geoid: The concept of the geoid: …ellipsoid is known as the deflection of the vertical.

bridge: Suspension bridges: …was the first application of deflection theory, during the design of these two bridges, in calculating how the horizontal deck and curved cables worked together to carry loads. First published in 1888 by the Austrian academic Josef Melan, deflection theory explains how deck and cables deflect together under gravity loads,…

television: Deflection coils: …a structure known as the deflection yoke, which surrounds the neck of the picture tube at the junction of the neck with the funnel section.

surface coating: Defoamers: One problem with specialty additives is that they often have a surfactant nature and consequently stabilize foam in the liquid coating. Portions of the coating polymer also have a surfactant nature, and they, too, contribute to foam stability. Foam often causes problems during manufacture…

Daniel Defoe was an English novelist, pamphleteer, and journalist, known as the author of Robinson Crusoe (1719–22) and Moll Flanders (1722). Defoe’s father, James Foe, was a hard-working and fairly prosperous tallow chandler (perhaps also, later, a butcher), of Flemish descent. By his middle 30s,

Benue-Congo languages: Defoid: The Defoid languages comprise two groups: the Akokoid cluster of four languages and the very much larger Yoruboid cluster whose principal members are Yoruba (20,000,000 speakers), Igala (1,000,000), and Itsekiri (Itsεkiri; 600,000). Yoruba is the Niger-Congo

defoliant, a chemical dust or spray applied to plants to cause their leaves to drop off prematurely. Defoliants sometimes are applied to crop plants such as cotton in order to facilitate harvesting. They are also used in warfare to eliminate enemy food crops and potential areas of concealment by

deforcement, in English property law, wrongful taking and possession of land belonging to another. Deforcement had its primary legal significance in feudal England. Deforcement arose particularly in cases in which land possessed by a tenant escheated (was forfeited) to his lord (either for reason

John William DeForest was an American writer of realistic fiction, author of a major novel of the American Civil War—Miss Ravenel’s Conversion from Secession to Loyalty (1867). The son of a prosperous cotton manufacturer, DeForest did not go to college, owing to poor health, but traveled (1848–49)

deforestation, the clearing or thinning of forests by humans. Deforestation represents one of the largest issues in global land use. Estimates of deforestation traditionally are based on the area of forest cleared for human use, including removal of the trees for wood products and for croplands and

mechanics of solids: Stress: …1822 a basic assumption of continuum mechanics that such surface forces could be represented as a stress vector T, defined so that TdS is an element of force acting over the area dS of the surface (Figure 1). Hence, the principles of linear and angular momentum take the forms

topology: …if they can be continuously deformed into one another through such motions in space as bending, twisting, stretching, and shrinking while disallowing tearing apart or gluing together parts. The main topics of interest in topology are the properties that remain unchanged by such continuous deformations. Topology, while similar to geometry,…

deformation and flow, in physics, alteration in shape or size of a body under the influence of mechanical forces. Flow is a change in deformation that continues as long as the force is applied. A brief treatment of deformation and flow follows. For full treatment, see mechanics. Everyday substances

tunnels and underground excavations: Rock-mechanics investigation: The modulus of deformation (that is, the stiffness of the rock) is significant in problems involving movement under stress and in sharing of load between rock and structure, as in a tunnel lining, embedded steel penstock, or foundation of a dam or heavy building. The simplest…

body modifications and mutilations, intentional permanent or semipermanent alterations of the living human body for reasons such as ritual, folk medicine, aesthetics, or corporal punishment. In general, voluntary changes are considered to be modifications, and involuntary changes are considered

sedimentary rock: Fabric: …fabrics: primary (or depositional) and secondary (or deformational). Primary fabrics are produced while the sediment is accumulating. For example, river currents and some submarine gravity flows generate sediments whose flaky and prismatic constituent particles have long or short axes parallel with one another to produce an oriented fabric. Secondary fabrics…

radioactivity: The collective model: …in a collective fashion to deform the nuclear shape to a cigar shape. Such large spheroidal distortions are usual for nuclei far from magic, notably with 150 ≲ A ≲ 190, and 224 ≲ A (the symbol < denotes less than, and ∼ means that the number is approximate). In…

spondylitis: …most widely occurring forms are ankylosing spondylitis, hypertrophic spondylitis, and tuberculous spondylitis.

malformation, in biology, irregular or abnormal structural development. Malformations occur in both plants and animals and have a number of causes. The processes of development are regulated in such a way that few malformed organisms are found. Those that do appear may, when properly studied, shed

Amid the Black Lives Matter protests following the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on May 25, 2020, calls to “defund the police” began to populate protest signs and social media posts. Although there are multiple interpretations of “defund the police,” the basic definition is “to

DeFunis v. Odegaard, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (5–4) in a per curiam (unsigned) opinion on April 23, 1974, that a constitutional challenge to the use of affirmative action in the admissions policy of a state-operated law school was moot because, by the time the case was

DeFunis v. Odegaard: Facts of the case: The case arose when Marco DeFunis, Jr., a white Jewish student of Spanish-Portuguese descent, applied for admission to the law school of the University of Washington in 1971. Although the school received about 1,600 applications, officials chose to admit only 150 students.

Keith Urban: …with the crossover hit album Defying Gravity. Its pop and rock influences and universal messages of love made it popular with both country and mainstream pop audiences and pushed it to number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart. He followed it with Get Closer (2010), Fuse (2013), Ripcord (2016),…

creativity: Individual qualities of creative persons: In Defying the Crowd (1995), for example, the American psychologists Robert Sternberg and Todd Lubart likened the combined traits of autonomy and problem solving to buying low and selling high in the “marketplace of ideas.” By this they meant that the creative individual identifies a unique…

Deg Xinag, Athabaskan-speaking North American Indian tribe of interior Alaska, in the basins of the upper Kuskokwim and lower Yukon rivers. Their region is mountainous, with both woodlands and tundra, and is fairly rich in fish, caribou, bear, moose, and other game on which the Deg Xinag

Deg Xinag, Athabaskan-speaking North American Indian tribe of interior Alaska, in the basins of the upper Kuskokwim and lower Yukon rivers. Their region is mountainous, with both woodlands and tundra, and is fairly rich in fish, caribou, bear, moose, and other game on which the Deg Xinag

Levi Eshkol: …in 1920, Eshkol helped found Deganya Bet, one of the first kibbutzim (collective settlements) in Palestine. Thereafter he worked untiringly for the future Israeli state. He was one of the founders of Histadrut (General Federation of Labour) and was instrumental during World War II in the movement of people and…

Levi Eshkol: …in 1920, Eshkol helped found Deganya Bet, one of the first kibbutzim (collective settlements) in Palestine. Thereafter he worked untiringly for the future Israeli state. He was one of the founders of Histadrut (General Federation of Labour) and was instrumental during World War II in the movement of people and…

Edgar Degas was a French painter, sculptor, and printmaker who was prominent in the Impressionist group and widely celebrated for his images of Parisian life. Degas’s principal subject was the human—especially the female—figure, which he explored in works ranging from the somber portraits of his

Edgar Degas was a French painter, sculptor, and printmaker who was prominent in the Impressionist group and widely celebrated for his images of Parisian life. Degas’s principal subject was the human—especially the female—figure, which he explored in works ranging from the somber portraits of his

hydrosphere: Origin and evolution of the hydrosphere: Gains would be from continuous degassing of Earth; the present degassing rate of juvenile water has been determined as being only 0.3 cubic km (about 0.07 cubic mile) per year. Water loss in the upper atmosphere is by photodissociation, the breakup of water vapour molecules into hydrogen and oxygen due…

Degema, town and river port, Rivers state, southern Nigeria, on the Sambreiro River (an outlet of the Niger). A traditional market centre (fish, cassava, taro, palm produce, plantains, and yams) of the Ijo (Ijaw) people, it became a major exporter of palm oil and kernels after the decline of the

chemical bonding: Shapes of atomic orbitals: (This so-called degeneracy, the possession of the same energy by different wave functions, is also associated with the coincidental numerical agreement of Bohr’s model with experiment.) As soon as a second electron is present, however, the degeneracy is lost.

degenerate art, term used by the Nazi Party in Germany to describe art that did not support the ideals of Nazism. It was also the title of a propagandistically designed Nazi exhibition of modern art held in Munich in 1937. With Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in 1933, the systematic suppression of

degenerate gas, in physics, a particular configuration, usually reached at high densities, of a gas composed of subatomic particles with half-integral intrinsic angular momentum (spin). Such particles are called fermions, because their microscopic behaviour is regulated by a set of quantum

osteoarthritis, disorder of the joints characterized by progressive deterioration of the articular cartilage or of the entire joint, including the articular cartilage, the synovium (joint lining), the ligaments, and the subchondral bone (bone beneath the cartilage). Osteoarthritis is the most

Ellen DeGeneres is an American comedian and television host known for her quirky observational humour. DeGeneres briefly attended the University of New Orleans, where she majored in communications. Dissatisfied with university life, she left to work in a law firm and later held a string of jobs,

Ellen DeGeneres is an American comedian and television host known for her quirky observational humour. DeGeneres briefly attended the University of New Orleans, where she majored in communications. Dissatisfied with university life, she left to work in a law firm and later held a string of jobs,

Magnoliales: Degeneriaceae: The unusual kidney-shaped fruits of Degeneria measure up to 12 cm (almost 5 inches) long; they split open along one side to reveal orange or red seeds embedded in a pulp. The seeds hang down from the open fruit and are dispersed by birds. The embryos have three or four…

Magnoliales: Distribution and abundance: A second species, D. roseiflora, was described in 1988 on different Fijian islands—namely, Vanua Levu and Taveuni. It is also a fairly common timber tree that differs from the first species in having magenta or pink flowers, smaller fruits, and bark of a different colour.

Magnoliales: Distribution and abundance: Degeneria vitiensis, as the species name indicates, was found on Viti Levu, the largest island of the Fijian archipelago. It is a relatively common tree that occurs mostly in upland forests on steep slopes, and it has been used for timber. A second species, D.…

Magnoliales: Degeneriaceae: The two species in Degeneriaceae (Degeneria vitiensis and D. roseiflora) are large trees and have primitive vessels, single pollen grains with an elongated aperture and a homogenous (structureless) exine, and sterile stamens (staminodes) between the fertile stamens and the central single carpel. The unusual kidney-shaped fruits of Degeneria measure…

Deggendorf, city, Bavaria Land (state), southeastern Germany. It is on the Danube River, 2.5 miles (4 km) above its confluence with the Isar River. Deggendorf lies at the western foot of the Bavarian and Bohemian forests, east of Straubing. Founded about 750, it passed to the dukes of Bavaria in

Antarctica: Glaciation: …Ice Sheet may have undergone deglaciations perhaps similar to those that occurred later during interglacial stages in the Northern Hemisphere. Evidence of former higher sea levels found in many areas of the Earth seems to support the hypothesis that such deglaciation occurred. If Antarctica’s ice were to melt today, for…

Western architecture: France: …Exposition of 1889, for which Henri Deglane and Victor Laloux erected, respectively, the Grand Palais and the Gare d’Orsay (renovated as the Musée d’Orsay, 1979–86). These monumental buildings are in a frothy Baroque style, though they incorporate much glass and iron. Reaction to this exuberance was expressed in the work…

swallowing, the act of passing food from the mouth, by way of the pharynx (or throat) and esophagus, to the stomach. Three stages are involved in swallowing food. The first begins in the mouth. There, food is mixed with saliva for lubrication and placed on the back of the tongue. The mouth closes,

champagne: …removed in a process called dégorgement. In this process, the cork is carefully pried off, allowing the internal pressure in the bottle to shoot the sediment out; this is sometimes done after the neck of the bottle and the deposits have been frozen. After dégorgement, a small amount of syrup…

surface coating: Exterior durability: …are susceptible to damage and degradation by continued exposure to sunlight. Degradation occurs because radiation in the near-ultraviolet and blue end of the visible spectrum contains sufficient energy to break chemical bonds within polymers of many types. As radiation-induced degradation occurs, the ability of a coating to provide chemical and…

soap and detergent: Raw materials: …and, because the foam retards biological degradation of organic material in sewage, it caused problems in sewage-water regeneration systems. In countries where sewage water is used for irrigation, the foam was also a problem. Intensive research in the 1960s led to changes in the alkylbenzene sulfonate molecules. The tetrapropylene, which…

Chhattisgarh: Relief: …topographic variations resulting from extensive denudation (wearing away of the earth by such processes as weathering and erosion). Knolls, undulating interfluves (areas between adjacent watercourses), and valleys flanked by belts of clayey soils are characteristic of the region. About 100 miles (160 km) wide, the Chhattisgarh Plain is bounded by…

animism: Tylor’s theory of animism: …he championed against the so-called degradation theory, which held that the religion of remote peoples could only have spread to them from centres of high culture, such as early Egypt, becoming “degraded” in the process of transfer. Tylor showed that animistic beliefs exhibit great variety and often are uniquely suited…

Europe: Soils: …less value are known as degraded chernozems and gray forest soils. At best, chestnut soils—some needing only water to be productive—and, at worst, solonetzic (highly saline) soils cover areas of increasing aridity eastward of Ukraine to the Ural River. Lastly, in southern Europe, where the countryside is fragmented by mountains,…

blood: Neutrophils: …the neutrophil are depleted (degranulation). A metabolic process within the granules produces hydrogen peroxide and a highly active form of oxygen (superoxide), which destroy the ingested bacteria. Final digestion of the invading organism is accomplished by enzymes.

Roland Barthes: His first book, Le Degré zéro de l’écriture (1953; Writing Degree Zero), was a literary manifesto that examined the arbitrariness of the constructs of language. In subsequent books—including Mythologies (1957), Essais critiques (1964; Critical Essays), and La Tour Eiffel (1964; The Eiffel Tower and Other Mythologies)—he applied the…

formal logic: Special systems of LPC: …of n arguments (or, of degree n) when there is a rule that specifies a unique object (called the value of the function) whenever all the arguments are specified. In the domain of human beings, for example, “the mother of —” is a monadic function (a function of one argument),…

graph theory: …with each vertex is its degree, which is defined as the number of edges that enter or exit from it. Thus, a loop contributes 2 to the degree of its vertex. For instance, the vertices of the simple graph shown in the diagram all have a degree of 2, whereas…

degree, in education, any of several titles conferred by colleges and universities to indicate the completion of a course of study or the extent of academic achievement. The hierarchy of degrees dates back to the universities of 13th-century Europe, which had faculties organized into guilds.

criminal law: Degrees of participation: The common-law tradition distinguishes four degrees of participation in crime. One who commits the act “with his own hand” is a principal in the first degree. His counterpart in French law is the auteur (literally, “author”), or coauteur when two or more…

mathematics: Theory of equations: …of second-, third-, and fourth-degree equations and investigated why these solutions failed when the degree was greater than or equal to five. He introduced the novel idea of considering functions of the roots and examining the values they assumed as the roots were permuted. He was able to show…

trigonometry: Trigonometric functions: …most common units are the degree and the radian. There are 360° in a complete revolution, with each degree further divided into 60′ (minutes) and each minute divided into 60″ (seconds). In theoretical work, the radian is the most convenient unit. It is the angle at the centre of a…

agricultural technology: The degree day: One weather characteristic of agricultural value is the degree day. This concept holds that the growth of a plant is dependent on the total amount of heat to which it is subjected during its lifetime, accumulated as degree days. Common practice is to…

novel: Antinovel: … in Passing Time (1957) and Degrees (1960) wish mainly to remove the pathetic fallacy from fiction, in which the universe, which is indifferent to man, is made to throw back radar reflections of man’s own emotions. Individual character is not important, and consciousness dissolves into sheer “perception.” Even time is…

legislative investigative powers: ” Later, in DeGregory v. New Hampshire Attorney General (1966), the court held that the First Amendment prevents the government from “using the power to investigate enforced by the contempt power,” in the absence of any showing of “overriding and compelling state interest that would warrant intrusion into…

Léon Degrelle was the founder and leader of the Rexist Party of Belgium, who collaborated with the Germans during World War II. After failing three times to pass his final law exams at the Catholic University of Leuven (Louvain), Degrelle, who was a dynamic orator, entered politics. Using banking

Léon Degrelle was the founder and leader of the Rexist Party of Belgium, who collaborated with the Germans during World War II. After failing three times to pass his final law exams at the Catholic University of Leuven (Louvain), Degrelle, who was a dynamic orator, entered politics. Using banking

novel: Antinovel: … in Passing Time (1957) and Degrees (1960) wish mainly to remove the pathetic fallacy from fiction, in which the universe, which is indifferent to man, is made to throw back radar reflections of man’s own emotions. Individual character is not important, and consciousness dissolves into sheer “perception.” Even time is…

small arm: The submachine gun: After the war, Vasily Degtyarev of the Soviet Union incorporated Schmeisser’s principles into his own designs, culminating in the Pistolet Pulemyot Degtyarova of 1940. The PPD was fed by a drum-shaped magazine containing 71 7.62-mm cartridges, and it fired at a rate of 900 rounds per minute—far too…

small arm: Large-calibre machine guns: …the Degtyarov-Shpagin Krupnokaliberny 1938 (DShK-38), was similar, but it was gas-operated. It went into wide use in Soviet-supplied countries. Both of these weapons, as well as their successors (such as the Soviets’ Nikitin-Sokolov-Volkov, or NSV, machine gun), were used by infantry units on wheeled or tripod mounts, but they…

degu, (genus Octodon), one of four species of ratlike South American rodents found primarily on the lower western slopes of the Andes Mountains. It is one of the most common mammals of central Chile at elevations up to 1,200 metres (3,900 feet), where it prefers open grassy areas near shrubs,

Ōmoto: …transmitted through a peasant woman, Deguchi Nao, whose healing powers attracted an early following. Her first revelation in 1892 foretold the destruction of the world and the appearance of a messiah who would usher in the new heaven on earth.

Ōmoto: …and organized by her son-in-law, Deguchi Onisaburō (1871–1948), who denounced armament and war and identified himself as the leader who would establish the new order. He attracted more than 2,000,000 believers in the 1930s but aroused the hostility of the government, which twice, in 1921 and again in 1935, arrested…

fat and oil processing: Water refining: Water refining, usually called degumming, consists of treating the natural oil with a small amount of water, followed by centrifugal separation. The process is applied to many oils that contain phospholipids in significant amounts. Since the separated phospholipids are rather waxy or gummy solids, the term degumming was quite…

serenade: …music is the serenade “Deh! vieni alla finestra” (“Oh, Come to the Window”), from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s Don Giovanni. The instrumental serenade gradually lost its association with courtship and became (about 1770) primarily a collection of light pieces such as dances and marches suitable for open-air, evening performance.

elimination reaction: …the reaction is known as dehalogenation. Similarly, the elimination of a water molecule, usually from an alcohol, is known as dehydration; when both leaving atoms are hydrogen atoms, the reaction is known as dehydrogenation. Elimination reactions are also classified as E1 or E2, depending on the reaction kinetics. In an…

forestry: Range and forage: …agroforestry, a practice known as silvopasture, or dehesa, specifically seeks to combine trees with forage (pasture) and livestock production. The components are structurally and functionally combined and actively managed to optimize the positive biophysical interactions between them. This form of agroforestry is a practical and low-cost means of implementing integrated…

Fabales: Characteristic morphological features: …that generally splits open (dehisces) along one or both edges (sutures) at maturity, releasing the seeds that have developed from the ovules. This basic legume type is idealized in a pea or bean pod, which bears two rows of marginally placed ovules along the upper suture. But evolution within…

Dehiwala–Mount Lavinia, urban area on the southwestern coast of Sri Lanka. The area lies south of Colombo, of which it is a residential suburb. It comprises Dehiwala, Galkissa, Mount Lavinia, and other communities, all governed by a single urban council. Mount Lavinia is a seaside resort known for

Madhubala was an Indian actress who was the most celebrated female Bollywood star during the 1950s and ’60s. She was especially famed for her beauty, so much so that her accomplished acting was often overlooked. Dehlavi was still a child when her impoverished Pashtun family moved to a slum in

Richard Dehmel was a German poet who exerted a major influence on young writers through his innovations in form and content. After completing his studies at Berlin and Leipzig in 1887, Dehmel worked as an insurance official and then, in 1895, became a freelance writer. He chose naturalistic social

Hans Georg Dehmelt was a German-born American physicist who shared one-half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1989 with the German physicist Wolfgang Paul. (The other half of the prize was awarded to the American physicist Norman Foster Ramsey.) Dehmelt received his share of the prize for his

Max Dehn: …on topological manifolds, known as Dehn’s lemma.

Max Dehn was a German mathematician and educator whose study of topology in 1910 led to his theorem on topological manifolds, known as Dehn’s lemma. Dehn was educated in Germany and received his doctorate from the University of Göttingen in 1900. He was influenced by the German mathematician David

Léon-Gustave Dehon was a French Roman Catholic priest who founded the Congregation of the Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, a congregation of priests and brothers dedicated to spreading the apostolate of the Sacred Heart. Educated at the Sorbonne, Dehon was ordained priest in 1868 at Rome.

Dehradun, city, capital of Uttarakhand state, northern India. It lies in the northwestern part of the state in the foothills of the Himalayas at an elevation of about 2,100 feet (640 meters). Dehradun was founded in 1699, when the heretical Sikh Guru Ram Rai was driven out of the Punjab and built a

Dehri, city, southwestern Bihar state, northeastern India. It lies on the Son River, about 10 miles (16 km) east of Sasaram. Dehri has major road and rail connections and houses railway workshops. The city is the headworks of the Son canal system and the site of a hydroelectric dam. Industries

Dehua porcelain, Chinese porcelain made at Dehua in Fujian province. Although the kiln began production some time during the Song period (960–1279), most examples of the porcelain are attributed to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The characteristic product of Dehua was the white porcelain known to

racism: …dignity, seemed to demand the dehumanization of those enslaved.

Spanish literature: Novecentismo: …La deshumanización del arte (1925; The Dehumanization of Art), which analyzed contemporary “depersonalized” (i.e., nonrepresentational) art. Ramón Pérez de Ayala made the novel a polished art form and a forum for philosophical discussion. Belarmino y Apolonio (1921; Belarmino and Apolonio) examines the age-old debate between faith and reason, utilizing symbolic…

home appliance: Appliances for comfort.: …in uncomfortably humid rooms, the dehumidifier was developed, using air-conditioning technology: room air is propelled by fan across a cooling coil on which moisture condenses and then drops into a container; the dried air is then warmed and circulated. Conversely, air whose relative humidity is too low for comfort can…

dehydration, in food processing, means by which many types of food can be preserved for indefinite periods by extracting the moisture, thereby inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Dehydration is one of the oldest methods of food preservation and was used by prehistoric peoples in sun-drying

dehydration, loss of water from the body; it is almost invariably associated with some loss of salt (sodium chloride) as well. The treatment of any form of dehydration, therefore, requires not only the replacement of the water lost from the body but also the restoration of the normal concentration

duricrust: Factors involved in duricrust formation: …that are capable of promoting dehydration and hardening of ferricrusts, whether before, during, or after stripping of the overlying soil, include the destruction of forest and lowering of the water table, both of which can occur in several ways. Aside from clearance by humans, forest destruction, for example, may be…

metamorphic rock: Reactions in a kaolinite-quartz system: …first chemical reaction is a dehydration reaction leading to the formation of a new hydrate. The water released is itself a solvent for silicates and promotes the crystallization of the product phases.

combustion: Special aspects: …into extremely large groupings, and dehydrogenation, a process that eliminates hydrogen from molecules.

elimination reaction: …for example, is known as dehydrohalogenation; when both leaving atoms are halogens, the reaction is known as dehalogenation. Similarly, the elimination of a water molecule, usually from an alcohol, is known as dehydration; when both leaving atoms are hydrogen atoms, the reaction is known as dehydrogenation. Elimination reactions are also…

Italian literature: Fiction at the turn of the 21st century: What We Don’t Know About Children, or A Game We Play) opens a disturbing window onto the perverse and ultimately deadly private world of a group of children abandoned by their families to their own devices. Carlo Lucarelli’s thriller Almost Blue (1997; the original and…

penology: …of Cesare Beccaria’s pamphlet on Crimes and Punishments in 1764. This represented a school of doctrine, born of the new humanitarian impulse of the 18th century, with which Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu in France and Jeremy Bentham in England were associated. This, which came afterwards to be known as…

First Vatican Council: …dissolved, promulgated two doctrinal constitutions: Dei Filius, a greatly shortened version of the schema on Catholic faith, which deals with faith, reason, and their interrelations; and Pastor Aeternus, which deals with the authority of the pope.

Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) programs—meant to address historical and systemic disparities based on race, gender, age, ability, and sexual orientation in the workplace—became a controversial cornerstone for both the government and private sector in the 21st century. The practice, once

Ugo Foscolo: …his literary reputation with “Dei sepolcri” (Eng. trans., “Of the Sepulchres,” c. 1820), a patriotic poem in blank verse, written as a protest against Napoleon’s decree forbidding tomb inscriptions. In 1808 the poem won for its author the chair of Italian rhetoric at the University of Pavia. When the…