deoxyribose, five-carbon sugar component of DNA (q.v.; deoxyribonucleic acid), where it alternates with phosphate groups to form the “backbone” of the DNA polymer and binds to nitrogenous bases. The presence of deoxyribose instead of ribose is one difference between DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

metabolism: Deoxyribonucleotides: Deoxythymidylic acid (dTMP) is derived from deoxyuridylic acid (dUMP).

metabolism: Deoxyribonucleotides: Deoxyuridine diphosphate (dUDP) is first converted to dUMP, by reaction [69] proceeding from right to left. Deoxyuridylic acid then accepts a methyl group (CH3―) in a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme (thymidylate synthetase) with the vitamin folic acid as a coenzyme; the product is dTMP…

metabolism: Deoxyribonucleotides: …acid (dTMP) is derived from deoxyuridylic acid (dUMP).

baking: Depanners: Automatic depanners, removing the loaves from the pans, either invert the pans, jarring them to dislodge the bread, or pick the loaves out of the pans by means of suction cups attached to belts.

Tomie dePaola was an American author and illustrator who illustrated 268 children’s books, many of which he wrote. He also wrote but did not illustrate three books. His accomplishments earned him the 1981 Kerlan Award from the University of Minnesota, the 1983 Regina Medal from the Catholic Library

Tomie dePaola was an American author and illustrator who illustrated 268 children’s books, many of which he wrote. He also wrote but did not illustrate three books. His accomplishments earned him the 1981 Kerlan Award from the University of Minnesota, the 1983 Regina Medal from the Catholic Library

Gérard Depardieu is a French motion-picture actor noted for his versatility and for his unusual combination of gentleness and physicality. The son of migrant labourers, Depardieu received little formal education and at age 15 went to Paris, where he studied acting. He made his screen debut in the

The Departed, American crime film, released in 2006, that was directed by Martin Scorsese and won four Academy Awards, including best picture. A tense action thriller with an all-star cast, it was one of Scorsese’s biggest hits at the box office. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film

département, largest unit of local government in France and in some former French colonies. The départements were originally created in 1790. Each département is governed by an elected general council, which holds responsibility for local services, laws, and budget; an officer called a commissioner

Yiddish literature: Writers in Poland and the Soviet Union: His masterpiece Opgang (1920; Departing) conveys the decline of the shtetl using techniques such as internal monologue, dream sequences, nonlinear narrative, and a roving narrative eye that views the town from the perspective of many different characters. When the novel opens, its main character has already died of uncertain…

Russia: Government: …1802 Alexander instituted eight government departments, or ministries, of which five were essentially new. The organization of the departments was substantially improved in 1811 by Speransky. In the 1820s the Ministry of the Interior became responsible for public order, public health, stocks of food, and the development of industry and…

Department of Commerce v. New York, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 27, 2019, reversed in part, affirmed in part, and remanded the judgment of a federal district court in New York that had vacated a decision by the U.S. secretary of commerce, Wilbur Ross, to add a U.S.

Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), U.S. federal department that was formerly called the United States Digital Service (USDS). On January 20, 2025, U.S. Pres. Donald Trump issued an executive order that reorganized the USDS and changed its name to the United States DOGE Service; DOGE stands

Affordable Care Act cases: Certiorari petitions: (severability) and Department of Health and Human Services et al. v. Florida et al. (the individual mandate and the Anti-Injunction Act). By that time the court had received, but not granted, petitions for certiorari in three other appellate cases challenging the PPACA: Thomas More Law Center et…

U.K. Department of Health (DH), branch of the government of the United Kingdom concerned with the maintenance of public health. The Department of Health (DH) provides leadership for the National Health Service (NHS) and for the government’s social care and public health agendas. The DH has

department store, retail establishment that sells a wide variety of goods. These usually include ready-to-wear apparel and accessories for adults and children, yard goods and household textiles, small household wares, furniture, electrical appliances and accessories, and, often, food. These goods

Rudyard Kipling: Life: He published the verse collection Departmental Ditties in 1886, the short-story collection Plain Tales from the Hills in 1888, and between 1887 and 1889 he brought out six paper-covered volumes of short stories. Among the latter were Soldiers Three, The Phantom Rickshaw (containing the story “The Man Who Would Be…

Max Beckmann: …to Berlin, where he completed Departure (1933), the first of the large-scale allegorical triptychs that constitute his most important works.

Arc de Triomphe: …those sculptures is Rude’s group Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 (popularly called La Marseillaise). Other surfaces are decorated with the names of hundreds of generals and battles. A stairway of 284 steps reaches from the ground level to the top of the monument; an elevator goes partway up the…

Joseph Yoakum: …tales of his world travels, Derrel B. DePasse, Yoakum’s first biographer, determined that Yoakum had, in fact, traveled to many (though not all) of the places that he described and drew late in life.

DePaul University, private, coeducational university in Chicago, Illinois, U.S. It is the largest Roman Catholic university in the United States. DePaul was founded as St. Vincent’s College in 1898 by the Vincentian Fathers. It was renamed and chartered as a university in 1907. Women were admitted

DePauw University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Greencastle, Ind., U.S., 40 miles (64 km) west of Indianapolis. It is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. Strictly an undergraduate university, DePauw offers a curriculum in the liberal arts and sciences as well as

conflict of laws: Applications in the United States: …case (a situation known as dépeçage [French: “break into smaller pieces”]). This “splitting” of a case into its various component issues may promote just solutions for difficult international cases, but the practice significantly increases the burden on courts and on the involved parties. In addition, it diminishes the decision’s value…

Kraftwerk: …Eno; and the synth-pop of Depeche Mode, Soft Cell, and countless others.

France: The development of central government: The Council for Dispatches (Conseil des Dépêches), or, more loosely, the Council for the Interior, had particular responsibility for home affairs, including the activities of the intendants; the Royal Council for Finances (Conseil Royal des Finances) supervised important matters affecting financial aspects of the king’s domain…

fruit processing: Pectinization: If the juice is to be clarified further or concentrated after extraction, treatment with pectinase may be required. The juice is monitored for pectin content using a qualitative pectin check, consisting of combining one part juice with two parts ethanol. If a gel forms,…

chemical dependency, the body’s physical and/or psychological addiction to a psychoactive (mind-altering) substance, such as narcotics, alcohol, or nicotine. Physical dependency on such chemicals as prescription drugs or alcohol stems from repetitive use followed by the gradual increase in the

dependency, in international relations, a weak state dominated by or under the jurisdiction of a more powerful state but not formally annexed by it. Examples include American Samoa (U.S.) and Greenland (Denmark). The dominant state may control some of the weak state’s affairs, such as defense,

dependency theory, an approach to understanding economic underdevelopment that emphasizes the putative constraints imposed by the global political and economic order. First proposed in the late 1950s by the Argentine economist and statesman Raúl Prebisch, dependency theory gained prominence in the

media dependency theory, a systematic approach to the study of the effects of mass media on audiences and of the interactions between media, audiences, and social systems. It was introduced in outline by the American communications researchers Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur in 1976.

chemical dependency, the body’s physical and/or psychological addiction to a psychoactive (mind-altering) substance, such as narcotics, alcohol, or nicotine. Physical dependency on such chemicals as prescription drugs or alcohol stems from repetitive use followed by the gradual increase in the

Spain: The conquest: …and 756 is called the dependent emirate because Muslim Spain, or Al-Andalus, was dependent on the Umayyad caliph in Damascus. These years were marked by continuous hostilities between the different Arab factions and between the various social groups. Nonetheless, Muslim expansion beyond the Pyrenees continued until 732, when the Franks,…

statistics: Events and their probabilities: …product” are said to be dependent. If two events are independent, the occurrence of one event does not affect the probability of the other event taking place. When two or more events are independent, the probability of their joint occurrence is the product of their individual probabilities. Two events are…

paticca-samuppada, the chain, or law, of dependent origination, or the chain of causation—a fundamental concept of Buddhism describing the causes of suffering (dukkha; Sanskrit duhkha) and the course of events that lead a being through rebirth, old age, and death. Existence is seen as an

patent: …principal patent generates other, “dependent” patents; the main patentee may be compelled to grant licenses to those who hold dependent patents. Occasionally, companies holding patents use their rights in attempts to form monopolies that affect entire fields of commerce. In such cases antitrust suits brought by the government may…

personality disorder: Persons with dependent personality disorder lack energy and initiative and passively let others assume responsibility for major aspects of their lives. Persons with passive-aggressive personality disorder express their hostility through such indirect means as stubbornness, procrastination, inefficiency, and forgetfulness.

Alasdair MacIntyre: After Virtue and later works: In Dependent Rational Animals (1999) he elaborated upon these arguments, holding that the nation-state is, from the ethical perspective that he articulated, inadequate, because it sustains only a politics of bargaining in which control is wielded by elites of wealth and power. Indeed, its very size…

special district: Dependent special districts, on the other hand, are governed by the elected bodies of general-purpose governments. Larger independent districts usually have a professional manager similar to a city manager to assist board members. Small dependent districts in large cities or counties, such as street or…

statistics: Regression and correlation analysis: …identifying the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. A model of the relationship is hypothesized, and estimates of the parameter values are used to develop an estimated regression equation. Various tests are then employed to determine if the model is satisfactory. If the model is…

parvovirus: …Parvovirinae replicate autonomously, the genus Dependovirus contains viruses that replicate only in the presence of helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses; these strains are designated adenoassociated viruses (AAV). Densovirinae viruses are typically named for their insect hosts; examples include Aedes aegypti densovirus, Bombyx mori densovirus 5, and Periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus.

depersonalization, in psychology, a state in which an individual feels that either he himself or the outside world is unreal. In addition to a sense of unreality, depersonalization may involve the feeling that one’s mind is dissociated from one’s body; that the body extremities have changed in

depersonalization, in psychology, a state in which an individual feels that either he himself or the outside world is unreal. In addition to a sense of unreality, depersonalization may involve the feeling that one’s mind is dissociated from one’s body; that the body extremities have changed in

Chauncey Mitchell Depew was an American railroad lawyer and politician who is best remembered as an orator, a wit, and an after-dinner speaker. Entering politics as a Republican, Depew served as a member of the New York Assembly (1861–62) and as secretary of state of New York (1864–65). In 1866 he

Molière: Early life and beginnings in theater: …and Le Dépit amoureux (The Amorous Quarrel), performed at Béziers in 1656.

depleted uranium, dense mildly radioactive metal that is primarily used in the production of ammunition and armour plating. Depleted uranium is created as a waste product when the radioactive isotope uranium-235 is extracted from natural uranium ore. Because uranium-235 is used as a fuel in nuclear

depletion allowance, in corporate income tax, the deductions from gross income allowed investors in exhaustible mineral deposits (including oil or gas) for the depletion of the deposits. The theory behind the allowance is that an incentive is necessary to stimulate investment in this high-risk

depletion allowance, in corporate income tax, the deductions from gross income allowed investors in exhaustible mineral deposits (including oil or gas) for the depletion of the deposits. The theory behind the allowance is that an incentive is necessary to stimulate investment in this high-risk

semiconductor device: Metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors: …the gate electrode is the depletion region of the metal-semiconductor contact. An increase or decrease of the gate voltage with respect to the source causes the depletion region to expand or shrink; this in turn changes the cross-sectional area available for current flow from source to drain. The MESFET thus…

semiconductor device: Metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors: …the gate electrode is the depletion region of the metal-semiconductor contact. An increase or decrease of the gate voltage with respect to the source causes the depletion region to expand or shrink; this in turn changes the cross-sectional area available for current flow from source to drain. The MESFET thus…

contraception: Hormonal contraceptives: Depo-Provera, a progesterone available in many countries, is administered by injection once every three months. Norplant consists of a set of small, soft tubes that are surgically implanted under the skin of a woman’s arm, where they release the synthetic hormone progestin. Norplant can prevent…

Charles Joseph Van Depoele was a Belgian-born American inventor who demonstrated the practicability of electrical traction (1874) and patented an electric railway (1883). After immigrating to the United States in 1869, Van Depoele became a successful manufacturer of church furniture and then began

human cardiovascular system: Regulation of heartbeat: …into the cell and cause depolarization, which leads to muscle cell contraction.

drug: Drugs that affect skeletal muscle: Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs, of which succinylcholine is an important example, act in a more complicated way than nondepolarizing, or competitive, agents. Succinylcholine has an action on the end plate similar to that of acetylcholine. When given systemically, it causes a sustained end-plate depolarization, which…

drug: Drugs that affect skeletal muscle: Depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs, of which succinylcholine is an important example, act in a more complicated way than nondepolarizing, or competitive, agents. Succinylcholine has an action on the end plate similar to that of acetylcholine. When given systemically, it causes a sustained end-plate depolarization, which…

deportation, expulsion by executive agency of an alien whose presence in a country is deemed unlawful or detrimental. Deportation has often had a broader meaning, including exile, banishment, and the transportation of criminals to penal settlements. In Roman law, deportation originally described a

Robert Siodmak: …Siodmak helmed the crime yarn Deported, which was inspired in part by gangster Lucky Luciano’s deportation to Italy in 1946. He then switched gears with The Whistle at Eaton Falls (1951), a drama about factory layoffs in New Hampshire, filmed in semidocumentary fashion. Siodmak’s next movie was one of his…

Roddy Doyle: Other works: The Deportees (2007), Bullfighting (2011), and Life Without Children (2021) are short-story collections. Doyle also wrote a number of books for children, including Wilderness (2007) and A Greyhound of a Girl (2011). Two Pints (2012), Two More Pints

bank: Rationale for deposit insurance: …program intended to protect bank deposit holders from losses that could occur in the event of a bank failure. Although bank deposit insurance is primarily viewed as a means of protecting individual (and especially small) bank depositors, its more subtle purpose is one of protecting entire national banking and payments…

deposit account, Either of two basic bank deposit accounts. The demand deposit is payable on demand (see check). Theoretically, the time deposit is payable only after a fixed interval of time; in practice, withdrawals from most small time-deposit accounts are paid on

marine ecosystem: Benthos: …material in sediments are called deposit feeders (e.g., holothurians, echinoids, gastropods), those that feed on the plankton above are the suspension feeders (e.g., bivalves, ophiuroids, crinoids), and those that consume other fauna in the benthic assemblage are predators (e.g., starfish, gastropods). Organisms between 0.1 and 1 millimetre constitute the meiobenthos.…

deposit insurance, special type of insurance, under which depositors are guaranteed against loss in the event of a bank failure. It was developed in the United States during the Great Depression of the 1930s to meet the serious problems created by frequent bank suspensions. Between 1863 and 1933,

bank: Specialization: …two classes: exchange banks and banks of deposit. The last were banks that, besides receiving deposits, made loans and thus associated themselves with the trade and industries of a country. The exchange banks included in former years institutions such as the Bank of Hamburg and the Bank of Amsterdam. These…

certificate of deposit (CD), a receipt from a bank acknowledging the deposit of a sum of money. Two common types are demand certificates of deposit and time certificates of deposit. Each bank sets its own CD interest rates and maturity dates (e.g., six months, one year, two years, five years), but

certificate of deposit: Two common types are demand certificates of deposit and time certificates of deposit.

certificate of deposit: …demand certificates of deposit and time certificates of deposit.

discovery: …also can be made through depositions, whereby a witness is sworn and, in the presence of attorneys for both sides, is subjected to questions. The written record of the proceedings also is called a deposition and may be introduced later if the case comes to trial. Other forms of discovery…

Fra Angelico: San Domenico period: Angelico’s Deposition for Santa Trinità in Florence was once attributed to Monaco, who had begun it before he died in 1425. Monaco had divided it into a triptych and executed the pinnacles. Angelico, however, made it a unified altarpiece with a vast landscape dominated by a…

Pietro Lorenzetti: The Deposition, in its clarity of composition and the monumentality of the sculpturelike draperies, shows a sensitive response to the art of Giotto. Lorenzetti’s figures achieve corporeality by means of strong, only partly blended colours. The Madonna and Child in the same cycle, however, returns to…

Rosso Fiorentino: …Volterra, and there he painted Deposition (1521). In 1521 or 1522 he returned to Florence, where he probably painted the dramatic Moses Defending the Daughters of Jethro (c. 1523).

sedimentation, in the geological sciences, process of deposition of a solid material from a state of suspension or solution in a fluid (usually air or water). Broadly defined it also includes deposits from glacial ice and those materials collected under the impetus of gravity alone, as in talus

atmosphere: Condensation: …nuclei are of three types: deposition nuclei, contact nuclei, and freezing nuclei. Deposition nuclei are analogous to condensation nuclei in that water vapour directly deposits as ice crystals on the aerosol. Contact and freezing nuclei, in contrast, are associated with the conversion of supercooled water to ice. A contact nucleus…

Raphael: Move to Florence of Raphael: …was commissioned to paint the Deposition of Christ. In this work it is obvious that Raphael set himself deliberately to learn from Michelangelo the expressive possibilities of human anatomy. But Raphael differed from Leonardo and Michelangelo, who were both painters of dark intensity and excitement, in that he wished to…

amorphous solid: Vapour condensation techniques: …shows the simplest of these vapour-condensation techniques. A vapour stream, formed within a vacuum chamber by thermal evaporation of a sample of the material to be deposited, impinges on the surface of a cold substrate. The atoms condense on the cold surface and, under a range of conditions (usually a…

sedimentary rock: Epiclastic conglomerates and breccias: …of shallow-water marine or nonmarine deposits. Their origin is commonly related to the existence of brief episodes of strong bottom-hugging currents capable of ripping up recently deposited, unconsolidated sediment. For example, shallow marine limestone deposits commonly have thin bands of boulder-, cobble-, and pebble-size carbonate clasts (edgewise conglomerate or breccia…

sedimentary rock: Fabric: …principal varieties of oriented fabrics: primary (or depositional) and secondary (or deformational). Primary fabrics are produced while the sediment is accumulating. For example, river currents and some submarine gravity flows generate sediments whose flaky and prismatic constituent particles have long or short axes parallel with one another to produce an…

pseudomorph: deposition, or alteration. In the formation of a pseudomorph by substitution, the original substance has been gradually removed and simultaneously replaced by another. A common example of this is petrified wood, in which all the cellulose fibres have been replaced by silica, even those in…

remanent magnetism: …into a sedimentary matrix, producing detrital remanent magnetism. It is hypothesized that the tiny grains orient themselves in the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field during deposition and before the final consolidation of the rock. The magnetism thus introduced appears to persist through later alteration and compaction of the rock,…

river: Origin of river terraces: In depositional terraces, however, the origin of the now abandoned floodplain is much less significant than the long-term episode of valley filling that preceded the final embellishment of the tread. The thickness of valley-fill deposits is much greater than anything that could be produced by vertical…

bank: Entry, branching, and financial-services restrictions: …to the passage of the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act in 1980. Its principal objectives were to improve monetary control and equalize its cost among depository institutions, to remove impediments to competition for funds by depository institutions while allowing the small saver a market rate of return, and…

library: The effects of the French Revolution: …départements in what were called dépots littéraires. In 1792 the same fate befell the collections of aristocratic families, and these, too, were added to the dépots. The enormous accumulations caused problems, and many books were lost, but the plan of coordinating library resources throughout the country was carried out. The…

silent trade, specialized form of barter in which goods are exchanged without any direct contact between the traders. Generally, one group goes to a customary spot, deposits the goods to be traded, and withdraws, sometimes giving a signal such as a call or a gong stroke. Another group then comes to

railroad: Buildings: …and surroundings of new passenger stations are laid out to provide adequate and convenient areas for connecting bus or trolley-car services, for private automobile parking, or for so-called “kiss-and-ride”—automobiles that are discharging or picking up rail passengers. Many existing stations have had their surroundings reorganized to provide these facilities.

Johnny Depp is an American actor and musician who was known for his eclectic and unconventional film choices. He achieved perhaps his greatest success as Capt. Jack Sparrow in the Pirates of the Caribbean series. At age 16 Depp dropped out of high school to pursue a music career. His band, the

original sin, in Christian doctrine, the condition or state of sin into which each human being is born; also, the origin (i.e., the cause, or source) of this state. Traditionally, the origin has been ascribed to the sin of the first man, Adam, who disobeyed God in eating the forbidden fruit (of

Claudian: …his superior, the Greek Hadrianus, Deprecatio ad Hadrianum, jeopardized his civil post; but, by assiduously praising Stilicho, minister of the Western emperor Flavius Honorius, and denouncing his rivals at the court of Flavius Arcadius, he gained the position of tribunus et notarius, the rank of vir clarissimus, and the honour…

depreciation, in accounting, the allocation of the cost of an asset over its economic life. Depreciation covers deterioration from use, age, and exposure to the elements. It also includes obsolescence—i.e., loss of usefulness arising from the availability of newer and more efficient types of goods

Herman Miller, Inc.: In 1923 D.J. DePree joined with his father-in-law, Herman Miller, and other investors to purchase the Star Furniture Company of Zeeland, Michigan (the company was later named for Miller). By the 1930s DePree had become interested in how contemporary design could improve home and office furniture. To…

depressant, in medicine, a drug or other agent that slows the activity of vital organs of the body. Depressants acting on the central nervous system include general anesthetics, opiates, alcohol, and hypnotics. Tranquilizing drugs (ataractics) act primarily on the lower levels of the brain,

Dalit, term used to refer to any member of a wide range of social groups that were historically marginalized in Hindu caste society. The official designation Scheduled Caste is the most common term now used in India for people in these groups, although members of the Scheduled Castes often prefer

Prarthana Samaj: …of the century, including the Depressed Classes Mission Society of India and the National Social Conference. Like that of the Brahmo Samaj and the Arya Samaj, the success of the Prarthana Samaj in restoring Hindu self-respect was an important factor in the growth of Indian nationalism, which led ultimately to…

cyclone, any large system of winds that circulates about a centre of low atmospheric pressure in a counterclockwise direction north of the Equator and in a clockwise direction to the south. Cyclonic winds move across nearly all regions of the Earth except the equatorial belt and are generally

depression, in economics, a major downturn in the business cycle characterized by sharp and sustained declines in economic activity; high rates of unemployment, poverty, and homelessness; increased rates of personal and business bankruptcy; massive declines in stock markets; and great reductions in

depression, in psychology, a mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life. A person who is depressed usually experiences several of the following symptoms: feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or pessimism; lowered self-esteem and

Great Depression, worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, macroeconomic policy, and economic theory.

Gamergate: …2013 of Zoë Quinn’s game Depression Quest. The game received acclaim from game critics and praise from mental health professionals, but it also spurred a backlash from a vocal minority in the online gaming community because its subject was depression. Although interactive fiction was among the oldest and most established…

persistent depressive disorder, mental disorder characterized by symptoms of depression that are present for two or more years. Although captured by different names and diagnoses throughout history, persistent depressive disorder was first recognized as such in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and

Agostino Depretis was an Italian statesman, a leftist figure in the Risorgimento who later served three times as premier of Italy. He provided a fairly stable government by the tactics of trasformismo, which brought together members of different parties in the same Cabinet. After graduating from

Michaela DePrince was a Sierra Leonean-born American ballet dancer known for her technical prowess and tenacious spirit. DePrince was born Mabinty Bangura during Sierra Leone’s prolonged civil war and spent her early years in that country. Rebel forces killed her father, and her mother died soon

brainwashing: Deprogramming, or reversing the effects of brainwashing through intensive psychotherapy and confrontation, has proved somewhat successful, particularly with religious cult members.