team of astronauts who are eligible to fly to the Moon in the mid-2020s. “Newton talks about standing on the shoulders of giants, and I’m

Raja Chari is an American astronaut who spent 176 days in space aboard the International Space Station (ISS) from 2021 to 2022. He is part of the Artemis team of astronauts who are eligible to fly to the Moon in the mid-2020s. “Newton talks about standing on the shoulders of giants, and I’m

Nilo-Saharan languages: History of classification: …Macro-Sudanic was subsequently changed to Chari-Nile. This new name helped to distinguish Greenberg’s grouping from the Sudanic of some of Greenberg’s intellectual predecessors. Greenberg’s Chari-Nile family included, among others, a Central Sudanic and an Eastern Sudanic branch. The latter were coterminous with, but not entirely identical to, Westermann’s Central Sudanic…

Charibert I was a Merovingian king of the Franks, the eldest son of Chlotar I and Ingund. He shared in the partition of the Frankish kingdom that followed his father’s death, receiving the old kingdom of Childebert I, with its capital at Paris. Eloquent and learned in the law, he was yet

Charibert II was the king of Aquitaine from 630. On the death of his father, Chlotar II, the entire Frankish realm went to his brother, Dagobert I, but Dagobert ceded to him several territories in Aquitaine and Gascony, with Charibert’s capital at Toulouse, presumably to improve border defenses

Charidemus was a Greek mercenary leader from Euboea who fought sometimes on the side of the Athenians, at other times on the side of their enemies. He served under the Athenian general Iphicrates at Amphipolis but later joined Cotys, king of Thrace, against Athens. Captured by the Athenians,

Chārīkār, city, east-central Afghanistan, at an altitude of 5,250 ft (1,600 m). The city lies on the road from Kābul (the national capital, 40 mi [65 km] south) to the northern provinces. A British garrison was massacred at Chārīkār in 1841 during the First Anglo-Afghan War. Following the Soviet

Wilhelm Adolf Becker: …similar work on Greek life, Charikles (1840), enjoyed comparable success. His Handbuch der römischen Altertumer, 5 vol. (1843–68; “Handbook of Roman Antiquities”), was completed by the classical scholars Theodor Mommsen and Joachim Marquardt.

boa: The brown, 45-cm (18-inch) rubber boa (Charina bottae) of western North America is the most northerly boa and is a burrower that looks and feels rubbery. The 90-cm (35-inch) rosy boa (Charina trivirgata), ranging from southern California and Arizona into Mexico, usually is brown- or pink-striped.

boa: …Eryx) and the West African earth python (Charina reinhardtii), in addition to two North American species. Erycines are live-bearers (as opposed to egg layers) that have stout cylindrical bodies, blunt heads, and short tails. Most measure less than 70 cm (28 inches). These terrestrial snakes are often subterranean, and most…

snake: Early development and growth: A brood of California rosy boas (Charina trivirgata) doubled their length in a nine-month period, growing to only a few inches shorter than their mother, an adult close to maximum length for the species. It has been suggested that all snakes grow rapidly until they reach sexual maturity, after…

Charing Cross, locality in the City of Westminster, London. It is situated at the busy intersection of the streets called the Strand and Whitehall, just south of Trafalgar Square. The name derives from the Old English cerring (“a bend in the road” or “a turn”) and refers either to the nearby great

chariot, open, two- or four-wheeled vehicle of antiquity, probably first used in royal funeral processions and later employed in warfare, racing, and hunting. The chariot apparently originated in Mesopotamia in about 3000 bc; monuments from Ur and Tutub depict battle parades that include heavy

Odisha: Festivals: …and of the temple’s annual Chariot Festival(locally known as Rath Yatra), which attracts hundreds of thousands of people; the English word juggernaut, derived from the temple’s name, was inspired by the massive, nearly unstoppable wagons used in the festival. A short distance away, in Konark (Konarak), is a 13th-century temple…

chariot racing, in the ancient world, a popular form of contest between small, two-wheeled vehicles drawn by two-, four-, or six-horse teams. The earliest account of a chariot race occurs in Homer’s description of the funeral of Patroclus (Iliad, book xxiii). Such races were a prominent feature of

theatre: Developments in staging: …1641, when he perfected the chariot-and-pole system. According to this system, slots were cut in the stage floor to support uprights, on which flats were mounted. These poles were attached below the stage to chariots mounted on casters that ran in tracks parallel to the front of the stage. As…

theatre: Developments in staging: …1641, when he perfected the chariot-and-pole system. According to this system, slots were cut in the stage floor to support uprights, on which flats were mounted. These poles were attached below the stage to chariots mounted on casters that ran in tracks parallel to the front of the stage. As…

Chariots of Fire, British dramatic film, released in 1981, that tells the true story of two British runners who brought glory to their country in the Olympic Games of 1924 in Paris. The film won both the BAFTA Award and the Academy Award for best picture and also garnered the Golden Globe Award for

Grace, in Greek religion, one of a group of goddesses of fertility. The name refers to the “pleasing” or “charming” appearance of a fertile field or garden. The number of Graces varied in different legends, but usually there were three: Aglaia (Brightness), Euphrosyne (Joyfulness), and Thalia

charisma, attribute of astonishing power and capacity ascribed to the person and personality of extraordinarily magnetic leaders. Such leaders may be political and secular as well as religious. They challenge the traditional order, for either good or ill. The word derives from the Greek charis

Christianity: Conflict between order and charismatic freedom: As the uncontrollable principle of life in the church, the Holy Spirit considerably upset Christian congregations from the very outset. Paul struggled to restrict the anarchist elements, which are connected with the appearance of free charismata (spiritual phenomena), and, over against these, to…

Charismatic, (foaled 1996), American racehorse (Thoroughbred) who in 1999 won the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes but lost at the Belmont Stakes, ending his bid for the coveted Triple Crown of American horse racing. Charismatic was initially seen as a $200,000 disappointment, which was how

social change: Social movements: …with his concept of “charismatic leadership.” Charismatic leaders, by virtue of the extraordinary personal qualities attributed to them, are able to create a group of followers who are willing to break established rules. Examples include Jesus, Napoleon, and Hitler. In later social theory, however, the concept of charisma was…

Christianity: Other Protestant churches: Pentecostal and Charismatic churches, which profess to return to the primitive church and subordinate liturgy to the direct experience of the Holy Spirit, were among the fastest-growing forms of Christianity by the early 21st century. Christian Science (formally the Church of Christ, Scientist) combines Christian teachings with…

charismatic megafauna, in ecology and conservation, a term used to identify popular, attractive, and well-known animals commonly used by conservation groups to generate public funding for conservation efforts. Although such animals tend to be large, they may be smaller animals that have broad

charismatic megafauna, in ecology and conservation, a term used to identify popular, attractive, and well-known animals commonly used by conservation groups to generate public funding for conservation efforts. Although such animals tend to be large, they may be smaller animals that have broad

Cyd Charisse was an American dancer and actress known for her glamorous looks and sensual technically flawless dancing in 1950s movie musicals. Most notable were her appearances with actor Gene Kelly in the highly acclaimed musical film Singin’ in the Rain (1952) and with actor Fred Astaire in the

Charitable giving can have a twofold impact, with a gift for your favorite nonprofit organization and a potential tax break for you. In 2021, Americans’ charitable giving totaled $484.85 billion, a 4% increase over 2020, according to Giving USA, which tracks how various groups donate to charity.

charity fraud: …of fraud that occurs when charitable organizations that solicit funds from the public for philanthropic goals, such as seeking cures for diseases or aiding the families of slain police officers, solicit donations in a deceptive manner or use the monies that they collect for purposes not intended by the donors.…

A charitable remainder trust (CRT) can be a good solution for people who need retirement income but also want to support their favorite nonprofit organization. Often considered a vehicle for high-net-worth individuals, charitable remainder trusts can also benefit people who have concentrated wealth

income tax: Personal deductions: …deduction of contributions to religious, charitable, educational, and cultural organizations is usually found in the encouragement of socially desirable activities rather than in any allowance for differences in taxable capacity. The contributions that qualify for this deduction vary from country to country, and total charitable contributions are usually limited to…

Grace, in Greek religion, one of a group of goddesses of fertility. The name refers to the “pleasing” or “charming” appearance of a fertile field or garden. The number of Graces varied in different legends, but usually there were three: Aglaia (Brightness), Euphrosyne (Joyfulness), and Thalia

Chariton was a Greek novelist, author of Chaereas and Callirhoë, probably the earliest fully extant romantic novel in Western literature. The romances of Chariton and of Achilles Tatius are the only ones preserved in a number of ancient papyri. The complex but clearly narrated plot concerns a

charity, in Christian thought, the highest form of love, signifying the reciprocal love between God and man that is made manifest in unselfish love of one’s fellow men. St. Paul’s classical description of charity is found in the New Testament (I Cor. 13). In Christian theology and ethics, charity

charity fraud: …of fraud that occurs when charitable organizations that solicit funds from the public for philanthropic goals, such as seeking cures for diseases or aiding the families of slain police officers, solicit donations in a deceptive manner or use the monies that they collect for purposes not intended by the donors.…

seven deadly sins: virtues of (1) humility, (2) charity, (3) chastity, (4) gratitude, (5) temperance, (6) patience, and (7) diligence.

charity fraud, type of fraud that occurs when charitable organizations that solicit funds from the public for philanthropic goals, such as seeking cures for diseases or aiding the families of slain police officers, solicit donations in a deceptive manner or use the monies that they collect for