Budd Schulberg: His 1950 novel, The Disenchanted, won an American Library Award for fiction. That book was made into a play, which opened on Broadway in 1958. In 1955 his screenplay for the widely acclaimed On the Waterfront won him an Academy Award for best story and screenplay. Schulberg also…

disenchantment, in philosophy and sociology, the supposed condition of the world once science and the Enlightenment have eroded the sway of religion and superstition. The concept of disenchantment, so defined, emphasizes the opposed roles of science and religion in modern society. The German

Matt Groening: …developed a third animated series, Disenchantment, which premiered on Netflix in 2018. The show followed the escapades of the hard-drinking Princess Bean and her friends, an elf fittingly named Elfo and the demon Luci, in the medieval kingdom Dreamland.

Charles Edward Montague: …experiences in World War I—Disenchantment (1922), an essay drawn from wartime diaries and articles that expresses the bitterness of the survivors, and Fiery Particles (1923), comic and tragic stories of life in the trenches. In 1925 Montague retired from the Manchester Guardian to Oxfordshire and produced Rough Justice (1926),…

Atlanta race riot of 1906: …the candidate agreed to support disfranchisement laws that would make it very difficult for African American citizens to vote. Disfranchisement became a major issue in the campaign, and both candidates emphasized their “support” for white citizens.

international payment and exchange: Disequilibrating capital movements: Whatever its merits from a long-term point of view, the idea that it is quite respectable for a country to alter the par value of its currency in certain circumstances had disturbing effects on the movements of short-term funds—effects that may not…

dating: Origin of radioactive elements used: …type of dating, known as disequilibrium dating, will be explored below in the section Uranium-series disequilibrium dating.

Atlanta race riot of 1906: …the candidate agreed to support disfranchisement laws that would make it very difficult for African American citizens to vote. Disfranchisement became a major issue in the campaign, and both candidates emphasized their “support” for white citizens.

Disgaea, electronic game released by the Japanese video-game company Nippon Ichi Software for the Sony Corporation’s PlayStation 2 console in 2003 under the title Netherworld Battle Chronicle: Disgaea. The game was released in the United States the same year under the title Disgaea: The Hour of

Disgaea, electronic game released by the Japanese video-game company Nippon Ichi Software for the Sony Corporation’s PlayStation 2 console in 2003 under the title Netherworld Battle Chronicle: Disgaea. The game was released in the United States the same year under the title Disgaea: The Hour of

champagne: …removed in a process called dégorgement. In this process, the cork is carefully pried off, allowing the internal pressure in the bottle to shoot the sediment out; this is sometimes done after the neck of the bottle and the deposits have been frozen. After dégorgement, a small amount of syrup…

Disgrace, novel written by South African author J.M. Coetzee and published in 1999. It was his second work to win the Booker Prize and came to be regarded as a masterpiece. Disgrace is set in South Africa after the end of apartheid, a time in which social and political structures that had once

economic development: Surplus resources and disguised unemployment: Two theories emphasized the existence of surplus resources in developing countries as the central challenge for economic policy. The first concentrated on the countries with relatively abundant natural resources and low population densities and argued that a considerable amount of both surplus land…

mumming play, traditional dramatic entertainment, still performed in a few villages in England and Northern Ireland, in which a champion is killed in a fight and is then brought to life by a doctor. It is thought likely that the play has links with primitive ceremonies held to mark important stages

architecture: Expression of technique: …materials and methods have been disguised by decorative forms or surfacing such as veneers, stucco, or paint, because of emphasis on the expression of content or of form. Most early stone architecture in Egypt, Greece, and India retained as decoration the forms developed in wooden forerunners. The precious marble of…

gastronomy: History of gastronomy in the West: …gave rise to the first meals as families gathered around the fire to share the foods they had cooked. Prehistoric cave paintings such as those in Les Trois Frères in Ariège, in southern France, depict these early gastronomic events.

radar: Antennas: …of radar antenna is the parabolic reflector, the principle of which is shown in cross section in part A of the figure. A horn antenna (not shown) or other small antenna is placed at the focus of the parabola to illuminate the parabolic surface of the reflector. After being reflected…

radar: Antennas: …of radar antenna is the parabolic reflector, the principle of which is shown in cross section in part A of the figure. A horn antenna (not shown) or other small antenna is placed at the focus of the parabola to illuminate the parabolic surface of the reflector. After being reflected…

dress: The Middle East from the 6th century: …the Arab world is the jellaba, known as the jellabah in Tunisia, a jubbeh in Syria, a gallibiya in Egypt, or a dishdasha in Algeria. The garment generally has wide, long sleeves, and the long skirt may be slit up the sides; some styles are open in front like a…

dress: The Middle East from the 6th century: …the Arab world is the jellaba, known as the jellabah in Tunisia, a jubbeh in Syria, a gallibiya in Egypt, or a dishdasha in Algeria. The garment generally has wide, long sleeves, and the long skirt may be slit up the sides; some styles are open in front like a…

Shibu Soren is an Indian politician and government official who was a cofounder and then longtime president of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM; Jharkhand Liberation Front). He also served three terms as the chief minister (head of government) of Jharkhand (2005; 2008–09; and 2009–10) state in

Marlene Dietrich: …Sternberg vehicles that followed—Morocco (1930), Dishonored (1931), Shanghai Express (1932), Blonde Venus (1932), The Scarlet Empress (1934), and The Devil Is a Woman (1935). She showed a lighter side in Desire (1936), directed by Frank Borzage, and Destry Rides Again

Robert Stevenson: Early films: In the mystery Dishonored Lady (1947), Hedy Lamarr portrayed a magazine editor accused of murder. To the Ends of the Earth (1948), an especially good Dick Powell opus about the international opium trade, ranks with the best hard-boiled films of that time. Stevenson closed out the decade with…

phyllosilicate, compound with a structure in which silicate tetrahedrons (each consisting of a central silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron) are arranged in sheets. Examples are talc and mica. Three of the oxygen atoms of each tetrahedron are shared with

disinfectant, any substance, such as creosote or alcohol, applied to inanimate objects to kill microorganisms. Disinfectants and antiseptics are alike in that both are germicidal, but antiseptics are applied primarily to living tissue. The ideal disinfectant would rapidly destroy bacteria, fungi,

antimicrobial agent: Antiseptics and germicides: …is most valuable in the disinfection of contaminated wounds or skin surfaces when there is a wide margin between its bactericidal and toxic concentrations. When an antiseptic is to be used to disinfect contaminated instruments or other inanimate objects, however, its toxic properties are not important, and many compounds (called…

water purification: Pretreatment: …result in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), such as trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, chlorite, and bromate. Exposure to DBPs in drinking water can lead to health issues. Worries stem from the practice’s possible association with stomach and bladder cancer and the hazards of releasing chlorine into the

Hurricane Helene: Rescue and relief: …complicated by the spread of misinformation and disinformation on social media, including false claims that FEMA assistance would need to be paid back, as well as AI-generated images of alleged storm victims not receiving government assistance. The misinformation helped undermine FEMA’s legitimacy and raised fears that rescue crews would be…

inheritance: Limits on freedom of testation: …used to provide protection against disinheritance. Under the French system, a testator who is survived by descendants, parents, or (in some countries) brothers, sisters, or even other close relatives, cannot dispose at all of the “reserved portion” of his estate, the size of which depends upon the number and the…

Michel del Castillo: … and Le Colleur d’affiches (1958; The Disinherited) deal with these two traumatic experiences. They show the disarray of a young mind prematurely falling prey to political skepticism and religious doubt, without losing faith in humankind. Both novels reflect his anguish at social injustice and his need for solace in fellowship…

the Cure: Mainstream success: ” Disintegration (1989), which became the Cure’s best-selling album, revealed a group at the top of its game. According to most critics, Smith’s sophisticated songwriting was at its best here, with “Plainsong,” “Pictures of You,” “Fascination Street,” and other songs featuring soaring orchestral soundscapes contrasted against…

radioactivity, property exhibited by certain types of matter of emitting energy and subatomic particles spontaneously. It is, in essence, an attribute of individual atomic nuclei. An unstable nucleus will decompose spontaneously, or decay, into a more stable configuration but will do so only in a

decay constant, proportionality between the size of a population of radioactive atoms and the rate at which the population decreases because of radioactive decay. Suppose N is the size of a population of radioactive atoms at a given time t, and dN is the amount by which the population decreases in

radiation measurement: Modes of operation: …a certain amount of charge Q as a result of depositing its energy in the detector material. For example, in a gas, Q represents the total positive charge carried by the many positive ions that are produced along the track of the particle. (An equal charge of opposite sign is…

radioactivity, property exhibited by certain types of matter of emitting energy and subatomic particles spontaneously. It is, in essence, an attribute of individual atomic nuclei. An unstable nucleus will decompose spontaneously, or decay, into a more stable configuration but will do so only in a

disintermediation, the process of removing intermediaries from a supply chain, a transaction, or, more broadly, any set of social, economic, or political relations. The term disintermediation was first used in the early 1980s to describe change in the financial sectors of capitalist economies,

Norn, in Germanic mythology, any of a group of supernatural beings who corresponded to the Greek Moirai; they were usually represented as three maidens who spun or wove the fate of men. Some sources name them Urd, Verdandi, and Skuld, perhaps meaning “past,” “present,” and “future.” They were

set theory: Operations on sets: …set are said to be disjoint.

Kathy Bates: Television: …a medical marijuana dispensary in Disjointed (2017–18). Bates later took on the title role in the legal series Matlock (2024– ), playing a 75-year-old lawyer who returns to her career after some three decades. However, her motivations are not what they initially seem.

disjunction, in logic, relation or connection of terms in a proposition to express the concept “or”; it is a statement of alternatives (sometimes called “alternation”). For clarity, exclusive disjunction (either x or y, but not both), symbolized x ⊻ y, must be distinguished from inclusive

Turkey: The ascendancy of the right, 1961–71: …new trade union federation, the Confederation of Reformist Workers’ Unions (Devrimci Işçi Sendıkalari Konfederasyonu [DİSK]; founded 1967); a revolutionary youth movement, Dev Genç (1969); a socialist political party, the Workers’ Party of Turkey (WPT; 1961); and an armed guerrilla movement, the Turkish People’s Liberation Army (1970). These and similar groups…

Milky Way Galaxy: The disk: From a distance the most conspicuous part of the Galaxy would be the disk, which extends from the nucleus out to approximately 75,000 light-years. The Galaxy resembles other spiral systems, featuring as it does a bright, flat arrangement of stars and gas clouds that…

joint: Intra-articular fibrocartilages: When complete they are called disks; when incomplete they are called menisci. Disks are found in the temporomandibular joint of the lower jaw, the sternoclavicular (breastbone and collarbone) joint, and the ulnocarpal (inner forearm bone and wrist) joint. A pair of menisci is found in each knee joint, one between…

harrow: Disk harrows mount concave disks and are frequently referred to simply as disks. One type, the single-action two gang, has two groups of disks, more or less horizontally aligned, with opposing concavities, that throw the soil in opposite directions. The tandem harrow has two to…

disk-winged bat, (family Thyropteridae), any of three species of bats inhabiting Central America and northern South America that are distinguished by round disks at the base of the thumb and on the sole of the foot. The disks act as suction cups and enable the bats to cling to smooth surfaces. One

automobile: Brakes: Disc brakes, originally developed for aircraft, are ubiquitous, in spite of their higher cost, because of their fade resistance. Although there are some four-wheel systems, usually discs are mounted on the front wheels, and conventional drum units are retained at the rear. They have been…

cache memory: Disk cache memory operates similarly, but the cache is used to hold data that have recently been written on, or retrieved from, a magnetic disk or other external storage device.

cam: …such as: (1) a rotating disk or plate with the required profile; (2) a plate with a groove cut on its face to fit a roller on the follower (face cam); (3) a cylindrical or conical member with a follower groove cut around the surface; (4) a cylinder with the…

capacitor dielectric and piezoelectric ceramics: Disk, multilayer, and tubular capacitors: …is to be of the disk or multilayer type. Disks are dry-pressed or punched from tape and then fired at temperatures between 1,250° and 1,350° C (2,280° and 2,460° F). Silver-paste screen-printed electrodes are bonded to the surfaces at 750° C (1,380° F). Leads are soldered to the electrodes, and…

centrifuge: Disk-type centrifuges: The disk-type centrifuge consists of a vertical stack of thin disks in the shape of cones. The sedimentation takes place in the radial direction in the space between adjacent cones. This greatly reduces the settling distance and hence increases the rate at which…

Milky Way Galaxy: The disk: From a distance the most conspicuous part of the Galaxy would be the disk, which extends from the nucleus out to approximately 75,000 light-years. The Galaxy resembles other spiral systems, featuring as it does a bright, flat arrangement of stars and gas clouds that…

tunnels and underground excavations: Preserving rock strength: …developed two types of cutters: disk cutters that wedge out the rock between initial grooves cut by the hard-faced rolling disks, and roller-bit cutters using bits initially developed for fast drilling of oil wells. As later entrants in the field, European manufacturers have generally tried a different approach—milling-type cutters that…

jewelry: Teutonic: Equally common were disk fibulae, either flat or with concentric embossing, while S-shaped fibulae and belt buckles were rarer.

technology of photography: Disk film: Some compact mass-market cameras take circular disks of film, 65 millimetres in diameter, in light-tight cartridges and coated on a 0.18-mm polyester base. In the camera the disk rotates as up to 15 exposures (frame size 8 × 10 millimetres) are recorded around…

Asteraceae: Flowers: …of flower is called a disk flower. Ordinarily, the flowers in a discoid head are all perfect (bisexual) and fertile. Thistles and ageratums are examples of Asteraceae species with discoid heads.

magnetohydrodynamic power generator: Principles of operation: …of the figure is the disk generator shown in part D of the figure. In this configuration the load current flows radially, and the short-circuited Faraday currents flow in closed circular paths. The Hall output appears between the centre and the periphery of the disk. This disk generator is attractive…

harrow: Disk harrows mount concave disks and are frequently referred to simply as disks. One type, the single-action two gang, has two groups of disks, more or less horizontally aligned, with opposing concavities, that throw the soil in opposite directions. The tandem harrow has two to…

disc jockey, person who conducts a program of recorded music on radio, on television, or at discotheques or other dance halls. Disc jockey programs became the economic base of many radio stations in the United States after World War II. The format generally involves one person, the disc jockey,

MS-DOS, the dominant operating system for the personal computer (PC) throughout the 1980s. The acquisition and marketing of MS-DOS were pivotal in the Microsoft Corporation’s transition to software industry giant. American computer programmer Timothy Paterson, a developer for Seattle Computer

magnetic recording: Magnetic disk devices.: …as 20 disks (called a disk pack) is mounted vertically on the spindle of a drive unit. The drive unit is equipped with multiple reading/writing heads.

plow: Plow types: Disk plows usually have three or more individually mounted concave disks that are inclined backward to achieve maximum depth. They are particularly adapted for use in hard, dry soils, shrubby or bushy land, or on rocky land. Disk tillers, also called harrow plows or one-way…

planetary nebula: Positions in the Galaxy: …distribution often called a “disk population,” to distinguish them from the Population II (very old) and Population I (young) objects proposed by the German American astronomer Walter Baade. There is a wide variation in the ages of planetaries, and some are very young objects.

papermaking: Preparation of stock: Like other refiners, the disk refiner consists of a rotating bladed element that moves in conjunction with a stationary bladed element. The disk refiner’s plane of action, however, is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, simplifying manufacture of the treating elements and replacement. Since the disk refiner provides a…

sander: …types of power sanders: the disk sander, the belt sander, and the orbital sander. In the disk sander an abrasive disk is attached to a shaft that is driven by bevel gears to rotate about an axis at right angles to the motor shaft. The belt sander has endless cloth…

plow: Plow types: Disk tillers, also called harrow plows or one-way disk plows, usually consist of a gang of many disks mounted on one axle (see harrow). Used after grain harvest, they usually leave some stubble to help reduce wind erosion and often have seeding equipment. Two-way (reversible)…

alkaptonuria: …layers of joint cartilage and intervertebral disks (the fibrous pads between adjacent bones of the spine), causes these tissues to lose their normal resiliency and become brittle. The erosion of the abnormal cartilage leads to a progressive degenerative disease of the joints, which usually becomes manifest by the fourth decade…

computer memory: Magnetic disk drives: Magnetic disks are coated with a magnetic material such as iron oxide. There are two types: hard disks made of rigid aluminum or glass, and removable diskettes made of flexible plastic. In 1956 the first magnetic hard drive (HD) was invented at…

integrator: …simple mechanical integrator of the disk-and-wheel variety, which has essential parts mounted on mutually perpendicular shafts, with a means of positioning the wheel in frictional contact with the disk, or turntable. In use, an angular displacement of the disk causes the wheel to turn correspondingly. The radius of the integrating…

centrifuge: Disk-type centrifuges: The disk-type centrifuge consists of a vertical stack of thin disks in the shape of cones. The sedimentation takes place in the radial direction in the space between adjacent cones. This greatly reduces the settling distance and hence increases the rate at which…

disk-winged bat, (family Thyropteridae), any of three species of bats inhabiting Central America and northern South America that are distinguished by round disks at the base of the thumb and on the sole of the foot. The disks act as suction cups and enable the bats to cling to smooth surfaces. One

floppy disk, magnetic storage medium used with late 20th-century computers. Floppy disks were popular from the 1970s until the late 1990s, when they were supplanted by the increasing use of e-mail attachments and other means to transfer files from computer to computer. They were made of flexible

player piano: …piano manufacturer, had introduced the “Disklavier,” an acoustic player piano equipped with a computer that, by reading data on a floppy disc or compact disc, could re-create on the piano virtually every nuance of a performance—the tone, touch, timing, and dynamic range of a real performance. The key-striking and pedaling…

Qeqertarsuaq, island in Davis Strait off western Greenland, northwest of Qeqertarsuup (Disko) Bay and southwest of Vaigat Strait. It is 80 miles (130 km) long and 20–75 miles (32–120 km) wide, with a maximum elevation of 6,296 feet (1,919 meters). There are coal and iron deposits, and until the

Orphism: …he exhibited his abstract painting Disks of Newton (Study for Fugue in Two Colours) (1912). Kupka’s vibrating colour orchestrations on the canvas were intended to unite visual and musical ideas. His title refers both to music and to 17th-century physicist Sir Isaac Newton, who first understood the relationship of light…

ceramic composition and properties: Brittleness: …property owing to imperfections called dislocations within their crystal lattices. There are many kinds of dislocations. In one kind, known as an edge dislocation, an extra plane of atoms can be generated in a crystal structure, straining to the breaking point the bonds that hold the atoms together. If stress…

dislocation, in physiology and medicine, displacement of the bones forming a joint, with consequent disruption of tissues. Dislocations are caused by stresses forceful enough to overcome the resistance of the ligaments, muscles, and capsule that hold the joint in place. A dislocation is called

metamorphism: Dynamic metamorphism, or cataclasis, results mainly from mechanical deformation with little long-term temperature change. Textures produced by such adjustments range from breccias composed of angular, shattered rock fragments to very fine-grained, granulated or powdered rocks with obvious foliation and lineation. Large, pre-existing mineral grains may…

mechanics of solids: Basic principles: …microscale involves the network of dislocation lines that move within crystals. These lines shift atom positions relative to one another by one atomic spacing as they move along slip planes. Important features of elastic-plastic and viscoplastic stress-strain relations can be understood by modeling the stress dependence of dislocation generation and…

metamorphism: Dynamic metamorphism, or cataclasis, results mainly from mechanical deformation with little long-term temperature change. Textures produced by such adjustments range from breccias composed of angular, shattered rock fragments to very fine-grained, granulated or powdered rocks with obvious foliation and lineation. Large, pre-existing mineral grains may…

Janette Turner Hospital: …collected in such volumes as Dislocations (1986), Isobars (1990), North of Nowhere, South of Loss (2003), and Forecast: Turbulence (2012).

Great Dismal Swamp, marshy region on the Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina, U.S., between Norfolk, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina. It is densely forested and contains scattered natural elevations of 10 to 20 feet (3 to 6 meters) above sea level.

Great Dismal Swamp: The Dismal Swamp Canal (built 1790–1828) is an intracoastal waterway 22 miles (35 km) long connecting Chesapeake Bay, by way of Deep Creek and the southern branch of the Elizabeth River, with Albemarle Sound in North Carolina through the Pasquotank River. The canal forms a link…

Banksy: Dismaland, Walled Off Hotel, and later works: In September 2015 Banksy debuted Dismaland, his most elaborate project to date, in Weston-super-Mare, England. The temporary amusement park and conceptual art show, which included work from other artists, was described by Banksy as “a family attraction that acknowledges inequality and impending catastrophe.” Among the sites and features was a…

mathematics: Numerical calculation: …Holland, in his short pamphlet La Disme (1585), introduced decimal fractions to Europe and showed how to extend the principles of Hindu-Arabic arithmetic to calculation with these numbers. Stevin emphasized the utility of decimal arithmetic “for all accounts that are encountered in the affairs of men,” and he explained in…

Simon Stevin: …Stevin published a small pamphlet, La Thiende (“The Tenth”), in which he presented an elementary and thorough account of decimal fractions and their daily use. Although he did not invent decimal fractions and his notation was rather unwieldy, he established their use in day-to-day mathematics. He declared that the universal…

Jan Kochanowski: …tragedy, Odprawa posłów greckich (1578; The Dismissal of the Grecian Envoys). With a plot from Homer’s Iliad and written in blank verse, it was performed at the royal court in Ujazdów near Warsaw in 1578 and was regarded as a political commentary on the contemporary situation in the country, which…

Disney Company, American corporation best known as a purveyor of family entertainment. During the 20th and early 21st centuries, it became one of the world’s largest media conglomerates, with such holdings as ABC, ESPN, Pixar, Marvel Entertainment, and 20th Century Studios. Disney headquarters are

figure skating: Ice shows: Disney on Ice began in 1981 and signed a number of top skaters to headline. Not surprisingly, it often presents Disney’s animated movie characters on ice.

Walt Disney World Resort, resort complex near Orlando, Florida, envisioned by Walt Disney and featuring attractions based on stories and characters created by the Disney Company. Following the success of Disneyland, near Anaheim, California, Disney began searching for a location for his second

Walt Disney: First animated cartoons: …compelled Disney and his brother Roy—a lifelong business partner—to reopen shop in Hollywood.

Walt Disney was an American motion-picture and television producer and showman, famous as a pioneer of animated cartoon films and as the creator of such cartoon characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. He also planned and built Disneyland, a huge amusement park that opened near Los Angeles in

Walt Disney was an American motion-picture and television producer and showman, famous as a pioneer of animated cartoon films and as the creator of such cartoon characters as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. He also planned and built Disneyland, a huge amusement park that opened near Los Angeles in

Disneyland, amusement park in Anaheim, California, featuring characters, rides, and shows based on the creations of Walt Disney and the Disney Company. Though its central building, the Sleeping Beauty Castle, is modeled on Germany’s Neuschwanstein Castle, it is an unmistakable icon of American

Rachel McAdams: In 2017 McAdams starred in Disobedience, playing a woman whose marriage to an Orthodox rabbi is tested after the return of her former lover (played by Rachel Weisz). She later appeared in the comedies Game Night (2018) and Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga (2020).

titration: …metal ions with the reagent disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (a salt of edetic acid, or EDTA). The indicators are dyes that have the property of forming a coloured complex with the metal ion. As the titration proceeds, the reagent reacts first with uncomplexed metal ions, and, finally, at the end point it…

disease, any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury. A diseased organism commonly exhibits signs or symptoms indicative of its abnormal state. Thus, the normal

disorderly conduct, in law, intentional disturbing of the public peace and order by language or other conduct. It is a general term including various offenses that are usually punishable by minor penalties. Disorderly conduct may take the form of directly disturbing the peace, as when one

Frank Tashlin: Films of the 1960s: The Disorderly Orderly (1964), the last of the Tashlin-Lewis collaborations, was among their best and achieved cult status. Frenetic but also suspenseful and loaded with allusions to the films of Alfred Hitchcock—particularly Vertigo (1958)—it imagines Lewis as a failed medical student who takes a job…

Emil Kraepelin: …(either excessively active or inhibited); hebephrenia, characterized by inappropriate emotional reactions and behaviour; and paranoia, characterized by delusions of grandeur and of persecution.

disparate impact, judicial theory developed in the United States that allows challenges to employment or educational practices that are nondiscriminatory on their face but have a disproportionately negative effect on members of legally protected groups. When the U.S. Supreme Court first recognized