Giuseppe Parini: …Horatian odes and particularly for Il giorno, (4 books, 1763–1801; The Day), a satiric poem on the selfishness and superficiality of the Milanese aristocracy.

children’s literature: From T.W. to Alice (1712?–1865): Some writers, such as Thomas Day, with his long-lived Sandford and Merton, were avowedly Rousseauist. Others took from him what appealed to them. Sarah Kirby Trimmer, whose Fabulous Histories specialized in piety, opposed the presumably free-thinking Rousseau on religious grounds but was in other respects strongly influenced by him.…

William R. Day was a statesman and associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1903–22). After graduation from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, (1870), and admission to the bar, Day began to practice law in Canton, Ohio. He was made a judge of the Court of Common Pleas (1886) but was

William R. Day was a statesman and associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1903–22). After graduation from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, (1870), and admission to the bar, Day began to practice law in Canton, Ohio. He was made a judge of the Court of Common Pleas (1886) but was

day-care centre, institution that provides supervision and care of infants and young children during the daytime, particularly so that their parents can hold jobs. Such institutions appeared in France about 1840, and the Société des Crèches was recognized by the French government in 1869. Day-care

C. Day-Lewis was one of the leading British poets of the 1930s; he then turned from poetry of left-wing political statement to an individual lyricism expressed in more traditional forms. The son of a clergyman, Day-Lewis was educated at the University of Oxford and taught school until 1935. His

C. Day-Lewis was one of the leading British poets of the 1930s; he then turned from poetry of left-wing political statement to an individual lyricism expressed in more traditional forms. The son of a clergyman, Day-Lewis was educated at the University of Oxford and taught school until 1935. His

Daniel Day-Lewis is a British actor known for his on-screen intensity and for his exhaustive preparation for roles. Day-Lewis was the second child of Cecil Day-Lewis, one of the leading British poets of the 1930s, and actress Jill Balcon and was the grandson of motion-picture producer Sir Michael

Daniel Day-Lewis is a British actor known for his on-screen intensity and for his exhaustive preparation for roles. Day-Lewis was the second child of Cecil Day-Lewis, one of the leading British poets of the 1930s, and actress Jill Balcon and was the grandson of motion-picture producer Sir Michael

noise pollution: Measuring and perceiving loudness: ) A unit called day-night sound level (DNL or Ldn) accounts for the fact that people are more sensitive to noise during the night, so a 10-dBA penalty is added to SPL values that are measured between 10 pm and 7 am. DNL measurements are very useful for describing…

tabla: Structure and composition: …individually as the tabla or daya (dahina or dayan, meaning “right”). It is a single-headed drum usually made of hardwood, such as rosewood or neem. The drum measures approximately 10 inches (25 cm) in height and 6 inches (15 cm) across. Skin tension is maintained by rawhide lacings and wooden…

sati: History: … was indirectly due to the Dayabhaga system of law (c. 1100), which prevailed in Bengal and gave inheritance to widows. Such women were encouraged to commit sati in order to make their inheritance available to their relatives. In Rajasthan state, among the Marwari people, women who immolated themselves on their…

Dayak, the non-Muslim indigenous peoples of the island of Borneo, most of whom traditionally lived along the banks of the larger rivers. Their languages all belong to the Indonesian branch of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) language family. Dayak is a generic term that has no precise ethnic or

dyal, popular species of magpie-robin

Nirankari: …Nirankari movement was founded by Dayal Das (died 1855), who belonged to a half-Sikh, half-Hindu community in Peshawar. He believed that God is formless, or nirankar (hence the name Nirankari). He also stressed the importance of meditation.

tabla: Structure and composition: …individually as the tabla or daya (dahina or dayan, meaning “right”). It is a single-headed drum usually made of hardwood, such as rosewood or neem. The drum measures approximately 10 inches (25 cm) in height and 6 inches (15 cm) across. Skin tension is maintained by rawhide lacings and wooden…

Chahar: …part of the empire of Dayan Khan (1470–1543), the last great khan of a united Mongolia. After his death the khanate remained formally among the Chahar, although it was substantially weakened. The last noteworthy Chahar khan, Ligdan (1604–34), attempted strenuously to reassert his authority, but he was defeated by the…

Chinese architecture: The Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties: …(190-foot-) high Dayan Ta, or Great Wild Goose Pagoda, of the Ci’en Temple in Chang’an, on which the successive stories are marked by corbeled cornices, and timber features are simulated in stone by flat columns, or pilasters, struts, and capitals.

Moshe Dayan was a soldier and statesman who led Israel to dramatic victories over its Arab neighbours and became a symbol of security to his countrymen. Dayan was born on Israel’s first kibbutz and was raised on the country’s first successful cooperative farm settlement (moshav), Nahalal. He began

Lajpat Rai: Social reforms and nationalism: …helped to establish the nationalistic Dayananda Anglo-Vedic School and became a follower of Dayananda Sarasvati, the founder of the Hindu society Arya Samaj (“Society of Aryans”). Rai supported the Arya Samaj’s efforts at social reform and worked for the abolition of untouchability, an unfair practice of treating Dalits, or historically…

Dayananda Sarasvati was a Hindu ascetic and social reformer who was the founder (1875) of the Arya Samaj (Society of Aryans [Nobles]), a Hindu reform movement advocating a return to the temporal and spiritual authority of the Vedas, the earliest scriptures of India. Dayananda received the early

Ai Qing: His first collection of verse, Dayanhe (1936), reflects his concern for the common people of China; the title poem recalls the foster nurse (called Dayanhe in the poem) who reared him. He went to Yan’an in 1941 and eventually accepted the literary teachings of the Chinese Communist Party leader Mao…

Sindhi literature: … (1844–1916), Mirza Qalich Beg (1853–1929), Dayaram Gidumal (1857–1927), and Parmanand Mewaram (1856?–1938). They produced original works and adapted books from Sanskrit, Hindi, Persian, and English. Kauromal Khilnani published Arya nari charitra (1905; “The Indo-Aryan Women”) and wrote extensively on the panchayat system, health,

settee: …hall or gallery; and the daybed, a carved or upholstered piece that originated in the 16th century, with a long seat and one inclined end.

History of film: France: …Le Jour se lève (Daybreak, 1939). Darkly poetic, these films were characterized by a brooding pessimism that reflected the French public’s despair over the failure of the Popular Front movement of 1935–37 and the seeming inevitability of war.

Andre Norton: …hand at science fiction, producing Star Man’s Son, 2250 A.D. (1952); it was reprinted in paperback as Daybreak—2250 A.D. and sold more than a million copies.

Willem Dafoe: Spider-Man movies, Finding Nemo, and John Wick: …hunter in the horror movie Daybreakers (2009).

the Lovin’ Spoonful: …Be So Nice” (1965), “Daydream” (1966), and “Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?” (1966)—and the uncharacteristically boisterous “Summer in the City” (1966). Chief songwriter Sebastian (lead vocals, guitar, harmonica, and Autoharp) and Yanovsky (lead guitar) came from a folk background; Boone (bass) and Butler (drums) had…

Mariah Carey: …included Music Box (1993) and Daydream (1995), both of which sold some 10 million copies in the United States, as well as the holiday-themed Merry Christmas (1994). The latter featured “All I Want for Christmas Is You,” which became a holiday classic and one of the best-selling songs of all…

mysticism: Reverie: Not all mysticism has its basis in trance states, however. Rudolf Otto noted this fact when he proposed a dualistic classification of numinous experiences. In the mysterium tremendum (“awe inspiring mystery”), the numinous is experienced as mysterious, awesome, and urgent. Otto identified the other…

Sonic Youth: …led to the double album Daydream Nation (1988), which is generally regarded as the band’s masterpiece.

Ian McEwan: …clear their essential moral antipathy; The Daydreamer (1994) explores the imaginary world of a creative 10-year-old boy. The novel Amsterdam (1998), a social satire influenced by the early works of Evelyn Waugh, won the Booker Prize in 1998. Atonement (2001; film 2007) traces over six decades the consequences of a…

Daye, city, southeastern Hubei sheng (province), east-central China. Daye, established as a city in 1994, is situated on the south bank of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) near Huangshi and about 55 miles (90 km) southeast of Wuhan, the provincial capital. The site is low-lying and has many swamps

Stephen Day was the founder of the first printing press in England’s North American colonies. Day himself does not seem to have been a printer. He was a locksmith in Cambridge, Eng., and, in 1638, contracted with the Reverend Jose Glover, a wealthy dissenting clergyman, to set up the first printing

Jafar Panahi: …political turn with Dayereh (2000; The Circle), about women in contemporary Iran. Two of the central characters are convicts escaping from prison, which allowed Panahi to point out the irony that they had exchanged their small jail for what some would consider the larger jail that is being a woman…

dayflower, any member of the genus Commelina (family Commelinaceae), which includes about 100 species of weak-stemmed herbs of wide distribution, only a few of which are of horticultural interest. Commelina coelestis, C. diffusa, and C. erecta are often grown as ground covers because of their

mayfly, (order Ephemeroptera), any member of a group of insects known for their extremely short adult life spans and emergence in large numbers in the summer months. Worldwide, more than 2,500 species of mayflies have been described, about 700 of them in the United States and Canada. Other common

airglow: Dayglow and twilight glow are analogous terms.

In 2025, in the United States, Daylight Saving Time (DST) runs from Sunday, Mar. 9, with clocks “springing forward” one hour, to Sunday, Nov. 2, when clocks “fall back” to Standard Time. The purpose is to move human waking hours to take advantage of the extended daylight of the spring and summer

Daylight Saving Time, system for uniformly advancing clocks, so as to extend daylight hours during conventional waking time in the summer months. In countries in the Northern Hemisphere, clocks are usually set ahead one hour in late March or in April and are set back one hour in late September or

daylily, any plant of the genus Hemerocallis of the family Hemerocallidaceae, consisting of about 15 species of perennial herbs distributed from central Europe to eastern Asia. Members of the genus have long-stalked clusters of funnel- or bell-shaped flowers that range in colour from yellow to red

lighthouse: Identification: The daymark requirement of a lighthouse is also important, and lighthouse structures are painted to stand out against the prevailing background. Shore lighthouses are usually painted white for this purpose, but in the open sea or against a light background conspicuous bands of contrasting colours, usually…

Dayr al-Baḥrī, Egyptian archaeological site in the necropolis of Thebes. It is made up of a bay in the cliffs on the west bank of the Nile River east of the Valley of the Kings. Its name (Arabic for “northern monastery”) refers to a monastery built there in the 7th century ce. Of the three ancient

Ibn al-Ashʿath: …superior army of 200,000 at Dayr al-Jamājim, outside Kūfah. Negotiations were initiated by the caliph’s agents, who offered the rebels the dismissal of al-Ḥajjāj, equal pay with their Syrian counterparts, and a governorship for Ibn al-Ashʿath. The Iraqis, however, rejected the proposals and were defeated in battle in September 701.…

Dayr al-Madīnah, ancient site on the west bank of the Nile River at Thebes in Upper Egypt. It is known primarily as the location of a settlement for craftsmen who laboured on the royal tombs, especially those in the nearby Valley of the Kings. The village, the best-preserved of its type, has

Dayr al-Zawr, town, eastern Syria. The town is situated on the right bank of the Euphrates River; its name, meaning “monastery of the grove” (zawr, “tamarisk”), is probably derived from the ancient city of Auzara, or Azuara, situated nearby. The Ottomans built the present town in 1867 to curb the

Yarqon River: They include the Wadi Shillo (Dayr Ballūṭ) in the east, usually considered by geographers to mark the boundary between historic Judaea and Samaria, and the Wadi Ayyalon (Aijalon) in the southeast. In the valley of the latter, according to the Bible, the moon stood still during Joshua’s conquest…

St. Anthony of Egypt: …Red Sea, where the monastery Dayr Mārī Antonios still stands. There he remained, receiving visitors and, on occasion, crossing the desert to Pispir. He ventured twice to Alexandria, the last time (c. 350) to preach against Arianism, a heretical doctrine teaching that Christ the Son is not of the same…

Deir Yassin, Palestinian Arab village that was located just west of Jerusalem. On April 9, 1948, on the eve of the Arab-Israeli war of 1948–49, the village was destroyed by Jewish paramilitary forces in an attack that inspired fear and panic throughout the region. Deir Yassin was situated atop a

Petra: Al-Dayr (“the Monastery”) is one of Petra’s best-known rock-cut monuments; it is an unfinished tomb facade that during Byzantine times was used as a church. Many of the tombs of Petra have elaborate facades and are now used as dwellings. The High Place of Sacrifice,…

Petra: Al-Dayr (“the Monastery”) is one of Petra’s best-known rock-cut monuments; it is an unfinished tomb facade that during Byzantine times was used as a church. Many of the tombs of Petra have elaborate facades and are now used as dwellings. The High Place of Sacrifice,…

William Hurt: …Hood (2010), Winter’s Tale (2014), Days and Nights (2014), and Race (2016). He portrayed the Marvel comic character Thaddeus (“Thunderbolt”) Ross in the films The Incredible Hulk (2008), Captain America: Civil War (2016), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and

Cassandra Wilson: …Point of View (1986) and Days Aweigh (1987), were heavily experimental, featuring psychedelic lyrics, electric instruments, and funk and reggae rhythms. Her third album, Blue Skies (1988), was more traditional; a collection of mostly jazz standards, it became her first popular success.

Elena Ferrante: Early work: …released I giorni dell’abbandono (2002; The Days of Abandonment). Her second novel is narrated by 38-year-old Olga, who suffers a violent breakdown after her husband leaves her for a younger woman. Once again, Ferrante’s book received positive reviews, and it was adapted for the big screen in 2005—this time by…

A.M. Homes: Days of Awe (2018) is another short-story collection. In 2022 Homes published her first novel in 10 years, The Unfolding. A political satire, it centres on a Republican who is upset that Democrat Barack Obama was elected president of the United States.

Wong Kar-Wai: A Fei jingjyuhn (1990; Days of Being Wild) was the first film in which Wong employed voice-overs by multiple characters and a complex, fragmented story structure—both signatures of his style. It was also his first film with two of his key collaborators, cinematographer Christopher Doyle and actor Tony Leung.…

Denys Arcand: …comedy L’Âge des ténèbres (2007; Days of Darkness), in which he also acted; Le Règne de la beauté (2014; An Eye for Beauty), about a married architect who has an affair; and La Chute de l’empire américain (2018; The Fall of the American Empire), a satiric crime thriller that explores…

the Moody Blues: …the group released their landmark Days of Future Passed (released in Britain in late 1967 and in the United States in early 1968). One of the first successful concept albums, it marked a turning point in the development of classical rock (an assemblage of musicians calling itself the London Festival…

Jacques Tourneur: Films of the 1940s at RKO: Cat People, I Walked with a Zombie, and Out of the Past: …rewarded with RKO’s ballyhooed production Days of Glory (1944), in which Gregory Peck made his screen debut as a heroic Russian peasant fighting the Nazi occupiers. It was timely and earnest, though seldom exciting. Experiment Perilous (1944) was a gothic thriller set in 1903 New York featuring Hedy Lamarr; it…

Terrence Malick: His next film, Days of Heaven (1978), about day labourers in early 20th-century Texas, featured a similarly lush visual style and won even more critical acclaim, earning Malick the best director award at the Cannes film festival.

Eyvind Johnson: …and Hans nädes tid (1960; The Days of His Grace) have been translated into many languages.

André Malraux: Life: His novel L’Espoir (Man’s Hope), based on his experiences in Spain, was published in 1937. A motion-picture version of L’Espoir that Malraux produced and directed in Barcelona in 1938 was not shown in France until after the country’s liberation at the end of World War II.

Days of Our Lives, American television soap opera that has been broadcast nearly every weekday since its 1965 debut on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) network. The influential series won numerous Daytime Emmy Awards and became a fixture of American daytime programming. Days of Our Lives

Holocaust remembrance days: …camp in 1945, to be Days of Remembrance of Victims of the Holocaust. Danforth deliberately sought a date with American significance and a Saturday and Sunday so that observances could be held in synagogues and churches as well as in civic settings. In 1979 the U.S. President’s Commission on the…

Robert Duvall: …successful Hollywood pictures such as Days of Thunder (1990), Phenomenon (1996), and A Family Thing (1996). He wrote, directed, and starred in The Apostle (1997), a pet project he spent years developing and that earned him his third Oscar nomination for best actor. Duvall’s performance in A Civil Action (1998)…

Days of Wine and Roses, American film drama, released in 1962, about the ravaging effect of alcoholism on a young, codependent couple played by Jack Lemmon and Lee Remick. Joe Clay (Lemmon) is a successful advertising executive with a beautiful wife (Remick). As their social status improves and the

Ṭāhā Ḥusayn: , 1929–67; The Days), the first modern Arab literary work to be acclaimed in the West.

geomagnetic field: Outer magnetic field: …72° magnetic latitude creates the dayside auroral ovals. Auroras can be seen in these regions in the dark hours of winter, but they are much weaker than on the nightside because the particles that produce them have much less energy. The projections of the two lobes of the magnetic tail…

Haiti, country in the Caribbean Sea that includes the western third of the island of Hispaniola and such smaller islands as Gonâve, Tortue (Tortuga), Grande Caye, and Vache. The capital is Port-au-Prince. Haiti, whose population is almost entirely descended from enslaved African people, won

soap opera, broadcast dramatic serial program, so called in the United States because most of its major sponsors for many years were manufacturers of soap and detergents. The soap opera is characterized by a permanent cast of actors, a continuing story, emphasis on dialogue instead of action, a

Dayton, city, seat (1899) of Rhea county, southeastern Tennessee, U.S. It lies on Richland Creek near the Tennessee River, 36 miles (58 km) northeast of Chattanooga. Originally called Smith’s Crossroads (c. 1820), it was renamed Dayton in the 1870s. The Rhea County Courthouse in Dayton was the

Dayton, city, seat (1803) of Montgomery county, southwestern Ohio, U.S., located 54 miles (87 km) northeast of Cincinnati, on a low floodplain of the Great Miami River, at the confluence of the Stillwater and Mad rivers and Wolf Creek. It is the heart of a metropolitan area that includes the cities

Dayton Accords, peace agreement reached on Nov. 21, 1995, by the presidents of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia, ending the war in Bosnia and outlining a General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It preserved Bosnia as a single state made up of two parts, the Bosniak-Croat

Dayton: Dayton has an art institute, a museum of natural history, and a symphony orchestra. The Dayton home of poet Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872–1906) is preserved as a state memorial and museum; the city’s Greek Revival-style Old Courthouse (1850) now houses the Montgomery County Historical Society museum. Recreational facilities…

Target Corporation, American mass-market retail company operating large-scale food and general-merchandise discount stores. It is one of the largest discount retailers in the United States, and its red bull’s-eye logo is familiar throughout the country. Corporate headquarters are in Minneapolis,

Walter Achiu: …played multiple positions for the Dayton Triangles, one of the original NFL franchises.

Target Corporation: Banker and real estate investor George Draper Dayton incorporated Target in 1902 as Goodfellow Dry Goods. The following year the name was changed to Dayton Dry Goods Company and shortened to Dayton Company in 1911. On May 1, 1962, Dayton Company opened its first Target store, designed as a discount…

Jonathan Dayton was the youngest member of the U.S. Constitutional Convention, speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, and developer of large tracts in what later became the state of Ohio. The city of Dayton, Ohio, is named for him. Immediately following graduation from the College of New

Amy Klobuchar: Mark Dayton would not seek reelection, she entered the race for his seat, running on the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL) ticket. She defeated her Republican opponent by a substantial margin and took office in 2007.

University of Dayton, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Dayton, Ohio, U.S. The university is affiliated with the Marianist order (Society of Mary) of the Roman Catholic church. It is composed of the College of Arts and Sciences and schools of business administration,

United States presidential election of 1856: Campaign and results: senator from California, with William L. Dayton, a former U.S. senator from New Jersey as his running mate. Former president Millard Fillmore served as the Know-Nothing nominee, with Andrew J. Donelson of Tennessee as his running mate; the Whigs united behind Fillmore rather than proposing their own candidate.

Target Corporation, American mass-market retail company operating large-scale food and general-merchandise discount stores. It is one of the largest discount retailers in the United States, and its red bull’s-eye logo is familiar throughout the country. Corporate headquarters are in Minneapolis,

motorcycle racing: Since 1937 the Daytona 200-mile (320-kilometre) race has been the leading U.S. race. It is held on the same road circuit used for the 24-hour Daytona auto race. Grand Prix racing (in the sense of being a major event in the country in which it is held) for…

Daytona 500, annual U.S. stock-car race that is the most prestigious event in the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) season. The race has been held every February since 1959 at the Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida, and it consists of 200 laps around a

Daytona Beach, city, Volusia county, northeastern Florida, U.S., on the Atlantic Ocean and Halifax River (a tidewater lagoon, part of the Intracoastal Waterway), about 90 miles (145 km) south of Jacksonville. The area was originally inhabited by Timucua Indians. Creek peoples lived there when

Daytona Beach: …is also known for the Daytona International Speedway, site of the Daytona 500 in February and the Pepsi 400 in July, and it is the headquarters of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR).

Jiangxi: Resources and power: The region surrounding Dayu, on the Guangdong border, is the centre of tungsten mining, and extensive deposits have been discovered at the extreme southern tip of the province. The ore mined in southern Jiangxi contains 60 percent tungsten; the remaining 40 percent permits the production of sizable amounts…

Chen Kaige: …next year by Dayuebing (The Big Parade), which depicts young soldiers training for a military parade in Beijing. Haizi wang (1987; King of the Children) is the story of a young teacher sent to a squalid rural school “to learn from the peasants.” Chen’s fourth film, Bienzou bienchang (1991;…

middot: …limited by the principle of dayyo (“it is sufficient”) so that the interpreter will not go beyond the conclusion warranted by the premise. In the New Testament, Jesus applied this rule in the Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5–7): “If you then, who are evil, know how to give good…

Chad: Ethnic groups: …are sedentary and coexist with Daza, Kreda, and Arab nomads. The Hadjeray (of the Guera Massif) and Abou Telfân are composed of refugee populations who, living on their mountainous terrain, have resisted various invasions. On the plains surrounding the Hadjeray are the Bulala, Kuka, and the Midogo, who are sedentary

Dazai Osamu was a novelist who emerged at the end of World War II as the literary voice of his time. His dark, wry tone perfectly captured the confusion of postwar Japan, when traditional values were discredited and the younger generation nihilistically rejected all of the past. Born in northern

Richard Linklater: First films: Dazed and Confused and Before Sunrise: …made for a major studio, Dazed and Confused (1993), is far from a lavish affair. Instead, it explores the director’s typically small-bore cinematic interests, most notably the development of distinct, introspective, offbeat characters. Drawn heavily from Linklater’s own teenaged experiences, the slice-of-life comedy, which follows students at a suburban Texas…

Beijing: Commerce and finance: Dazhanlan, just west of Qianmen Dajie, was rebuilt in 1998, and many of the Qing period shops there were restored. Specialities sold there include silk, tea, herbal medicines, food, and clothing. The Panjiayuan neighbourhood, just east of Longtan Park—once popular with China’s national minorities but…

dazhuan, in Chinese calligraphy, script evolved from the ancient scripts jiaguwen and guwen by the 12th century bc and developed during the Zhou dynasty (12th century–256/255 bc). It is the earliest form of script to be cultivated later into an important related art form, zhuanshu (“seal script”),

dazibao, in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), prominently displayed handwritten posters containing complaints about government officials or policies. The posters typically constitute a large piece of white paper on which the author has written slogans, poems, or even longer essays in large

Theophilus: …bloody battle at Dazimon (now Dazmana, Turkey) in July 838. Ancyra fell, and a month later al-Muʿtaṣim took Amorium, one of the empire’s chief fortresses and the home of Theophilus’ dynasty. Exploiting dissension within the Arab camp, however, Theophilus in 841, with the help of Spanish Moors, captured Melitene on…

Theophilus: …bloody battle at Dazimon (now Dazmana, Turkey) in July 838. Ancyra fell, and a month later al-Muʿtaṣim took Amorium, one of the empire’s chief fortresses and the home of Theophilus’ dynasty. Exploiting dissension within the Arab camp, however, Theophilus in 841, with the help of Spanish Moors, captured Melitene on…

Ethiopia: From prehistory to the Aksumite kingdom: …the kingdom of Dʾmt (Daʾamat). This kingdom dominated lands to the west, obtaining ivory, tortoiseshell, rhinoceros horn, gold, silver, and slaves and trading them to South Arabian merchants.

Islamic arts: Percussion instruments: …for folk dances; and the dāʾirah, or ṭar, with jingling plates or rings set in the frame. The dāʾirah and the vase-shaped drum darabukka (in Iran, z̄arb) are used in folk and art music, and the small kettledrums naqqārah and nuqayrat are used in art music and in military music…

India: Bahmanī consolidation of the Deccan: …was assassinated by his cousin Dāʾūd while returning from a campaign in Vijayanagar. Dāʾūd was in turn murdered by ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn’s partisans, who then set Dāʾūd’s brother Muḥammad II (reigned 1378–97) on the throne and blinded Dāʾūd’s son. These political difficulties enabled Vijayanagar to take away Goa and other territory…