Wilhelm Ostwald: Other notable activities of Wilhelm Ostwald: …served as president of the Deutscher Monistenbund, a scientistic quasi-religion founded by the German zoologist and evolutionary proponent Ernst Haeckel.

Teutonic Order, religious order that played a major role in eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages and that underwent various changes in organization and residence from its founding in 1189/90 to the present. Its major residences, marking its major states of development, were: (1) Acre, Palestine

Teutonic Order, religious order that played a major role in eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages and that underwent various changes in organization and residence from its founding in 1189/90 to the present. Its major residences, marking its major states of development, were: (1) Acre, Palestine

Deutscher Werkbund, important organization of artists influential in its attempts to inspire good design and craftsmanship for mass-produced goods and architecture. The Werkbund, which was founded in Munich in 1907, was composed of artists, artisans, and architects who designed industrial,

DESY, the largest centre for high-energy particle-physics research in Germany. DESY, founded in 1959, is located in Hamburg and is funded jointly by the German federal government and the city of Hamburg. Its particle-accelerator facilities are an international resource, serving thousands of

Hitler Youth: …if qualified, inducted into the Deutsches Jungvolk (“German Young People”). At age 13 the youth became eligible for the Hitler Youth, from which he was graduated at age 18. Throughout these years he lived a spartan life of dedication, fellowship, and Nazi conformity, generally with minimum parental guidance. From age…

Deutsches Museum, museum of science and industry established in Munich in 1903 and opened on Museumsinsel (Museum Island) in 1925. Its pattern of organization and administration became the model for such later institutions as the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. The Deutsches Museum owes

Deutsches Museum, museum of science and industry established in Munich in 1903 and opened on Museumsinsel (Museum Island) in 1925. Its pattern of organization and administration became the model for such later institutions as the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. The Deutsches Museum owes

Germany: Literature and theatre: The old German National Theatre (Deutsches Nationaltheater) in Weimar was the first to be rebuilt after 1945. Understandably, Berlin dominated theatrical developments, especially because of the work of Brecht at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. Given a haven in East Germany—a theatre and a company, along with the…

Otto Friedrich von Gierke: This controversy inspired his Deutsches Privatrecht, 3 vol. (1895–1917; “German Private Law”).

A German Requiem, Op. 45, requiem by Johannes Brahms, premiered in an initial form December 1, 1867, in Vienna. Revisions led to an expanded work first heard in Leipzig, Germany on February 18, 1869. It represents Brahms’s most ambitious vocal music. By 1861 Brahms is believed to have completed two

museum: History museums: …in the case of the German Shipping Museum at Bremerhaven; or in a restored waterfront environment, as at South Street, New York City.

Deutsches Theater, private dramatic society founded in Berlin in 1883 by the dramatist Adolf L’Arronge in reaction to outmoded theatrical traditions. It presented plays in the ensemble style of the influential Meiningen Company. In 1894 it was affiliated with the Freie Bühne (“Free Theatre”) under

Karl Gotthard Lamprecht: …one of his best works, Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben im Mittelalter, 3 vol., (1885–86; “German Economic Life in the Middle Ages”), appeared. In 1890 he taught at the University of Marburg and a year later was made professor of history at the University of Leipzig.

dictionary: Major dictionaries: …standard work was Hermann Paul’s Deutsches Wörterbuch, which first appeared in 1897 but was later reissued in several editions. In addition to the national dictionaries in the Scandinavian countries mentioned above, another work done with special scholarly skill is noteworthy: Einar Haugen, editor in chief, Norwegian English Dictionary (Madison, Wisconsin…

Deutsches Wörterbuch, the first German dictionary conceived on scientific lines; initiated by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. The dictionary was designed to give the etymology and history, illustrated by quotations, of all the words in the (New) High German literary language from the time of Martin Luther

Museum of Decorative Arts, museum in Berlin housing an important collection of applied arts and crafts. The museum, among the oldest of its kind in Germany, displays both historical and contemporary pieces. It is part of the National Museums of Berlin (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). The museum was

Germany, country of north-central Europe, traversing the continent’s main physical divisions, from the outer ranges of the Alps northward across the varied landscape of the Central German Uplands and then across the North German Plain. One of Europe’s largest countries, Germany encompasses a wide

submarine: World War I: The Deutschland itself became the U-155 when fitted with torpedo tubes and deck guns, and, with seven similar submarines, it served in a combat role during the latter stages of the war. In comparison, the “standard” submarine of World War I measured slightly over 200 feet…

Germany: Broadcasting: Two radio stations—Deutschland Radio and Deutsche Welle—are publicly operated to provide a comprehensive German perspective of events; Deutsche Welle is beamed to Europe and overseas. There are also several regional public radio stations that provide localized programming and some 200 private radio stations that are regionally and…

Deutschlandlied, official national anthem of Germany from 1922 to 1945, of West Germany from 1950 to 1990, and of reunified Germany from 1990. The tune of the German national anthem was composed in 1796 by Austrian Joseph Haydn and was first performed in 1797 for the birthday of Holy Roman emperor

Heinrich Heine: Later life and works: …satire, Deutschland, Ein Wintermärchen (1844; Germany, a Winter’s Tale), a stinging attack on reactionary conditions in Germany. Though Heine remained on good, if not intimate, terms with Marx in later years, he never was much taken with Communism, which did not fit his ideal of a revolution of joy and…

Deutschlandlied, official national anthem of Germany from 1922 to 1945, of West Germany from 1950 to 1990, and of reunified Germany from 1990. The tune of the German national anthem was composed in 1796 by Austrian Joseph Haydn and was first performed in 1797 for the birthday of Holy Roman emperor

German National People’s Party, right-wing political party active in the Reichstag (assembly) of the Weimar Republic of Germany from 1919 to 1933. Representing chauvinistic opinion hostile to the republic and to the Allies’ reparation demands following World War I, it supported the restoration of

Austria: Early postwar years: …should cease to call itself Deutschösterreich (German-Austria); it became the Republik Österreich (Republic of Austria). The Austrian claim for the German-speaking areas of Bohemia and Moravia was denied by the Saint-Germain peace conference, and Austria also had to recognize the frontiers of Czechoslovakia along slightly rectified historical administrative lines. On…

Cornales: Hydrangeaceae: …orange or sweet syringa, and Deutzia are two other members of the hydrangea family often grown in gardens. These shrubs and their many cultivated varieties are widely planted in shrub borders for the white flowers that appear in late spring.

Dominique Rolin: Deux (1975; “Two”) dramatizes a conflict between woman and writer represented by two sides of a single narrator. L’Enragé (1978; “The Furious One”) is a fictional biography of Flemish painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder, while in L’Infini chez soi (1980; “The Infinite at Home”) a…

Jean-Pierre Léaud: …Anglaises et le continent (1971; Two English Girls; Anne and Muriel), and La Nuit américaine (1973; Day for Night).

Luigi Cherubini: …theme: Les Deux Journées (1800; The Two Days, also known as The Water Carrier from its German title, Der Wasserträger). This opera is considered by many to be Cherubini’s masterpiece.

Marion Cotillard: …Deux jours, une nuit (2014; Two Days, One Night), she evoked the struggles of a young woman attempting to save her job by persuading her colleagues to forfeit their bonuses. Her moving performance earned her an Academy Award nomination for best actress. Cotillard then portrayed the murderous wife of the…

Mongo Beti: …of Beti’s later novels, including Les Deux Mères de Guillaume Ismaël Dzewatama, futur camionneur (1983; “The Two Mothers of Guillaume Ismaël Dzewatama, Future Truckdriver”), concern interracial marriage. Among his other works are La France contre l’Afrique (1993; “France Against Africa”), a discussion of the French African policy, and the novel…

Jean-Luc Godard: Breathless and filmmaking style and themes: …que je sais d’elle (Two or Three Things I Know About Her), devoted to Paris—marked a nadir of Godard’s generalized despair, which by then was aimed at society as well as at interpersonal relationships. An increasing interest in left-wing thought was implicit in La Chinoise (1967; its title is…

Henri Bergson: Later years of Henri Bergson: …et de la religion (The Two Sources of Morality and Religion). As in the earlier works, he claimed that the polar opposition of the static and the dynamic provides the basic insight. Thus, in the moral, social, and religious life of men he saw, on the one side, the…

Poitou-Charentes: Charente, Charente-Maritime, and Deux-Sèvres. In 2016 the Poitou-Charentes région was joined with the régions of Aquitaine and Limousin to form the new administrative entity of Nouvelle Aquitaine.

Western philosophy: The existentialism of Jaspers and Sartre: In The Second Sex (1949), Simone de Beauvoir (1908–86), Sartre’s fellow philosopher and lifelong companion, attempted to mobilize the existentialist concept of freedom for the ends of modern feminism.

Kapil Dev is an Indian cricketer and the greatest pace bowler in his country’s history. He is the only cricketer to have scored over 5,000 runs and taken more than 400 wickets in Test (international match) cricket. Dev made his debut in first-class cricket playing for his state, Haryana. He joined

Shiv Narayan Agnihotri: …a quasi-religious reform movement called Dev Samaj (“Divine Society”).

Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party/Front, left-wing Marxist-Leninist terrorist group in Turkey, formed in 1978 as an offshoot of the Turkish People’s Liberation Party/Front, that is strongly anti-United States and anti-NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). In the 1990s, Dev Sol (renamed

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: …13 years he studied under Guru Dev, the founder of TM. When Guru Dev died in 1952, the Maharishi organized a movement to spread the teachings of TM throughout the world; his first world tour took place in 1959 and brought him to the United States.

Kapil Dev is an Indian cricketer and the greatest pace bowler in his country’s history. He is the only cricketer to have scored over 5,000 runs and taken more than 400 wickets in Test (international match) cricket. Dev made his debut in first-class cricket playing for his state, Haryana. He joined

Deva, city, capital of Hunedoara județ (county), west-central Romania, on the banks of the Mureș River, at an elevation of 590 feet (180 m). The town is dominated by Citadel Hill (1,217 feet), shaped like a truncated cone, which affords a commanding view of the Mureș valley. Atop the hill are the

Ngada: …recognized a high god (Déva) and his female component (Nitu), but since 1920 missionaries have worked among the Ngada, and today many Ngada are Roman Catholics.

deva, in the Vedic religion of India and in later Hinduism, one of many gods, often roughly divided into sky, air, and earth divinities on the basis of their identification with the forces of nature. In the pantheistic systems that emerged by the Late Vedic period, the devas became subordinate to

Justice and Development Party: Expansion of power and decline in popular support: …Partisi); another breakaway party, the Democracy and Progress Party (Demokrasi ve Atılım Partisi; DEVA), was formed in 2020. Both parties advocated a return to a parliamentary system of government and displayed common interest with opposition parties in unseating Erdoğan.

Chester, urban area (from 2011 built-up area) and former city (district), Cheshire West and Chester unitary authority, northwestern England. It is situated on a small sandstone ridge at the head of the estuary of the River Dee. The town’s location was chosen by the Romans as headquarters of Legion

Kanva dynasty: …stated to have served Shunga Devabhumi (Devabhuti). Bana, the 7th-century Sanskrit author, gives details of an assassination plot that cost Devabhumi his life and brought Vasudeva to power in about 72 bce.

Kanva dynasty: …stated to have served Shunga Devabhumi (Devabhuti). Bana, the 7th-century Sanskrit author, gives details of an assassination plot that cost Devabhumi his life and brought Vasudeva to power in about 72 bce.

devadasi, member of a community of women who dedicate themselves to the service of the patron god of the great temples in eastern and southern India. The order appears to date from the 9th and 10th centuries. Members of the order attended the god by fanning the central image, honouring it with

Devadatta was a Buddhist monk who sought to reform the sangha (monastic community) by imposing upon it a stricter code of life. He was a cousin of the Buddha. Devadatta is said to have joined the sangha along with Ananda, who was possibly his brother, in the 20th year of the Buddha’s ministry.

Daulatabad, village and ancient city, north-central Maharashtra state, western India. It is situated in a hilly upland area about 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Aurangabad. The city was founded in the late 12th century by King Bhillam of the Yadava dynasty, and it was a major fortress and

devaluation, reduction in the exchange value of a country’s monetary unit in terms of gold, silver, or foreign monetary units. Devaluation is employed to eliminate persistent balance-of-payments deficits. For example, a devaluation of currency will decrease prices of the home country’s exports that

Devanagari, script used to write the Sanskrit, Prakrit, Hindi, Marathi, Konkani, and Nepali languages, developed from the North Indian monumental script known as Gupta and ultimately from the Brahmi alphabet, from which all modern Indian writing systems are derived. In use from the 7th century ce

Devanagari, script used to write the Sanskrit, Prakrit, Hindi, Marathi, Konkani, and Nepali languages, developed from the North Indian monumental script known as Gupta and ultimately from the Brahmi alphabet, from which all modern Indian writing systems are derived. In use from the 7th century ce

Mahavihara: …by the Sinhalese king Devanampiya Tissa not long after his conversion to Buddhism by the Indian monk Mahendra. Until about the 10th century, it was a great cultural and religious centre and the chief stronghold of Theravada Buddhism. Because of the extreme importance of Buddhism in Ceylon, the prestige of…

John Nevil Maskelyne: …Maskelyne took as a partner David Devant, the most famous magician in England. Maskelyne’s son Nevil collaborated with Devant on Our Magic (1911), an important source book on the theory of magic.

Willis Van Devanter was an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1910–37). After graduating from Cincinnati Law School in 1881, he initially worked for his father’s law firm; but in 1884, he moved to Cheyenne, Wyo., to become a railroad attorney. There he became involved in

India: The tripartite struggle: Meanwhile Devapala (reigned c. 810–850) was reasserting Pala authority in the east and, he claimed, in the northern Deccan. At the end of the 9th century, however, the Pala kingdom declined, with feudatories in Kamarupa (modern Assam) and Utkala (Orissa) taking independent titles. Pala power revived…

devarāja, in ancient Cambodia, the cult of the “god-king” established early in the 9th century ad by Jayavarman II, founder of the Khmer empire of Angkor. For centuries, the cult provided the religious basis of the royal authority of the Khmer kings. The devarāja cult grew out of both Hindu and

India: Wars and rivalries: …and dethroned was the third, Devaraya I (reigned 1406–22), able to emerge victorious. Continuing instability, however, coupled with the involvement of Vijayanagar and the Bahmanī sultanate as backers of different claimants to the throne of Kondavidu, led to further confrontation between the two powers (each joined by various of the…

India: Wars and rivalries: Vijaya’s son and successor, Devaraya II (reigned 1432–46), reconquered the lost Reddi territories and incorporated them into his kingdom, thus establishing the Krishna River as the northeastern boundary. Wars with the Bahmanīs in 1435–36 and 1443–44 over control of Raichur and Mudgal forts in the Tungabhadra-Krishna Doab ended inconclusively.…

Deuteronomy, (“Words”), fifth book of the Old Testament, written in the form of a farewell address by Moses to the Israelites before they entered the Promised Land of Canaan. The speeches that constitute this address recall Israel’s past, reiterate laws that Moses had communicated to the people at

warship: Ships: HMS Devastation, 9,330 tons, four 12-inch (30-cm) guns in two turrets, and massively armoured, was completed four years later without sail and was a next step toward the ultimate 20th-century battleship, a ship with an armoured citadel around the propulsion plant, powder magazines, and handling rooms.…

Hindu temple, sacred space in Hinduism for devotional worship of Hindu deities. Temples are considered to be homes for deities and powerful locations where the divine and human realms are bridged. Unlike in places of worship in many Western religions, attendance at a Hindu temple is not a ritual

Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: …great Jaina works, such as Devasuri’s Pramananayatattvalokalamkara (“The Ornament of the Light of Truth of the Different Points of View Regarding the Means of True Knowledge,” 12th century ce) and Prabhachandra’s Prameyakamalamartanda (“The Sun of the Lotus of the Objects of True Knowledge,” 11th century ce), were written during this…

deva, in the Vedic religion of India and in later Hinduism, one of many gods, often roughly divided into sky, air, and earth divinities on the basis of their identification with the forces of nature. In the pantheistic systems that emerged by the Late Vedic period, the devas became subordinate to

The Bahamas: British colonization: Andrew Devaux, a loyalist commander, before news of the treaty had been received. On the conclusion of the American Revolution, many loyalists emigrated from the United States to the Bahamas under very favourable terms offered by the crown. Among the newcomers was Lord Dunmore, formerly…

Prince Devawongse Varoprakar was the foreign minister of Siam from 1885 to 1923, whose policies enabled the kingdom to survive as an independent state. The 42nd child of King Mongkut, Devawongse was the younger half brother of King Chulalongkorn. After only a smattering of formal Thai and English

eschatology: Religions of Asia: …be assigned to redemption, or devayana (“god’s way”).

devequt, (Hebrew: “attachment”), in Jewish religious thought, an adherence to or communion with God that stops short of mystical union. The notion of devequt apparently derived from the biblical reference to “loving the Lord your God, walking in all his ways, and holding fast to him” (Deuteronomy

carbon footprint: Carbon footprint calculation: In developed countries, transportation and household energy use make up the largest component of an individual’s carbon footprint. For example, approximately 40 percent of total emissions in the United States during the first decade of the 21st century were from those sources. Such emissions are included…

azo dye: …in this way are called developed dyes; para red and primuline red are members of this group that were introduced in the 1880s.

carbon footprint: Carbon footprint calculation: In developed countries, transportation and household energy use make up the largest component of an individual’s carbon footprint. For example, approximately 40 percent of total emissions in the United States during the first decade of the 21st century were from those sources. Such emissions are included…

technology of photography: Developers and their characteristics: The developer consists typically of one or more developing agents, a preservative (such as sodium sulfite) to prevent oxidation by the air, an alkali (such as sodium carbonate) to activate the developer, and a restrainer or antifoggant to ensure that the…

baking: Continuous bread making: The developer is the key equipment in the continuous line. Processing about 50 kilograms (100 pounds) each 90 seconds, it changes the batter from a fluid mass having no organized structure, little extensibility, and inadequate gas retention to a smooth, elastic, film-forming dough. The dough then…

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad: Political beginnings: Ahmadinejad helped establish Ābādgarān-e Īrān-e Eslāmī (Developers of an Islamic Iran), which promoted a populist agenda and sought to unite the country’s conservative factions. The party won the city council elections in Tehrān in February 2003, and in May the council chose Ahmadinejad to serve as mayor. As…

motion-picture technology: Film: …came from experience with a developer known as pyro (pyrogallol), once very popular with still photographers. A negative developed with pyro developer has not only a silver image but also a brown stain. Study of the process showed that the stain was caused by oxidation products given off locally by…

developing country, a country which, relative to other countries, has a lower average standard of living. There is no consensus on what defines a country as “developing” versus “developed,” but a variety of metrics have been applied to sort countries into these categories. In addition to having

developing country, a country which, relative to other countries, has a lower average standard of living. There is no consensus on what defines a country as “developing” versus “developed,” but a variety of metrics have been applied to sort countries into these categories. In addition to having

technology of photography: Negative development: Amateurs usually process films in developing tanks. In this type of development roll or miniature film is wound around a reel with a spiral groove, which keeps adjacent turns separated and allows access by the processing solutions. Once the tank is loaded (in the dark), processing takes place in normal…

Third World debt, debt accumulated by Third World (developing) countries. The term is typically used to refer specifically to the external debt those countries owe to developed countries and multilateral lending institutions. The rapid growth in the external debt of developing countries first

biological development, the progressive changes in size, shape, and function during the life of an organism by which its genetic potentials (genotype) are translated into functioning mature systems (phenotype). Most modern philosophical outlooks would consider that development of some kind or other

chess: Morphy and the theory of attack: Morphy appreciated that superior development—getting pieces onto good squares in the first 10 to 15 moves—was relatively unimportant in the semiclosed, blocked pawn structures that Philidor had embraced. But, as the centre or kingside became more open, an advantage in development increased in value. In Morphy’s best-known games, pawns…

research and development, in industry, two intimately related processes by which new products and new forms of old products are brought into being through technological innovation. Research and development, a phrase unheard of in the early part of the 20th century, has since become a universal

sonata form: Development: The functions of the second and third main sections in sonata form follow naturally from what has been established in the exposition. Their purpose is to discuss and resolve the conflicts of tonality and theme that the exposition has raised. The development is an…

Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse: …The Theory of Knowledge (1896), Development and Purpose (1913), intended as a full statement of his philosophy, and four books collectively entitled The Principles of Sociology. They are The Metaphysical Theory of the State (1918), The Rational Good (1921), The Elements of Social Justice (1922), and Social Development (1924).

anthropology: Development anthropology: The final quarter of the 20th century saw an increasing involvement of social anthropologists with the process of accelerated incorporation of formerly colonial countries into the world economic system. Referred to as development, the process of incorporation involves the transfer to poor countries…

Development Assistance Committee (DAC), international committee acting under the auspices of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The DAC collects and analyzes development data and provides a forum where the world’s major bilateral aid donors meet to discuss, review,

chamber of commerce, any of various voluntary organizations of business firms, public officials, professional people, and public-spirited citizens. They are primarily interested in publicizing, promoting, and developing commercial and industrial opportunities in their areas; they also seek to

development bank, national or regional financial institution designed to provide medium- and long-term capital for productive investment, often accompanied by technical assistance, in poor countries. The number of development banks has increased rapidly since the 1950s; they have been encouraged by

South Africa: Finance: One such bank, the Development Bank of Southern Africa, is a quasi-governmental company created to promote development projects. Private pension and provident funds and more than two dozen insurance companies play significant roles in the financial sector. An active capital market exists, organized around the Johannesburg Stock Exchange.

Iraq: Postwar reconstruction and social upheavals, 1945–58: …to the establishment of the Development Board. The original oil agreement between the Iraqi government and the IPC had heretofore yielded relatively modest royalties, owing to certain technical limitations (such as the need for pipelines) and to war conditions. It was not until 1952 that construction of pipelines to Bāniyās…

chromatography: Development chromatography: In terms of operation, in development chromatography the mobile phase flow is stopped before solutes reach the end of the bed of stationary phase. The mobile phase is called the developer, and the movement of the liquid along the bed is referred to…

Wassily Kandinsky: Paris period of Wassily Kandinsky: …German pictures is the sober Development in Brown; its title probably alludes to the Nazi brown-shirted storm troopers, who regarded his abstract art as “degenerate.” He lived for the remaining 11 years of his life in an apartment in the Parisian suburb of Neuilly-sur-Seine, becoming a naturalized French citizen in…

research and development: Company laboratories: Development laboratories are specifically committed to the support of particular processes or product lines. They are normally under the direct control of the division responsible for manufacture and marketing and are often located close to the manufacturing area. Frequently used as problem solvers by many…

Point Four Program: …enterprises in underdeveloped countries, the Development Loan Fund (1957) for long-term credits, and the Inter-American Development Bank (1961) for regional loans. The United States also sought increased capital for such existing agencies as the Export-Import Bank, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund.

Umberto Boccioni: Only Development of a Bottle in Space (1912) successfully creates a sculptural environment. His most famous work, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913), is one of the masterpieces of early modern sculpture.

Vladimir Lenin: Formation of a revolutionary party of Vladimir Lenin: …which culminated in his magisterial Development of Capitalism in Russia (published legally in 1899). In this work, a study of Russian economics, he argued that capitalism was rapidly destroying the peasant commune. The peasantry constituted for the Populists a homogeneous social class, but Lenin claimed that the peasantry was in…

biography: 19th century: …Sir Harold Nicolson wrote in The Development of English Biography (1927), “Then came earnestness, and with earnestness hagiography descended on us with its sullen cloud.” Insistence on respectability, at the expense of candour, had led Carlyle to observe acridly, “How delicate, how decent is English biography, bless its mealy mouth!”…

Eric Temple Bell: …Algebraic Arithmetic (1927) and The Development of Mathematics (1940), became standards in the field, the latter outlining in clear, concise language what Bell believed to be the most significant trends in mathematics.

Sándor Ferenczi: …his ideas on psychotherapy in The Development of Psychoanalysis (1924), written in collaboration with Otto Rank. In this work, which became a centre of controversy among psychoanalysts, he also suggested that the recollection of certain traumatic memories is not essential for modifying neurotic patterns. In Thalassa: A Theory of Genitality…