Viswanathan Anand: Attaining the top spot: …2007 FIDE World Championship, a double round-robin tournament against most of the best players in the world. (In a double round-robin, each participant plays two games, one with the white pieces and one with the black pieces, against every other player.)

Steve Reich: His composition Double Sextet (2007), arranged either for 12 musicians or for 6 playing against a recording of themselves, won the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Music. In commemoration of the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center, Reich composed WTC 9/11: For Three String Quartets…

theatre: Development of stage equipment: Elevator stages permitted new settings to be assembled below stage and then lifted to the height of the stage as the existing setting was withdrawn to the rear and dropped to below-stage level. Slip stages allowed large trucks to be stored in the wings or…

human sexual activity: Sociosexual activity: This double standard of morality is also seen in premarital life. Postmarital coitus (i.e., coitus by separated, divorced, or widowed persons) is almost always ignored. Even societies that try to confine coitus to marriage recognize the difficulty of trying to force abstinence upon sexually experienced and…

bimetallism, monetary standard or system based upon the use of two metals, traditionally gold and silver, rather than one (monometallism). The typical 19th-century bimetallic system defined a nation’s monetary unit by law in terms of fixed quantities of gold and silver (thus automatically

binary star: …binary stars are sometimes called double stars, the latter refers to any two stars that are close together in the sky and thus includes true binaries as well as stars that look close together when viewed from Earth but which are actually quite far apart.

disaccharide, any crystalline water-soluble compound that is composed of two molecules of simple sugars (monosaccharides) linked to each other. The monosaccharides within disaccharide compounds are linked by a glycosidic bond (or glycosidic linkage), the position of which may be designated α- or β-

The Love Suicides at Amijima, classic Bunraku (puppet theatre) play by Chikamatsu Monzaemon, written and performed about 1720 as Shinjū ten no Amijima. Like most of Chikamatsu’s more than 20 love-suicide dramas, it was based on an actual event, the outcome of the brothel system. These works made

double taxation, in economics, situation in which the same financial assets or earnings are subject to taxation at two different levels (e.g., personal and corporate) or in two different countries. The latter can occur when income from foreign investments is taxed both by the country in which it is

English Channel: Hydrology: …at Southampton, which has a double, or prolonged, high tide), and the Gulf of Saint-Malo experiences the greatest tidal range, 28 feet or more.

When a stock that’s trending higher or lower reaches the same price level twice and fails to break through, it may be a sign that the trend has lost momentum and is vulnerable to a reversal in direction. In technical analysis, this type of event forms a classic chart pattern: a double top (when the

Jean-Paul Belmondo: …Chabrol’s A double tour (1959; Web of Passion).

Norman Taurog: Elvis movies: …completed Taurog’s career: Spinout (1966), Double Trouble (1967), Speedway (1968), and Live a Little, Love a Little (1968).

descent: In systems of double unilineal descent, society recognizes both the patrilineage and the matrilineage but assigns to each a different set of expectations. For example, the inheritance of immovable materials, such as land, may be the domain of the patrilineage, while the matrilineage controls the inheritance of moveable…

Krzysztof Kieślowski: …Double Vie de Véronique (1991; The Double Life of Veronique) came commercial as well as critical success. This moody, atmospheric film is the study of two doppelgängers—one French, one Polish—who, in addition to sharing the same name, share the same birthday, heart condition, and a vague sense of the existence…

Hans Ruckers, the Elder: …earliest known instrument is a double virginal (a rectangular harpsichord with two independent keyboards, set side by side, and two independent sets of strings) dated 1581, now in New York City; his latest extant instrument is dated 1620. Ruckers’ sons Hans the Younger (also known as Jean) and Andreas were…

double vision, perceiving of two images of a single object. Normal binocular vision results from the brain’s fusion of slightly different images from each eye, with points on the retina of each eye corresponding to points on the retina of the opposite eye. Binocular diplopia occurs when the eyes

Walter Abish: Double Vision, a memoir, was published in 2004.

Bījār carpet: …carpets are said to be double warped. This refers to the way the warps are strung closely together, and alternate weft shoots are pulled so tight that the warp lies on two levels, one almost precisely behind the other. The structure is unusual in that the weft is passed three…

Jimmie Foxx was an American professional baseball player, the second man in major league history to hit 500 home runs. (Babe Ruth was the first.) A right-handed hitter who played mostly at first base, he finished with a total of 534 home runs. His career batting average was .325. Foxx was a

Buchi Emecheta: (1979), Destination Biafra (1982), and Double Yoke (1982)—are realistic works of fiction set in Nigeria. Perhaps her strongest work, The Rape of Shavi (1983), is also the most difficult to categorize. Set in an imaginary idyllic African kingdom, it explores the dislocations that occur when a plane carrying Europeans seeking…

Would you like an investment vehicle that is guaranteed to double in 20 years, that you can purchase for as little as $25, and that’s backed by the U.S. government so there is essentially no chance of default? Depending on current interest rates and your portfolio, you might want to look into

The Double, novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, published in 1846 in Russian as Dvoynik. It is a classic of doppelgänger literature. The Double is the first of many works by Dostoyevsky to reveal his fascination with psychological doubles. The morbidly sensitive and pretentious clerk Golyadkin, already

baking powder: …baking powders are of the double-acting type, giving off a small amount of available carbon dioxide during the mixing and makeup stages, then remaining relatively inert until baking raises the batter temperature. This type of action eliminates excessive loss of leavening gas, which may occur in batter left in an…

James Watt: The Watt engine: …inventive powers, he patented the double-acting engine, in which the piston pushed as well as pulled. The engine required a new method of rigidly connecting the piston to the beam. He solved that problem in 1784 with his invention of the parallel motion—an arrangement of connected rods that guided the…

pump: Positive displacement pumps.: …of this type are called double acting. Fluctuations in pumping rate can be further reduced by using more than one cylinder.

accordion: In “double-action” accordions, the two reeds of each pair are tuned to the same note, thus making each treble or bass note available from the same key or button with both directions of bellows movement. Among these instruments is the piano accordion, with a piano-style keyboard…

double-aspect theory, type of mind-body monism. According to double-aspect theory, the mental and the material are different aspects or attributes of a unitary reality, which itself is neither mental nor material. The view is derived from the metaphysics of Benedict de Spinoza, who held that mind

charadriiform: Shorebirds (suborder Charadrii): …lay two eggs, but the double-banded courser (Rhinoptilus africanus) lays only one, often located near antelope droppings, for concealment on otherwise bare ground. In that species, incubation by both sexes lasts about 26 days, and eggshells are removed. The chick has sparse down and is fed for about six weeks,…

propellant: … until the 20th century, when double-base gunpowder (40 percent nitroglycerin, 60 percent nitrocellulose) came into use. Other modern solid propellants are cast perchlorate (using perchlorate as oxidizer and various oils or rubbers as fuel) and composite propellants (using a plastic binder with ammonium picrate, potassium nitrate, or sodium nitrate). There…

viol: …sizes was later added the violone, a double bass viol often tuned an octave below the bass.

hand tool: Early metal designs: The double-bit (two-bladed) ax, classically associated with the Minoans, was first known in 2500 bce as a votive ax, a piece of tomb furniture made of riveted bronze plates. It became a working tool when it was cast in bronze with a shaft hole about 500…

control group: In a double-blind study, neither the subject nor the researcher will know which treatment the subject is receiving. In many cases, a double-blind study is preferable to a single-blind study, since the researcher cannot inadvertently affect the results or their interpretation by treating a control subject differently…

control group: In a double-blind study, neither the subject nor the researcher will know which treatment the subject is receiving. In many cases, a double-blind study is preferable to a single-blind study, since the researcher cannot inadvertently affect the results or their interpretation by treating a control subject differently…

curricle, open, two-wheeled gentleman’s carriage, popular in England from about 1700 to 1850. It was pulled by two matched horses yoked abreast and was therefore equipped with a pole, rather than shafts. The pole had to be very strong because it both directed the carriage and bore its weight. To

colorectal cancer: Diagnosis: An X-ray procedure called a double-contrast barium enema may be used. Barium sulfate is used to coat the colon, and the colon is filled with air. A series of X rays are then taken, and the resulting high-contrast images indicate any abnormalities present.

industrial glass: Fabrication: …also are made by the double-crucible technique (see Figure 11), in which two concentric compartments of a platinum crucible are fed with glass rods, and a composite stream is allowed to exit a bottom orifice. In either case, the glass fibre is attenuated to its proper dimensions by a high-speed…

William Congreve: Literary career: His next play, The Double-Dealer, played in November or December at Drury Lane but did not meet with the same applause (it later became the more critically admired work, however). Its published form contained a panegyrical introduction by Dryden. Love for Love almost repeated the success of his…

railroad: Cars for daytime service: …is an increasing use of double-deck cars for such operations in North America, Europe, and Australia. North American operators have tended to prefer a design that limits the upper level to a gallery along each side wall, but in most double-deck cars the upper level is wholly floor-separated from the…

elevator: …of the idea of the double-deck elevator, first tried in 1932. Each elevator consisted of two cars, one mounted above the other and operating as a unit, serving two floors at each stop. The technique is being increasingly adopted. Automatic double-deck elevators in the Time-Life Building, Chicago, were operating in…

pinochle: Partnership pinochle: …been eclipsed in popularity by double-deck pinochle, in which the 9s are stripped from two standard pinochle decks to produce an 80-card deck. Besides the basic melds, there exist triple aces (150 points for three in each suit), triple kings (120), triple queens (90), triple jacks (60), triple pinochles (45…

bridge: Bridge problems: …is enhanced by study of double-dummy problems (in which the location of all unplayed cards is known). Putting such knowledge to practical use has been much better accomplished in contract bridge than in any of its predecessor games. For example, a prime problem at whist was the “Great Vienna Coup,”…

tournament: In some tournaments, called double-elimination tournaments, the contestant is not eliminated until defeated a second time. In a third form, called a round robin, each contestant opposes every other contestant and the one with the highest percentage of victories is declared the champion.

ship: Ferries: …of ferry is the “double-ender,” built for shuttling across harbour waters. The typical vessel has propellers, rudders, control stations, and loading ramps at both ends. It is usually wide enough to handle four vehicle lanes abreast and may accommodate up to 100 four-wheeled vehicles. Special docks, fitted with adjustable…

balance of payments: …presented in the form of double-entry bookkeeping.

Iranian art and architecture: Architecture: …Achaemenian design is the “double-figure” impost (an upper addition to the capital), taking the form of paired bulls, bull-men, or dragons. Some of these features reappear in the contemporary palace at Susa. Also from this source are figured panels of molded and glazed brick, reminiscent of Nebuchadrezzar’s Babylon.

mass spectrometry: Focusing spectroscopes: Such focusing is termed double focusing. It was thus possible to achieve a resolving power of about 60,000.

percussion instrument: Membranophones: Double-headed drums served to provide rhythmic accompaniment in the Middle Ages, and in the 7th century is found the first evidence of their being played with drumsticks, a technique adopted from Asia. The small rope-strung cylinder drum known as the tabor entered western Europe during…

How Does a Double-Helix Staircase Work?: How it works: By its appearance, the double-helix staircase seems to be a single structure. In fact, it is composed of two separate spiral ramps that intertwine all the way up to the château’s crowning terraces, resembling a twisting strand of DNA. One ramp is used for walking up the staircase, and…

movable bridge: …it may be single- or double-leafed. It originated in medieval Europe, probably Normandy, as a defensive feature of castles and towns. It was operated by a counterweight and winch. The drawbridge that formed one span of Old London Bridge was occasionally raised to permit passage of a ship having masts…

movable bridge: …it may be single- or double-leafed. It originated in medieval Europe, probably Normandy, as a defensive feature of castles and towns. It was operated by a counterweight and winch. The drawbridge that formed one span of Old London Bridge was occasionally raised to permit passage of a ship having masts…

heat exchanger: …is the concentric tube or double-pipe heat exchanger shown in Figure 1, in which one pipe is placed inside another. Inlet and exit ducts are provided for the two fluids. In the diagram the cold fluid flows through the inner tube and the warm fluid in the same direction through…

RNA interference: …introducing short double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) segments into the cells of nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans). The dsRNA segments underwent enzymatic processing that enabled them to attach to molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA) possessing complementary nucleotide sequences. The attachment of the two RNAs inhibited the translation of the mRNA molecules into proteins

thickknee: The double-striped thickknee (B. bistriatus) inhabits the American tropics. Others are the great stone curlew (Esacus recurvirostris), also called stone plover or reef thickknee, of coastal rivers of India; and the beach stone curlew (Orthorhamphus magnirostris) of Australia.

motion-picture technology: Double-system recording: Although it is possible to reproduce sound, either optically or magnetically, in the same camera that is photographing a scene (a procedure known as single-system recording), there is greater flexibility if the sound track is recorded by a different person and on a…

motion-picture technology: Double-system recording: Although it is possible to reproduce sound, either optically or magnetically, in the same camera that is photographing a scene (a procedure known as single-system recording), there is greater flexibility if the sound track is recorded by a different person and on a…

double-truth theory, in philosophy, the view that religion and philosophy, as separate sources of knowledge, might arrive at contradictory truths without detriment to either—a position attributed to Averroës and the Latin Averroists. Perhaps neither Averroës, a Muslim philosopher, nor the Christian

cassowary: The common, or southern, cassowary, Casuarius casuarius, which inhabits New Guinea, nearby islands, and Australia, is the largest—almost 1.5 metres (5 feet) tall—and has two long red wattles on the throat. The dwarf cassowary (C. bennetti) is native to higher elevations of New Guinea and can…

Internet: Getting over it: …2000 by the case of DoubleClick, Inc. For a few years DoubleClick, the Internet’s largest advertising company, had been compiling detailed information on the browsing habits of millions of World Wide Web users by placing “cookie” files on computer hard drives. Cookies are electronic footprints that allow websites and advertising…

chess: Steinitz and the theory of equilibrium: …file (through captures) are called doubled pawns.

Frank Nelson Doubleday: …Company and was known as Doubleday, Doran & Company until 1946, when it became simply Doubleday & Company, Inc.

Frank Nelson Doubleday: …Company and was known as Doubleday, Doran & Company until 1946, when it became simply Doubleday & Company, Inc.

Abner Doubleday was a U.S. Army officer, once thought to be the inventor of baseball. Doubleday attended school in Auburn and Cooperstown, N.Y., and in 1838 he was appointed a cadet in the U.S. Military Academy (graduating in 1842). He was an artillery officer in the Mexican War and fought in the

Frank Nelson Doubleday: …Company and was known as Doubleday, Doran & Company until 1946, when it became simply Doubleday & Company, Inc.

Frank Nelson Doubleday was an American publisher and founder of the book-publishing firm Doubleday & Company, Inc. At the age of 15 Doubleday quit school to work for Charles Scribner’s Sons, publishers, and he became manager of Scribner’s Magazine when it was begun in 1886. In 1897, with Samuel S.

Frank Nelson Doubleday: …Company and was known as Doubleday, Doran & Company until 1946, when it became simply Doubleday & Company, Inc.

Australian literature: Literature from 1970 to 2000: …shadowy otherness of Tasmania in The Doubleman (1985) and Out of Ireland (1999). Likewise, Shirley Hazzard wrote with great seriousness of purpose in her modern tragedy The Transit of Venus (1980), an ironic love story devised to contemplate how strangely things come about. Like so much of Australian fiction, it…

tennis: Principles of play: …play and scoring apply to doubles. Service alternates between the two opposing teams, but each team must decide at the start of each set which partner shall serve first. Equally, the receiving team must decide at the start of each set which of them shall receive service first, and they…

Juliette Binoche: …films included Doubles vies (2018; Non-Fiction), a dramedy set in the publishing world; Celle que vous croyez (2019; Who You Think I Am), in which a middle-aged professor pretends to be a younger woman on social media; and La bonne épouse (2020; How to Be a Good Wife), a satire…

doublet, chief upper garment worn by men from the 15th to the 17th century. It was a close-fitting, waisted, padded jacket worn over a shirt. Its ancestor, the gipon, was a tunic worn under armour, and at first it came down almost to the knees. The civilian doublet at first had skirts but gradually

assembled gem: A doublet is composed of two pieces of material, usually cemented together at the girdle (the stone’s widest part): if the two pieces are of the same material, the gem is called a true doublet; if they are different, with the crown (above the girdle) being…

fine structure: …components of fine structure (called doublets), while in atoms of alkaline earths there are three components (triplets). This arises because the atoms of alkali metals have only one electron outside a closed core, or shell, of electrons, while the atoms of alkaline earths have two such electrons. Doublet separation for…

dance: Creating the final structure: British choreographer Richard Alston’s Doublework (1978), for example, derived its structure from the exploration of the duet form and the repetition of dance material in different contexts. Other movement ideas that may develop in this way are the use of contrasting sections of movement (a section of fast, energetic…

naval warfare: The age of fighting sail: …the bow or stern) or doubling (concentrating force by putting ships on both sides of the enemy line). The most reliable way to concentrate gunfire was to build it into ships vertically by stacking gun decks one over the other. Later tacticians demonstrated analytically what every fighting seaman of the…

conic section: Greek origins: …joined to the problem of “doubling the cube.” According to Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276–190 bc), the people of Delos consulted the oracle of Apollo for aid in ending a plague (c. 430 bc) and were instructed to build Apollo a new altar of twice the old altar’s volume and…

Joseph Liouville: …to deduce the theory of doubly periodic functions (functions with two distinct periods whose ratio is not a real number) from general theorems (including his own) in the theory of analytic functions of a complex variable (also known as holomorphic functions or regular functions; a complex-valued function defined and differentiable…

Felia Doubrovska was a Russian ballerina who gave critically acclaimed performances as the bride in Igor Stravinsky’s Les Noces (1923; “The Wedding”) and as the siren in Sergey Prokofiev’s The Prodigal Son (1929) while dancing with Serge Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes. After she graduated from the

Franche-Comté: …the eastern départements of Jura, Doubs, Haute-Saône, and the Territoire de Belfort. In 2016 the Franche-Comté région was joined with the neighbouring région of Burgundy to form the new administrative entity of Bourgogne–Franche-Comté.

Doubs River, river in eastern France. The river justifies its Latin name, Dubius, by its erratic course, rising near Mouthe in the Jura Mountains (in the Doubs département) at a height of 3,074 ft (937 m) and following a course 267 mi (430 km) long to flow into the Saône at Verdun-sur-le-Doubs,

methodic doubt, in Cartesian philosophy, a way of searching for certainty by systematically though tentatively doubting everything. First, all statements are classified according to type and source of knowledge—e.g., knowledge from tradition, empirical knowledge, and mathematical knowledge. Then,

Amy Adams: Breakthrough and stardom: …and as Sister James in Doubt (2008), for which she received another Academy Award nomination. In 2008 she also starred in the comedy Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day and Sunshine Cleaning, a dramedy about sisters who open a crime-scene cleaning service.

Katherine Heigl: …as a defense attorney in Doubt (2017). In 2018–19 she had a recurring role on the legal series Suits. Heigl then starred in Firefly Lane (2021– ), a Netflix series that was adapted from Kristin Hannah’s best seller about a friendship that spans decades.

Tirso de Molina: …El condenado por desconfiado (1635; The Doubted Damned). The first introduced into literature the hero-villain Don Juan, a libertine whom Tirso derived from popular legends but recreated with originality. The figure of Don Juan subsequently became one of the most famous in all literature through Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s opera Don…

list of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus: St. Thomas: …from which the phrase “doubting Thomas” developed. In John 20:19–29 he was not among those disciples to whom the risen Christ first appeared, and, when they told the incredulous Thomas whom they had seen, he requested physical proof of the Resurrection. This evidence was provided when Christ reappeared and…

douc, (genus Pygathrix), any of three colourful species of langur monkeys found in the tropical forests of central and southern Vietnam, southern Laos, and northeastern Cambodia. Doucs are among the most strikingly coloured primates. The head is brownish, but the body appears blue-gray owing to

pottery: Reign of the Chenghua emperor (1464–87): …colours called “contending colours” (doucai). Chenghua overglaze colours were thin, subdued in colour, and pictorial in effect.

Ouaddaï: …1908, when the Ouaddaï sultan, Doud Murra, proclaimed a holy war (jihad) against the French. Dividing his army into units under feudal lords, he was no match for French troops and was soundly defeated. By 1912 the French had pacified the area and abolished the sultanate. A famine in 1913–14…

Mamie Eisenhower was an American first lady (1953–61), the wife of Dwight (“Ike”) Eisenhower, 34th president of the United States and supreme commander of the Allied forces in western Europe during World War II. Mamie Doud, the last first lady born in the 19th century, was the second of four

Ernest-Marc-Louis Doudart de Lagrée was a French explorer and diplomat who secured French hegemony over Cambodia. Doudart de Lagrée entered the French Navy in 1845. In 1863 he became the first French representative to Cambodia, when he was sent from Saigon, in Vietnam, to Oudong to urge King

Jennifer Doudna is an American biochemist best known for her discovery, with French microbiologist Emmanuelle Charpentier, of a molecular tool known as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9. The discovery of CRISPR-Cas9, made in 2012, provided the foundation for

Jennifer Doudna is an American biochemist best known for her discovery, with French microbiologist Emmanuelle Charpentier, of a molecular tool known as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9. The discovery of CRISPR-Cas9, made in 2012, provided the foundation for

Thugga, the best-preserved ancient Roman city in modern Tunisia, located near modern Tabursuq, west of the ancient road between Carthage and Theveste (modern Tébessa, Alg.), some 60 miles (100 km) west of Tunis. Thugga’s most notable pre-Roman ruin is a 2nd-century-bce mausoleum, built in honour of

dough, mixture of flour and liquid with other ingredients, such as leavening agents, shortening, sugar, salt, eggs, and various flavourings, used to make baked products. A similar mixture, in more liquefied form, is known as batter. Doughs are thick and plastic and may be shaped, kneaded, and

baking: Continuous bread making: …batterlike material passes through a dough pump regulating the flow and delivering the mixture to a developing apparatus, where kneading work is applied. The developer is the key equipment in the continuous line. Processing about 50 kilograms (100 pounds) each 90 seconds, it changes the batter from a fluid mass…

doughboy, nickname popularly given to United States soldiers during World War I. The term was first used during the American Civil War when it was applied to the brass buttons on uniforms and thence to infantrymen. At a period not exactly ascertained, the word was said to have been derived from the

Walter Hampden was an American actor, theatre manager, and repertory producer. Hampden attended Harvard briefly but graduated from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. After a year’s study of singing, dancing, speech, and playing the cello in France, Hampden joined Sir Frank Benson’s company in England,

doughnut, a small ring of sweet leavened dough that has been fried or sometimes baked. The term doughnut may also be used more broadly to refer to foods such as long johns, pączki, bear claws, crullers, and others that resemble doughnuts in form or composition—i.e., are either ring-shaped or

accretion disk: Physical description: …geometrically thick, resembling more a torus than a disk.

avascular necrosis: Diagnosis: …is known as the “doughnut sign”; since the doughnut sign is not specific to avascular necrosis, additional diagnostic testing, such as with MRI, is needed. MRI is much more sensitive than X-rays or bone scans alone and can detect changes early in the course of the disease.

Charles Montagu Doughty was a British traveler and writer who is widely regarded as one of the greatest of all Western travelers in Arabia. Doughty attended the Universities of London and Cambridge, after which he traveled widely in Europe, Egypt, the Holy Land (Palestine), and Syria. He began his