Luis Buñuel: Life and work: …discret de la bourgeoisie (1972; The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie); and Cet obscur objet du désir (1977; That Obscure Object of Desire)—all trade in Buñuel’s first and only real belief system, surrealism. In this world, society rests precariously on a swamp of repression and suppressed violence from which, periodically,…

Paul Valéry: …de vers anciens, 1890–1900 and Charmes ou poèmes, a collection that includes his famous meditation on death in the cemetery at Sète (where he now lies buried).

Plato: Early dialogues of Plato: In the Charmides, Socrates discusses temperance and self-knowledge with Critias and Charmides; at the fictional early date of the dialogue, Charmides is still a promising youth. The dialogue moves from an account in terms of behaviour (“temperance is a kind of quietness”) to an attempt to specify…

Plato: Life: …mother’s close relatives Critias and Charmides were among the Thirty Tyrants who seized power in Athens and ruled briefly until the restoration of democracy in 403.

Charminar, historic monument located at the heart of Hyderabad, west-central Telangana state, south-central India. The city, which is the capital of Telangana state, was also the capital of the historic princely state of Hyderabad. The monument was built in 1591 by Muḥammad Qulī Quṭb Shah, the

Kelsey Grammer: …cast as a congressman in Charming the Hearts of Men (2020), a romantic drama set in the 1960s. His films from 2021 included The Space Between, about an aging rock star.

Charnay Fibula, curved silver ornament, dating from the mid-6th century, that bears a runic inscription. The Fibula, a type of clasp, was discovered around 1857 in Burgundy, Fr. Its inscription consists of a horizontal line using the first 20 characters of the runic alphabet and two vertical lines

Claude-Joseph-Désiré Charnay was a French explorer and archaeologist, noted for his pioneering investigations of prehistoric Mexico and Central America. He was commissioned by the French government in 1857 and spent four years collecting relics in Mexico and compiling a photographic archive of the

Jule Gregory Charney was an American meteorologist who contributed to the development of numerical weather prediction and to increased understanding of the general circulation of the atmosphere by devising a series of increasingly sophisticated mathematical models of the atmosphere. Shortly after

Psychology Today: , by psychologist Nicholas Charney.

Longmyndian: …a Precambrian organism known as Charnia; these are especially prominent in the higher levels of the Maplewell Series. Similar if not identical forms are known to occur in Australia. The zoological affinities of Charnia are uncertain; opinions have ranged from including the form in the Coelenterata (corals, hydras, and jellyfish)…

Longmyndian: …rocks, collectively known as the Charnian, consist largely of volcanic rocks (most prominent in the Maplewell Series and least in the Brand Series) and of sedimentary conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and slates.

Job Charnock was a controversial administrator in the British East India Company who is credited with establishing a British trading post at what is today Kolkata. Arriving in India in 1655/56, Charnock was stationed first at Cossimbazar, north of present-day Kolkata, and then at Patna, in Bihar,

charnockite, any member of a series of metamorphic rocks with variable chemical composition, first described from the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India and named for Job Charnock. The term is often limited to the characteristic orthopyroxene granite of the series. Charnockite occurs all over

Charnwood, borough (district), administrative county of Leicestershire, England. Nearly all of the borough belongs to the historic county of Leicestershire, except for a small area east of Wymeswold that lies in the historic county of Nottinghamshire. The borough’s name comes from Charnwood Forest,

Charnwood: The borough’s name comes from Charnwood Forest, one of the ancient forests of the Midlands.

Xavier Cugat: …fifth and last wife, singer-guitarist Charo.

Charolais, region and former county of France in southern Burgundy, consisting of the country around Charolles (in the modern département of Saône-et-Loire). Formed from the southern part of the countship of Autun, Charolais was held successively by the houses of Burgundy, Bourbon, and Armagnac

Charolais, breed of large light-coloured cattle developed in France for draft purposes but now kept for beef production and used for crossbreeding. White cattle had long been characteristic of the Charolais region; recognition of the Charolais breed began about 1775. A typical Charolais is massive

Emiland-Marie Gauthey: …of the Charolais Canal, or Canal du Centre, which united the Loire and Saône rivers in France, thus providing a water route from the Loire to the Rhône River.

Charolais, region and former county of France in southern Burgundy, consisting of the country around Charolles (in the modern département of Saône-et-Loire). Formed from the southern part of the countship of Autun, Charolais was held successively by the houses of Burgundy, Bourbon, and Armagnac

Charon, in Greek mythology, the son of Erebus and Nyx (Night), whose duty it was to ferry over the Rivers Styx and Acheron those souls of the deceased who had received the rites of burial. In payment he received the coin that was placed in the mouth of the corpse. In art, where he was first

Charon, largest moon of the dwarf planet Pluto. It was discovered telescopically on June 22, 1978, by James W. Christy and Robert S. Harrington at the U.S. Naval Observatory station in Flagstaff, Arizona. Its diameter—1,208 km (751 miles)—is a little more than half that of Pluto, and its mass is

Enguerrand Charonton was a French religious painter of the late Gothic period, famous for his “Coronation of the Virgin.” Charonton, whose career flourished in Provence from 1444 to 1466, is one of the best-documented French medieval artists. Details exist of six commissions for important

Charophyceae, class of green algae (division Chlorophyta) commonly found in fresh water. The taxonomy of the group is contentious, and the class is sometimes placed in its own division, Charophyta. Charophyceae is thought to be the closest extant group of organisms ancestral to bryophytes

Georges Charpak was a Polish-born French physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1992 for his invention of subatomic particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber. Charpak’s family moved from Poland to Paris when he was seven years old. During World War II Charpak

Emmanuelle Charpentier is a French scientist who discovered, with American biochemist Jennifer Doudna, a molecular tool known as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9. Their discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 in 2012 laid the foundation for gene editing, whereby researchers

Pierre-Auguste Renoir: Association with the Impressionists: …introduced, thanks to the publisher Georges Charpentier, to upper-middle-class society, from whom he obtained commissions for portraits, most notably of women and children.

Gustave Charpentier was a French composer best known for his opera Louise. Charpentier studied at the Lille Conservatory and later under Massenet at the Paris Conservatoire, where he won the Prix de Rome in 1887. In 1902 he founded the Conservatoire Populaire de Mimi Pinson, which became a free

Johann von Charpentier was a pioneer glaciologist, one of the first to propose the idea of the extensive movement of glaciers as geologic agencies. Charpentier was a mining engineer and an amateur naturalist and was the director of salt mines for the Canton of Vaud. He assessed the available

Marc-Antoine Charpentier was the most important French composer of his generation and the outstanding French composer of oratorios. Charpentier went to Rome in about 1667, where he is believed to have studied composition, perhaps with Giacomo Carissimi. On his return to France about three years

metallurgy: Testing mechanical properties: …test of toughness is the Charpy test, which employs a small bar of a metal with a V-shaped groove cut on one side. A large hammer is swung so as to strike the bar on the side opposite the groove. The energy absorbed in driving the hammer through the bar…

Enguerrand Charonton was a French religious painter of the late Gothic period, famous for his “Coronation of the Virgin.” Charonton, whose career flourished in Provence from 1444 to 1466, is one of the best-documented French medieval artists. Details exist of six commissions for important

Charrier coffee, (Coffea charrieriana), species of coffee plant (genus Coffea, family Rubiaceae) found in Central Africa that was the first discovered to produce caffeine-free beans (seeds). Endemic to the Bakossi Forest Reserve in western Cameroon, the plant inhabits steep rocky slopes of wet

Henri Charrière was a French criminal and prisoner in French Guiana who described a lively career of imprisonments, adventures, and escapes in an autobiography, Papillon (1969). Charrière’s nickname derived from the design of a butterfly (French: “papillon”) tattooed on his chest. As a young man he

Isabelle de Charrière was a Swiss novelist whose work anticipated early 19th-century emancipated ideas. She married her brother’s Swiss tutor and settled at Colombier near Neuchâtel. Influenced by Denis Diderot and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, she expressed views critical of aristocratic privilege, moral

Isabelle de Charrière was a Swiss novelist whose work anticipated early 19th-century emancipated ideas. She married her brother’s Swiss tutor and settled at Colombier near Neuchâtel. Influenced by Denis Diderot and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, she expressed views critical of aristocratic privilege, moral

Canadian literature: Contemporary trends: …lyricism with poets such as François Charron (Le Monde comme obstacle [1988; “The World as Obstacle”), whose themes range from politics to sexuality and spirituality. The emphasis on the personal is particularly poignant in the posthumous collection Autoportraits (1982; “Self-Portraits”) by Marie Uguay, stricken at a young age by cancer.…

Pierre Charron was a French Roman Catholic theologian and major contributor to the new thought of the 17th century. He is remembered for his controversial form of skepticism and his separation of ethics from religion as an independent philosophical discipline. After studies in law Charron turned to

Charrúa, South American Indians who inhabited the grasslands north of the Río de la Plata in a territory somewhat larger than modern Uruguay. Little is known of their language. Linguistically related groups, including the Yaró, Guenoa, Bohané, and Minuan, have also been subsumed in the generic name

Thai literature: …that emerged during this period, Chart Korbjitti (also spelled Chat Kobjitti) proved to be the most successful, both artistically and commercially. His skillfully structured short novel Chon trork (1980; “The End of the Road”), with its constant time shifts, chronicles the economic and moral descent of a decent working-class family,…

map: Nautical charts: Nautical charts are commonly large, 28 by 40 inches (70 centimetres by 1 metre) being an internationally accepted maximum size. In order that a navigator may work with them efficiently, charts must be kept with a minimum of folding in drawers in a…

parchment, the processed skins of certain animals—chiefly sheep, goats, and calves—that have been prepared for the purpose of writing on them. The name apparently derives from the ancient Greek city of Pergamum (modern Bergama, Turkey), where parchment is said to have been invented in the 2nd

Charter of 1814, French constitution issued by Louis XVIII after he became king (see Bourbon Restoration). The charter, which was revised in 1830 and remained in effect until 1848, preserved many liberties won by the French Revolution. It established a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral

Portugal: Further political strife: The chartist leaders rebelled and were exiled, but by 1842 the Septembrist front was no longer united, and António Bernardo da Costa Cabral restored the charter.

charter, a document granting certain specified rights, powers, privileges, or functions from the sovereign power of a state to an individual, corporation, city, or other unit of local organization. The most famous charter, Magna Carta (“Great Charter”), was a compact between the English king John

Czechoslovak history: Normalization and political dissidence: …signed a petition, known as Charter 77, in which they urged the government to observe human rights as outlined in the Helsinki Accords of 1975. Many intellectuals and activists who signed the petition subsequently were arrested and detained, but their efforts continued throughout the following decade. Among the victims of…

Québec Values Charter, statement of principles and subsequent legislation introduced in 2013 to Québec’s National Assembly by the ruling Parti Québécois government that sought the creation of a secular society—a society in which religion and the state would be completely separate. The result of

Charter to the Gentry, (1785) edict issued by the Russian empress Catherine II the Great that recognized the corps of nobles in each province as a legal corporate body and stated the rights and privileges bestowed upon its members. The charter accorded to the gentry of each province and county in

Charter Oath, in Japanese history, statement of principle promulgated on April 6, 1868, by the emperor Meiji after the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of direct participation in government by the imperial family. The Charter Oath opened the way for the modernization of the

Charter Oath, in Japanese history, statement of principle promulgated on April 6, 1868, by the emperor Meiji after the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of direct participation in government by the imperial family. The Charter Oath opened the way for the modernization of the

Charter of 1814, French constitution issued by Louis XVIII after he became king (see Bourbon Restoration). The charter, which was revised in 1830 and remained in effect until 1848, preserved many liberties won by the French Revolution. It established a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral

charter party, contract by which the owner of a ship lets it to others for use in transporting a cargo. The shipowner continues to control the navigation and management of the vessel, but its carrying capacity is engaged by the charterer. There are four principal methods of chartering a tramp

charter school, a publicly funded tuition-free school of choice that has greater autonomy than a traditional public school. In exchange for increased autonomy, charter schools are held accountable for improving student achievement and meeting other provisions of their charters. Charter schools are

accounting: Disclosure and auditing requirements: …in the United States and chartered accountant (CA) in the United Kingdom and many other countries with British-based accounting traditions. Their primary task is to investigate the company’s accounting data and methods carefully enough to permit them to give their opinion that the financial statements present fairly the company’s position,…

chartered company, type of corporation that evolved in the early modern era in Europe. It enjoyed certain rights and privileges and was bound by certain obligations, under a special charter granted to it by the sovereign authority of the state, such charter defining and limiting those rights,

Charterhouse, a well-known school and charitable foundation that is now in Godalming, Surrey, Eng. The name Charterhouse is a corruption of the French Chartreuse (the location of the first Carthusian monastery). The name is found in various places in England—e.g., Charterhouse in the Mendip Hills,

The Charterhouse of Parma, novel by Stendhal, published in French as La Chartreuse de Parme in 1839. It is generally considered one of Stendhal’s masterpieces, second only to The Red and the Black, and is remarkable for its highly sophisticated rendering of human psychology and its subtly drawn

Thomas Gainsborough: Early life and Suffolk period: The Charterhouse, one of his few topographical views, dates from the same year as Cornard Wood and in the subtle effect of light on various surfaces proclaims Dutch influence. In the background to Mr. and Mrs. Andrews, he anticipates the realism of the great English landscapist…

charter party: …are four principal methods of chartering a tramp ship—voyage charter, time charter, bareboat charter, and “lump-sum” contract. The voyage charter is the most common. Under this method a ship is chartered for a one-way voyage between specific ports with a specified cargo at a negotiated rate of freight. On time…

Leslie Charteris was an author of highly popular mystery-adventure novels and creator of Simon Templar, better known as “the Saint” and sometimes called the “Robin Hood of modern crime.” From 1928, some 50 novels and collections of stories about “the Saint” were published; translations existed in

Russia: Government administration under Catherine: …corporate self-administration contained in the Charters to the Nobility and the Towns (1785). Essentially, the reforms divided the empire’s territory into provinces of roughly equal population; the division paid heed to military considerations. Each of these units (guberniya) was put under the supervision and responsibility of a governor or governor-general…

Charters Towers, city, northeastern Queensland, Australia, in the upper Burdekin River basin. It is located about 635 miles (1,020 km) northwest of Brisbane. The town was founded after a the discovery of gold in a stream by an Aboriginal boy, Jupiter Mosman, in 1871, and the population of Charters

Alain Chartier was a French poet and political writer whose didactic, elegant, and Latinate style was regarded as a model by succeeding generations of poets and prose writers. Educated at the University of Paris, Chartier entered the royal service, acting as secretary and notary to both Charles VI

Alain was a French philosopher whose work profoundly influenced several generations of readers. Graduating in philosophy, he taught at lycées in a number of towns, including Rouen, where he became involved in politics and began contributing a daily short article of 600 words to a Radical newspaper.

hydrography, the art and science of compiling and producing charts, or maps, of water-covered areas of Earth’s surface. A brief treatment of hydrography follows. For full treatment, see map and surveying: Hydrography. The terms hydrography and hydrographer are based on an analogy with geography and

Thomas Carlyle: London: In Chartism (1840) he appeared as a bitter opponent of conventional economic theory, but the radical-progressive and the reactionary elements were curiously blurred and mingled. With the publication of On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841) his reverence for strength, particularly when combined with…

Chartism, British working-class movement for parliamentary reform named after the People’s Charter, a bill drafted by the London radical William Lovett in May 1838. It contained six demands: universal manhood suffrage, equal electoral districts, vote by ballot, annually elected Parliaments, payment

Place de la Concorde, public square in central Paris, situated on the right bank of the Seine between the Tuileries Gardens and the western terminus of the Champs-Élysées. It was intended to glorify King Louis XV, though during the French Revolution various royals, including Louis XVI, were

Chartres, town, capital of Eure-et-Loir département, Centre région, northwestern France, southwest of Paris. The town is built on the left bank of the Eure River, and the spires of its famous cathedral are a landmark on the plain of Beauce. Wide boulevards, bordered by elms, encircle the old town

Chartres Cathedral, Gothic cathedral located in the town of Chartres, northwestern France. Generally ranked as one of the three chief examples of Gothic French architecture (along with Amiens Cathedral and Reims Cathedral), it is noted not only for its architectural innovations but also for its

Nicholas Of Clémanges: At the Council of Chartres in 1421, he defended the freedom of the Gallican church, and in 1432 he returned to his teaching career at the College of Navarre.

Louis-Philippe, duke d’Orléans was the son of Duke Louis. He was appointed lieutenant general in 1744 and governor of Dauphiné in 1747. Having served with distinction from 1742 to 1757, he lived in seclusion and devoted himself to the theatre, patronizing actors and musicians. After his first wife

Saint Ivo of Chartres ; feast day May 23) was the bishop of Chartres who was regarded as the most learned canonist of his age. Of noble birth, Ivo became prior of the canons regular of St. Quentin, Beauvais (c. 1078), and in 1090 Pope Urban II confirmed his election as bishop of Chartres. He was

Louis-Philippe-Joseph, duc d’Orléans was a Bourbon prince who became a supporter of popular democracy during the Revolution of 1789. The cousin of King Louis XVI (ruled 1774–92) and the son of Louis-Philippe (later duc d’Orléans), he became duc de Chartres in 1752 and succeeded to his father’s

Philippe II, duc d’Orléans was the regent of France for the young king Louis XV from 1715 to 1723. The son of Philippe I, duc d’Orléans, and Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Philippe d’Orléans was known as the duc de Chartres during his father’s lifetime. Although he served with the French

Western philosophy: Bernard de Clairvaux and Abelard: During the same period the School of Chartres, attached to the famous Chartres Cathedral near Paris, was the focus of Christian Neoplatonism and humanism.

Dauphiné: The liqueur of Chartreuse is distilled by the monks of La Grande Chartreuse, the motherhouse of the Carthusian order, near Grenoble. The liqueur is said to be made from more than 130 different plants; the formula dates from the 16th century. The patois of Dauphiné shows Provençal influence…

The Charterhouse of Parma, novel by Stendhal, published in French as La Chartreuse de Parme in 1839. It is generally considered one of Stendhal’s masterpieces, second only to The Red and the Black, and is remarkable for its highly sophisticated rendering of human psychology and its subtly drawn

Chartwell, country house near Westerham, Kent, England, that from 1922 until shortly before his death in 1965 was the country home of British statesman Sir Winston Churchill. The house, the oldest walls of which date from Tudor times, was named for a nearby spring. Winston and Clementine Churchill

Satyajit Ray: Adaptations of works by Rabindranath Tagore: Among such works, Charulata (1964; The Lonely Wife), a tragic love triangle set within a wealthy, Western-influenced Bengali family in 1879, is perhaps Ray’s most accomplished film. Teen Kanya (1961; “Three Daughters,” English-language title Two Daughters) is a varied trilogy of short films about women, while Ghare Baire (1984; The…

Charon, in Greek mythology, the son of Erebus and Nyx (Night), whose duty it was to ferry over the Rivers Styx and Acheron those souls of the deceased who had received the rites of burial. In payment he received the coin that was placed in the mouth of the corpse. In art, where he was first

Charvaka, a philosophical Indian school of materialists who rejected the notion of an afterworld, karma, liberation (moksha), the authority of the sacred scriptures, the Vedas, and the immortality of the self. Of the recognized means of knowledge (pramana), the Charvaka recognized only direct

Charwe was one of the major spiritual leaders of African resistance to white rule during the late 19th century in what is now Zimbabwe. She was considered to be a medium of Nehanda, a female Shona mhondoro (powerful and revered ancestral spirit). Charwe was born among the Shona people, one of

Buddhism: Origins: …groups of tantras (the Kriya-tantra, Charya-tantra, Yoga-tantra, and Anuttarayoga-tantra) that are compared with the fourfold phases of courtship (the exchange of glances, a pleasing or encouraging smile, the holding of hands, and consummation in the sexual act). The first stage involves external ritual acts, and the second combines these outward…

whirlpool: …oceanic whirlpools include those of Garofalo (supposedly the Charybdis of ancient legend), along the coast of Calabria in southern Italy, and of Messina, in the strait between Sicily and peninsular Italy. The Maelstrom (from Dutch for “whirling stream”) located near the Lofoten Islands, off the coast of Norway, and whirlpools…

Scylla and Charybdis, in Greek mythology, two immortal and irresistible monsters who beset the narrow waters traversed by the hero Odysseus in his wanderings described in Homer’s Odyssey, Book XII. They were later localized in the Strait of Messina. Scylla was a supernatural female creature, with

Ob River: Physiography: receiving the Peschanaya, Anuy, and Charysh rivers from the left; in this reach, the river has low banks of alluvium, a bed studded with islands and shoals, and an average gradient of 1 foot per mile (20 cm per km). From the Charysh confluence the upper Ob flows northward on…

Khasavyurt, city and centre of Khasavyurt rayon (sector), Dagestan republic, southwestern Russia. It lies along the Yaryksu River in a cotton-growing area, with cotton-ginning and fruit- and vegetable-canning industries. Agricultural and teacher-training colleges are in the city. Pop. (2006 est.)

printing: Improvements after Gutenberg: …later, innovators added a double-hinged chase consisting of a frisket, a piece of parchment cut out to expose only the actual text itself and so to prevent ink spotting the nonprinted areas of the paper, and a tympan, a layer of a soft, thick fabric to improve the regularity of…

Eddie Cantor: …Cantor turned to radio with The Chase and Sanborn Hour in September 1931. Performing as a standup comedian, he used his vaudeville experience to outstanding effect and combined the expression of patriotism and personal values with humour; audiences responded enthusiastically. With changes of name, the show continued for 18 years…

construction: Use of steel and other metals: In 1961 the 60-story Chase Manhattan Bank Building, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, had a standard steel frame with rigid portal wind bracing, which required 275 kilograms of steel per square meter (55 pounds of steel per square foot), nearly the same as the Empire State Building of…

The Chase Manhattan Corporation, former American holding company that merged with J.P. Morgan & Co. in 2000 to form J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. The firm originated in the final days of the 18th century. On April 2, 1799, at the urging of such civic leaders as Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton (later

The Chase Manhattan Corporation: The Chase National Bank was organized September 12, 1877, by John Thompson (1802–91), who named the bank in honour of the late U.S. Treasury secretary Salmon P. Chase. (Thompson had earlier helped found the First National Bank, a predecessor of Citibank and, later, CitiGroup.) Chase…

Sir Walter Scott: His first published work, The Chase, and William and Helen (1796), was a translation of two ballads by the German Romantic balladeer G.A. Bürger. A poor translation of Goethe’s Götz von Berlichingen followed in 1799. Scott’s interest in border ballads finally bore fruit in his collection of them entitled…

Fred Astaire: Later musicals: Easter Parade, Royal Wedding, and The Band Wagon: …to dance with new partner Barrie Chase for several Emmy Award-winning television specials throughout the 1950s and ’60s, and he danced again on-screen in Finian’s Rainbow (1968) and for a few steps with Gene Kelly in That’s Entertainment, Part II (1976).

Chevy Chase is an American comedian, writer, and actor who first gained fame on the influential sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live (SNL), where he showcased his trademark deadpan delivery and skill at physical comedy. He later found success in such films as Caddyshack (1980) and the National

Chevy Chase is an American comedian, writer, and actor who first gained fame on the influential sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live (SNL), where he showcased his trademark deadpan delivery and skill at physical comedy. He later found success in such films as Caddyshack (1980) and the National

The Sopranos: Created and written by David Chase, The Sopranos aired for six seasons (1999–2007) on HBO and earned an international following as a result of its broadcasts abroad.

Elizabeth Anne Chase Akers Allen was an American journalist and poet, remembered chiefly for her sentimental poem “Rock Me to Sleep,” which found especial popularity during the Civil War. Elizabeth Chase grew up in Farmington, Maine, where she attended Farmington Academy (later Maine State Teachers