disparate impact: Evolution of disparate impact theory: …year the Supreme Court, in Dothard v. Rawlinson (1977), addressed Title VII’s “bona fide occupational qualification” exception in sex-discrimination cases. Here a class of women challenged a state’s height and weight requirements for prison guards at male correctional facilities. The requirements excluded approximately 40 percent of all women but only…

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Dothideales Forms lichens; asci borne in clusters in a locule; included in subclass Dothideomycetidae; example genera include Dothidea, Dothiora, Sydowia, and Stylodothis. Order Hysteriales Found on woody branches of trees; stroma is boat-shaped, opening by a longitudinal slit that renders it apothecium-like; asci borne

fungus: Annotated classification: Class Dothideomycetes Pathogenic, endophytic, or epiphytic on plants, saprotrophic in soil, parasitic on fungi and animals, or symbiotic with algae to form lichens; spores undergo ascolocular development (in special hyphae pockets); includes subclasses Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae; contains 10 orders. Order Capnodiales (sooty molds

Explore other Botanize! episodes and read more about dodder and other parasitic plants. Hello, and welcome to this episode of Botanize! I’m your host, Melissa Petruzzello, Encyclopædia Britannica’s plant and environmental science editor. Thanks for joining in. Today we’re going to be talking about

Joe Adonis was a major American crime-syndicate boss in New York and New Jersey. Born near Naples, Adonis came to America as a child and in the 1920s became a follower of Lucky Luciano. He was one of the assassins of crime czar Giuseppe Masseria in 1931, leading to Luciano’s supremacy in organized

Ōsaka-Kōbe metropolitan area: Street patterns: Dotombori, at the south end of Shinsaibashi-suji, is a crowded theatre and restaurant area.

Christian Dotremont was a Belgian poet and energetic cultural figure who is probably best known as one of the founders of the experimental art group, COBRA. Dotremont was influenced by late 1930s Belgian Surrealism. While in Paris during World War II, he cofounded the group La Main à Plume,

Hiroshi Nakajima: …approach to tuberculosis treatment, the directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS), which had been shown to increase cure rates in India. DOTS required that doctors observe patients while the patients took prescribed tuberculosis medications. It also required the active participation of individual governments and demanded political commitment and government financing for…

When the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) announces changes to the Fed funds rate target, we all know how significantly it can sway the market’s direction. You want to be on the right side of that movement. Perhaps that’s why the cardinal rule,“Don’t fight the Fed,” remains etched across the

sedimentary rock: Classification of sandstones: …that of the American petrologist Robert H. Dott (1964), which is based on the concepts of P.D. Krynine and F.J. Pettijohn. Another popular classification is that of R.L. Folk (1974). Although these classifications were not intended to have tectonic significance, the relative proportions of quartz, feldspar, and fragments are good…

printmaking: Dotted print (criblé): A traditional technique of the goldsmith long before engraving for printing purposes was developed, criblé was also used to make the earliest metal prints on paper. Criblé was a method of dotting the plate with a hand punch; with punch and hammer; with a…

printmaking: Dotted print (criblé): A traditional technique of the goldsmith long before engraving for printing purposes was developed, criblé was also used to make the earliest metal prints on paper. Criblé was a method of dotting the plate with a hand punch; with punch and hammer; with a…

dotterel, any of several species of birds of the plover family, Charadriidae (order Charadriiformes), especially the Eurasian dotterel (Eudromias morinellus). The Eurasian dotterel is mottled brown above, with a broad, white eye stripe and a narrow, white band separating its breast, which is gray,

28 Notable Women Cricketers: Deandra Dottin: Deandra Dottin is a Barbadian all-rounder who plays for the West Indies women’s cricket team. She is known for her explosive batting and in 2010 scored the first century in women’s T20I cricket, reaching the mark off a mere 38 balls, a world…

Dottore, stock character of the Italian theatrical form known as the commedia dell’arte, who was a loquacious caricature of pedantic learning. The Dottore’s professional affiliation was imprecise. He was at times a legal scholar, ready with advice for any occasion, whose bungled and inept courtroom

Madison: It was founded by James Duane Doty, a former federal district judge and a land speculator who held large holdings in the area, in 1836 (a year of frenzied land speculation in the newly created Territory of Wisconsin) and was named for President James Madison, who had died that…

Chinese architecture: The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 bce): …showing a spreading block (dou) placed upon a column to support the beam above more broadly, and in depictions of curved arms (gong) attached near the top of the columns, parallel to the building wall, extending outward and up to help support the beam; however, the block and arms…

dou, type of ancient Chinese bronze vessel used to contain food. The dou is usually a circular bowl supported on a short stem rising from a flaring base. The rim has two ring-shaped handles at opposite sides of the bowl, and another shallow bowl serves as a lid. While there may be a predecessor

China: Foreign affairs under Yangdi: … in the area around Luoyang, Dou Jiande in the northeast, Xue Ju in the far northwest, and Li Yuan (who remained nominally loyal but had established a local position of great power) in Shanxi. At the beginning of 617, Li Yuan inflicted a great defeat on the eastern Turks and…

Ban Gu: …the staff of the general Dou Xian and accompanied him in successful campaigns against the northern Xiongnu tribes. The following victory inscription composed by Ban Gu was carved in stone some 1,000 miles (1,600 km) beyond the frontier:

Chinese literature: Drama: His Dou’e yuan (“Injustice Suffered by Dou’e”) deals with the deprivations and injustices suffered by the heroine, Dou’e, which begin when she is widowed shortly after her marriage to a poor scholar and culminate in her execution for a crime she has not committed. Wang Shifu,…

Gerrit Dou was a Dutch Baroque painter, leading artist of the school of Leiden, especially known for his domestic genre paintings and portraits. Dou was first trained by his father, a glazier and glass engraver. From 1628 to 1631 he studied with Rembrandt, adopting the master’s choice of subject

Gerrit Dou was a Dutch Baroque painter, leading artist of the school of Leiden, especially known for his domestic genre paintings and portraits. Dou was first trained by his father, a glazier and glass engraver. From 1628 to 1631 he studied with Rembrandt, adopting the master’s choice of subject

Douai, town, northern France, in the Nord département, Hauts-de-France région. It is situated in flat country on the Scarpe River, 24 miles (39 km) south of Lille and 13 miles southwest of the Belgian border. Douai was once a coal-mining centre with related chemical and engineering works; now its

Philippe-Antoine, Count Merlin was one of the foremost jurists of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods. As a deputy for the town of Douai in the revolutionary Constituent Assembly of 1789, he was instrumental in the passage of important legislation abolishing feudal and seignorial

Douai-Reims Bible, English translation of the Latin Vulgate Bible produced by Roman Catholic scholars in exile from England at the English College in Douai (then in the Spanish Netherlands but later part of France). The New Testament translation was published in 1582 at Reims, where the English

Douala, city and chief port of Cameroon. It is situated on the southeastern shore of the Wouri River estuary, on the Atlantic Ocean coast about 130 miles (210 km) west of Yaoundé. Douala served as the capital of the German Kamerun protectorate from 1884 to 1902. It again served as the capital of

Duala, Bantu-speaking people of the forest region of southern Cameroon living on the estuary of the Wouri River. By 1800 the Duala controlled Cameroon’s trade with Europeans, and their concentrated settlement pattern developed under this influence. Their system of chieftaincy was partly founded on

Henri Rousseau was a French painter who is considered the archetype of the modern naive artist. He is known for his richly colored and meticulously detailed pictures of lush jungles, wild beasts, and exotic figures. After exhibiting with the Fauves in 1905, he gained the admiration of avant-garde

Douarnenez, town, Finistère département, Bretagne (Brittany) région, northwestern France. It lies at the mouth of Pouldavid Estuary on Douarnenez Bay of the Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the city of Quimper. Douarnenez is associated in Breton folklore with the legendary city of Ys, which was

Douai, town, northern France, in the Nord département, Hauts-de-France région. It is situated in flat country on the Scarpe River, 24 miles (39 km) south of Lille and 13 miles southwest of the Belgian border. Douai was once a coal-mining centre with related chemical and engineering works; now its

The Best Movies of All Time: The popular: IMDb and Douban: …at the top-rated films on Douban, a Chinese site for rating and discussing movies, books, and music. However, the influence of Hollywood is still very much present, with only one Chinese movie making the top 10.

baseball: Getting on base: …to reach first base; the double, in which the batter reaches second; the triple, which sees the runner reach third base; and the home run, a hit that enables the batter to circle all the bases and score a run. A fair ball that flies over the outfield fence is…

acrostic: Double acrostics are puzzles constructed so that not only the initial letters of the lines but in some cases also the middle or last letters form words. In the United States, the Double Crostic puzzle, devised by Elizabeth Kingsley for the Saturday Review in 1934,…

small arm: Revolvers: …ejection of spent cartridges and double-action cocking. By linking the trigger to the hammer-cocking and cylinder-revolving mechanisms, double action permitted a pistol to be fired with a simple pull of the trigger. This mechanism was first introduced on a cap-and-ball revolver, the English Beaumont-Adams of 1855, but it was quickly…

Aldrich Ames: …one of the most successful double agents for the Soviet Union and Russia.

asteroid: Spacecraft exploration: The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission was the first experiment in planetary defense, the possible redirection of a dangerous asteroid away from a collision with Earth. On September 26, 2022, DART collided with the asteroid Dimorphos, which orbits the larger asteroid Didymos. Dimorphos orbited Didymos…

double bass, stringed musical instrument, the lowest-pitched member of the orchestra, sounding an octave lower than the cello. It has two basic designs—one shaped like a viol (or viola da gamba) and the other like a violin—but there are other designs, such as that of a guitar. It varies

covalent bond: …double lines (=) indicate a double bond between two atoms (i.e., involving two electron pairs), and triple lines (≡) represent a triple bond, as found, for example, in carbon monoxide (C≡O). Single bonds consist of one sigma (σ) bond, double bonds have one σ and one pi (π) bond, and…

horsemanship: Bits: The double bridle is used for advanced schooling. It consists of a jointed snaffle and a straight bit placed together in the mouth, first the snaffle, then the bit, both functioning independently and attached to separate reins. The mouthpiece of the bit can have a port…

coronary artery bypass: …though in the case of double bypass surgery one of the internal mammary arteries, which supply blood to the chest wall, can be diverted to supply the heart muscle. In some instances a vein from the wrist may be used.

Anglican chant: The double chant (two successive verses set to different melodic formulas) traditionally dates from about 1700, but Robert Crowley’s psalter (1549) contains what is virtually the same thing. Triple and even quadruple forms also exist.

coco de mer, (Lodoicea maldivica), native palm of the Seychelles Islands in the Indian Ocean. The flowers are borne in enormous fleshy spadices (spikes), the male and female on distinct plants. Coco de mer fruits, among the largest known, take about 10 years to ripen; they have a fleshy and fibrous

Bohuslav Martinů: The Double Concerto for two string orchestras (1940) is a powerful work expressing Czech suffering after the partition of Czechoslovakia (1938). His Memorial to Lidice (1943) is a short symphonic poem commemorating Czechs killed by the Nazis during their destruction of the village of Lidice in…

Elliott Carter: The Double Concerto for harpsichord, piano, and two chamber orchestras (1961), which won rare praise from Igor Stravinsky, displayed Carter’s interest in unusual instrumentation and canonic texture (based on melodic imitation). The conflict generated between the two orchestral groups and the great difficulty of the concerto…

extradition: Another common principle is double criminality, which stipulates that the alleged crime for which extradition is being sought must be criminal in both the demanding and the requested countries. Under the principle of specificity, the demanding state can prosecute the extraditee only for the offense for which the extradition…

origins of agriculture: Maize, or corn: The double cross was the basic technique used in developing modern hybrid maize and has been used by commercial firms since. Jones’s invention was to use four inbred lines instead of two in crossing. Simply, inbred lines A and B made one cross, lines C and…

origins of agriculture: Maize, or corn: The double cross was the basic technique used in developing modern hybrid maize and has been used by commercial firms since. Jones’s invention was to use four inbred lines instead of two in crossing. Simply, inbred lines A and B made one cross, lines C and…

acrostic: In the United States, the Double Crostic puzzle, devised by Elizabeth Kingsley for the Saturday Review in 1934, had an acrostic in the answers to the clues giving the author and title of a literary work; the letters, keyed by number to blanks like those of a crossword puzzle, spelled…

wind instrument: The Renaissance: …its bass (sometimes called the double curtal in England and the Choristfagott in Germany) soon became the most important size, particularly at the beginning of the Baroque period, when it was needed for a bass whenever higher winds were scored. German church composers of the 17th century normally used the…

double dactyls, a light-verse form consisting of eight lines of two dactyls each, arranged in two stanzas. The first line of the poem must be a jingle, often “Higgledy-piggledy,” “Jiggery-pokery,” or “Pocketa-pocketa”; the second line must be a name; and the last lines of each stanza are truncated

Alex Trebek: Jeopardy!: …such game shows as CBS’s Double Dare (1976–77) and The $128,000 Question (1977–78) and NBC’s The New High Rollers (1979–80).

optics: Filtering: Maréchal gave the descriptive title double diffraction to this type of two-lens system.

organometallic compound: Double displacement: The synthesis of organometallic compounds by double displacement involves organometallic (MR) and binary halide (EX, where E is a metal or metalloid and X is a halogen) starting materials. It provides a convenient synthetic procedure that is widely used in the laboratory and…

double Dutch, children’s game in which the player must time jumps between two jump ropes twirling in opposite directions. In the 1930s, during the Depression era, children often jumped rope because the game required only a used clothesline to be played. By the late 1950s, however, a number of

Yinka Shonibare: In paintings such as Double Dutch (1994), he created a large work by painting a rectangle on a wall and placing on it a grid of several small stretchers covered with the Dutch wax-printed fabric ubiquitous in his art. He then began using these textiles to create costumes in…

Irving Cummings: …he made the strained comedy Double Dynamite, starring Jane Russell, Frank Sinatra, and Groucho Marx. Cummings subsequently retired from directing.

Maxie Anderson: …to the building of the Double Eagle II. On August 11 it was launched from Presque Isle, Maine, and landed near Miserey, France, on August 17.

Ben L. Abruzzo: …nonstop balloon flight, in the Double Eagle V.

ethics: Natural law ethics: …situation in which the so-called doctrine of double effect would apply. If a pregnant woman, for example, is found to have a cancerous uterus, the doctrine of double effect allows a doctor to remove it, notwithstanding the fact that such action would kill the fetus. This allowance is made not…

Double Falsehood, tragicomedy in five acts presented by Lewis Theobald at Drury Lane Theatre in 1727. According to Theobald, it was based on a lost play by William Shakespeare (and, scholars now believe, John Fletcher) called Cardenio. The play was probably first performed (as Cardenio) in 1613,

Double Falsehood, tragicomedy in five acts presented by Lewis Theobald at Drury Lane Theatre in 1727. According to Theobald, it was based on a lost play by William Shakespeare (and, scholars now believe, John Fletcher) called Cardenio. The play was probably first performed (as Cardenio) in 1613,

John Lennon: The Beatles breakup, solo career, and marriage to Yoko Ono: … (1970) through his half of Double Fantasy (1980)—reflects Ono’s belief in art without artifice. Whether or not they actually eschewed artifice, that was one impression they strove to create.

History of film: The Hollywood studio system: The double feature, an attraction introduced in the early 1930s to counter the Depression-era box-office slump, was the standard form of exhibition for about 15 years. The larger studios were, for the most part, not interested in producing B movies for double bills, because, unlike the…

double fertilization, in flowering plant reproduction, the fusion of the egg and sperm and the simultaneous fusion of a second sperm and two polar nuclei that ultimately results in the formation of the endosperm (the food-storage tissue) of the seed. This is called double fertilization because the

Dragon Boat Festival, prominent and festive Chinese holiday that originated at least 1,500 years ago and features dragon boat races and rice dumplings. It is one of the three “festivals of the living,” along with the Chinese New Year and the Mid-Autumn Festival. Known as Duanwu Jie in Mandarin and

Asteraceae: Flowers: These “double-flowered” forms do not survive competition in nature, but they are valued and perpetuated horticulturally because of their showier flower heads. The “daisy-flowered” chrysanthemums, with only a single marginal row of ray flowers, have the normal type of radiate head, but the more commonly cultivated…

fugue: Varieties of the fugue: In a double fugue two subjects may receive simultaneous exposition; the result is similar to a simple fugue with a countersubject, as is the case in the opening chorus of Bach’s St. Matthew Passion, BWV 244 (1727; Passio secundum Matthaeum). More often, in a double fugue the…

art conservation and restoration: Glass and other vitreous materials: Double-glazing can be quite successful in some instances for protecting stained-glass windows from the damaging effects of exterior (and even interior) environments. The process involves placing a clear pane of glass over the original stained glass with a suitable space for air circulation to prevent…

harp: , the double harp, with two rows of strings, and the Welsh triple harp, with three rows. They also include the chromatic harp, invented in the late 19th century by the Pleyel firm of Paris, with two crossing sets of strings (like an X), and its U.S.…

James Watson: …a molecular model for DNA—a double helix, which can be likened to a spiraling staircase or a twisting ladder. The DNA double helix consists of two intertwined sugar-phosphate chains, with the flat base pairs forming the steps between them. Watson and Crick’s model also shows how the DNA molecule could…

James Watson: He later wrote The Double Helix (1968), an informal personal account of the DNA discovery and the roles of the people involved in it, which aroused some controversy.

hernia: …bilaterally, it is called a double hernia. A femoral hernia lies on the inner side of the large femoral blood vessels of the thigh. An umbilical hernia protrudes through the navel.

Canadian literature: Modern period, 1900–60: Sheila Watson’s enigmatic and mythic The Double Hook (1959) and Ethel Wilson’s Swamp Angel (1954), about a Vancouver housewife’s bid for personal freedom, present quest journeys against the striking backdrop of British Columbia’s interior. Elizabeth Smart’s incantatory novel By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept (1945) is a…

tanker: …but the smallest ships have double hulls or some suitable equivalent. (In a double-hulled ship, the sides and bottom consist of two layers separated by a space sufficient to reduce the chance that an incident breaching one layer will breach the other.) After 1996 all new tankers were delivered with…

origins of agriculture: Maize, or corn: The double cross was the basic technique used in developing modern hybrid maize and has been used by commercial firms since. Jones’s invention was to use four inbred lines instead of two in crossing. Simply, inbred lines A and B made one cross, lines C and…

Double Indemnity, American film noir, released in 1944, that was considered the quintessential movie of its genre. It followed the time-honoured noir plotline of a man undone by an evil woman. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) The film was adapted by director Billy

James M. Cain: …were made from his novels: Double Indemnity (1936; film 1944), Mildred Pierce (1941; film 1945, TV miniseries 2011), and The Postman Always Rings Twice (1934; stage version 1936, films 1946, 1981).

insurance: Special riders: Under the double indemnity rider, if death occurs through accident, the insurance payable is double the face amount.

hand tool: Plane: Now called the double iron, it is a feature of all but the smallest of modern planes.

Tommy Lee Jones: …convicted murderer (Ashley Judd) in Double Jeopardy (1999) and as a man attempting to find his kidnapped granddaughter in the western The Missing (2003). He then directed and starred in the grim drama The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (2005), which traces the efforts of a rancher to return the…

double jeopardy, in law, protection against the use by the state of certain multiple forms of prosecution. In general, in countries observing the rule of double jeopardy, a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime based on the same conduct. If a person robs a bank, that individual cannot

knitting: Double knits are heavy and firm and rarely run. They are produced only by machine, with a variation of the rib stitch, the interlock stitch, employing two yarns and two sets of needles, with loops drawn through from both directions.

hazardous-waste management: Secure landfills: The double leachate collection system consists of a network of perforated pipes placed above each liner. The upper system prevents the accumulation of leachate trapped in the fill, and the lower serves as a backup. Collected leachate is pumped to a treatment plant. In order to…

Krzysztof Kieślowski: …Double Vie de Véronique (1991; The Double Life of Veronique) came commercial as well as critical success. This moody, atmospheric film is the study of two doppelgängers—one French, one Polish—who, in addition to sharing the same name, share the same birthday, heart condition, and a vague sense of the existence…

A Double Life, American drama film, released in 1947, that is notable for Ronald Colman’s Academy Award-winning portrayal of an unstable stage actor. Colman played Anthony John, an acclaimed star of the theatre who takes on the persona of the role he is currently playing. Thus, he can be

W. H. Auden: Life: …songs and topical verse, and The Double Man (containing “New Year Letter,” which provided the title of the British edition; 1941) embodies his position on the verge of commitment to Christianity. The beliefs and attitudes that are basic to all of Auden’s work after 1940 are defined in three long…

Franklin J. Schaffner: Less popular was The Double Man (1967), an espionage drama with Yul Brynner in a dual role as an American and an East German spy.

formal logic: Logical manipulations in LPC: Similarly, because the law of double negation permits the deletion of a pair of consecutive negation signs, ∼(∃x) may be replaced by (∀x)∼, and ∼(∀x) by (∃x)∼.

Western painting: Land art: Michael Heizer’s Double Negative (1969–70) involved the removal of thousands of tons of earth in order to produce two “cuts” that faced each other across the chasm of the Mormon Mesa in Nevada. Bulgarian-born artist Christo and Jeanne-Claude, his Moroccan-born wife, specialized throughout the 1960s and ’70s…

inertial guidance system: Double numerical integration, combining the measured accelerations and the instantaneous turning rates, allows the computer to determine the craft’s current velocity and position and to guide it along the desired trajectory.

Margaret Atwood: Poetry: In her early poetry collections, Double Persephone (1961), The Circle Game (1964, revised in 1966), and The Animals in That Country (1968), Atwood ponders human behavior, celebrates the natural world, and condemns materialism. She continued to write poetry alongside her fiction output. Her 16th collection, Dearly, was published in 2020.…

baseball: The force play: …outs on one play, a double play. Although double plays can be initiated by force outs at home or third base, the second-to-first double play is the most common form.

predestination: …extreme is the notion of double predestination, commonly identified with Calvinism and especially associated with the Synod of Dort (1618–19) and appearing also in some of the writings of St. Augustine and Martin Luther and in the thought of the Jansenists. According

wind instrument: Flutes and reeds: …beating parts of a multiple reed or between a beating single reed and a mouthpiece.

double refraction, an optical property in which a single ray of unpolarized light entering an anisotropic medium is split into two rays, each traveling in a different direction. One ray (called the extraordinary ray) is bent, or refracted, at an angle as it travels through the medium; the other ray

organometallic compound: Alkylidene ligands: …Schrock carbenes is the alkene metathesis reaction:

retting: In double retting, a gentle process producing excellent fibre, the stalks are removed from the water before retting is completed, dried for several months, then retted again.

feminine rhyme, in poetry, a rhyme involving two syllables (as in motion and ocean or willow and billow). The term feminine rhyme is also sometimes applied to triple rhymes, or rhymes involving three syllables (such as exciting and inviting). Robert Browning alternates feminine and masculine rhymes

DESY: The Double Ring Storage Facility (DORIS), completed 10 years later, was designed to collide beams of electrons and positrons at energies of 3.5 GeV per beam (upgraded to 5 GeV per beam in 1978). Now in its third version as DORIS III, this machine is no…