Motion Picture Patents Company, trust of 10 film producers and distributors who attempted to gain complete control of the motion-picture industry in the United States from 1908 to 1912. The original members were the American companies Edison, Vitagraph, Biograph, Essanay, Selig, Lubin, and Kalem;

Thomas Edison was an American inventor who, singly or jointly, held a world-record 1,093 patents. In addition, he created the world’s first industrial research laboratory. Edison was the quintessential American inventor in the era of Yankee ingenuity. He began his career in 1863, in the adolescence

Thomas Edison was an American inventor who, singly or jointly, held a world-record 1,093 patents. In addition, he created the world’s first industrial research laboratory. Edison was the quintessential American inventor in the era of Yankee ingenuity. He began his career in 1863, in the adolescence

Orangeburg: The Edisto Memorial Gardens have test sections affiliated with the American Rose and Camellia societies. The Orangeburg National Fish Hatchery (established 1912) occupies 59 acres (24 hectares) of ponds. Inc. 1883. Pop. (2000) 12,765; (2010) 13,964.

Edict of Nantes, law promulgated at Nantes in Brittany on April 13, 1598, by Henry IV of France, which granted a large measure of religious liberty to his Protestant subjects, the Huguenots. The edict was accompanied by Henry IV’s own conversion from Huguenot Calvinism to Roman Catholicism and

National Botanic Gardens of South Africa: …South African succulents, and the Edith Stephens Cape Flats Flora Reserve specializes in flowering bulbs of the iris and lily families.

conservation: Surviving but threatened small populations: …long-term study of the Bay checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis) in the grasslands above Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. In 1960 scientists began following the fate of several local populations of the butterfly at a time when grasslands around San Francisco Bay were being lost to housing developments. The…

Edwin S. Porter: …whose innovative use of dramatic editing (piecing together scenes shot at different times and places) in such films as The Life of An American Fireman (1903) and The Great Train Robbery (1903) revolutionized filmmaking.

textual criticism: From antiquity to the Renaissance: …the first printed editions (editiones principes) of classical texts began to appear, most Greek and Latin authors were circulating in a textually debased condition, and it was manuscripts of this character that almost always served as copy for the early printers. Very little editing in any real sense of…

Harry Crosby: …in the 1920s, established the Black Sun Press.

textual criticism: Editorial technique: Critical texts are edited according to conventions that vary with the type of text (classical, medieval, modern) but follow certain general principles. In some cases, as with newly edited papyri and with palimpsests (writing materials re-used after erasure), the edition will take the…

political cartoon, a drawing (often including caricature) made for the purpose of conveying editorial commentary on politics, politicians, and current events. Such cartoons play a role in the political discourse of a society that provides for freedom of speech and of the press. They are a primarily

Doonesbury: …win a Pulitzer Prize for editorial cartooning.

Wadjet, cobra goddess of ancient Egypt. Depicted as a cobra twined around a papyrus stem, she was the tutelary goddess of Lower Egypt. Wadjet and Nekhbet, the vulture-goddess of Upper Egypt, were the protective goddesses of the king and were sometimes represented together on the king’s diadem,

Idkū, town, northern Al-Buḥayrah muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Lower Egypt. It lies on a sandy strip behind Abū Qīr Bay, in the northwestern Nile River delta. Immediately south is Lake Idku, a 58-square-mile (150-square-km) lagoon that stretches some 22 miles (35 km) behind and parallel to the coast and

Adilabad, city, northern Telangana state, southern India, lying 160 miles (260 km) north of Hyderabad. The city is situated on a well-forested plateau some 2,000 feet (600 metres) high between the Godavari (south) and Penganga (north) rivers. It is an agricultural trade centre, connected with

machine tool: Electrical-discharge machining (EDM): EDM involves the direction of high-frequency electrical spark discharges from a graphite or soft metal tool, which serves as an electrode, to disintegrate electrically conductive materials such as hardened steel or carbide. The electrode and workpiece are immersed in a dielectric liquid, and…

electronic dance music, umbrella term for a panoply of musical styles that emerged in the mid-1980s. Rather than designating a single genre, electronic dance music (EDM) encompasses styles ranging from beatless ambient music to 200-beats-per-minute hardcore, with house music, techno, drum and bass,

protein: Amino acid sequence in protein molecules: The procedure, called the Edman degradation, can be applied repeatedly; it thus reveals the sequence of the amino acids in the peptide chain.

Edmer was an English biographer of St. Anselm and historian whose accounts are a uniquely accurate and credible portrait of the 12th-century monastic community at Canterbury. Born into a wealthy family that was impoverished by the Norman conquest, Edmer was raised at Christ Church, Canterbury,

gazelle: African gazelles: The Atlas gazelle, also called Cuvier’s, or the edmi, gazelle (G. cuvieri), is found in the Atlas Mountains. The rhim, or slender-horned, gazelle (G. leptoceros) is the most desert-adapted African gazelle and lives in the Sahara’s great sand deserts (ergs) from Algeria to Egypt. The third…

Edmond, city, Oklahoma county, central Oklahoma, U.S., immediately north of Oklahoma City. Writer Washington Irving visited the site now known as Edmond in 1832 and reported on it in A Tour on the Prairies. The town sprang up overnight in 1889, during one of several “land runs” that opened up

New Zealand literature: Poetry: Lauris Edmond, who began publishing in middle age, was an anomaly among these poets, riding high on the feminist tide of those two decades but writing in a more conventional poetic style that set her apart from her publishing contemporaries.

Anna Kavan was a British novelist and short-story writer known for her semiautobiographical surreal fiction dealing with the themes of mental breakdown and self-destruction. She was born into a wealthy family and traveled widely as a child. Under the name Helen Ferguson she wrote six novels, most

New jack swing: , Babyface, and Teddy Riley, who crafted romantic songs for the dance floor. L.A. (Antonio Reid, whose nickname was derived from his allegiance to the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team) and Babyface (youthful-looking Kenneth Edmonds) had been members of the Deele, a group based in Cincinnati,…

the Mekons: Steve Goulding, Sarah Corina, Lu Edmonds, and Rico Bell (byname of Erik Bellis).

Sarah Edmonds was an American soldier who fought, disguised as a man, in the Civil War. Sarah Edmonson received scant education as a child, and sometime in the 1850s she ran away from home. For a time she was an itinerant seller of Bibles, dressing as a man and using the name Frank Thompson. She

Sarah Edmonds was an American soldier who fought, disguised as a man, in the Civil War. Sarah Edmonson received scant education as a child, and sometime in the 1850s she ran away from home. For a time she was an itinerant seller of Bibles, dressing as a man and using the name Frank Thompson. She

William Edmondson was a self-taught sculptor who was the first African American to have a solo exhibition (1937) at New York City’s Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). The son of freed slaves, Edmondson moved at age 16 from the plantation where he was born to Nashville. In Nashville he worked on the

Sarah Edmonds was an American soldier who fought, disguised as a man, in the Civil War. Sarah Edmonson received scant education as a child, and sometime in the 1850s she ran away from home. For a time she was an itinerant seller of Bibles, dressing as a man and using the name Frank Thompson. She

linguistics: Dialect atlases: …atlas of Jules Gilliéron and Edmond Edmont was based on a completely different concept. Using a questionnaire of about 2,000 words and phrases that Gilliéron had composed, Edmont surveyed 639 points in the French-speaking area. The atlas, compiled under the direction of Gilliéron, was published in fascicles from 1902 to…

Edmonton, city, capital of Alberta, Canada. It lies along the North Saskatchewan River in the centre of the province, 185 miles (300 km) north of Calgary. Transportation has been the cornerstone of the settlement and development of Edmonton. The North Saskatchewan River was a major conduit for the

Edmonton: History: …in Edmonton, Blatchford Field (later, Edmonton City Centre Airport), played an important military role that continued throughout the Cold War. The U.S. military used the field as its base of operations for the defense of Alaska during World War II but, after outgrowing that facility, built another one north of…

Canadian Football League: Edmonton Elks, Saskatchewan Roughriders, and Winnipeg Blue Bombers. In the East Division are the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ottawa Redblacks, Montreal Alouettes, and Toronto Argonauts.

Canadian Football League: Edmonton Elks, Saskatchewan Roughriders, and Winnipeg Blue Bombers. In the East Division are the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ottawa Redblacks, Montreal Alouettes, and Toronto Argonauts.

Edmonton: History: Fort Edmonton, a Hudson’s Bay Company trading post also known as Edmonton House, was initially built in 1795 on a site approximately 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the present-day city. The post is said to have been named for an area of north London,…

Edmonton Oilers, Canadian professional ice hockey team based in Edmonton, Alberta, that plays in the Western Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). Although a relatively new team, the Oilers have experienced much success, mostly because of Hall of Fame center Wayne Gretzky, viewed by many

Edmonton: History: Fort Edmonton, a Hudson’s Bay Company trading post also known as Edmonton House, was initially built in 1795 on a site approximately 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the present-day city. The post is said to have been named for an area of north London,…

Alexander IV: …by excommunicating him and investing Edmund, son of Henry III of England, with the papal fief of Sicily. He supported the new mendicant orders, especially the Franciscans, upholding the friars at Paris against the secular professors. He extended the Inquisition in France, worked for reunion between eastern Christians and Rome,…

Edmund, 1st earl of Lancaster was the fourth (but second surviving) son of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence, who founded the house of Lancaster. At the age of 10, Edmund was invested by Pope Innocent IV with the kingdom of Sicily (April 1255), as an expression of his conflict with

King Lear: …of his conniving illegitimate son, Edmund, and spurns his honest son, Edgar. Driven into exile disguised as a mad beggar, Edgar becomes a companion of the truly mad Lear and the Fool during a terrible storm. Edmund allies himself with Regan and Goneril to defend Britain against the French army…

Edmund ; feast day November 20) was the king of East Anglia (from 855). Of his life little is known. In the year 869 the Danes, who had been wintering at York, marched through Mercia into East Anglia and took up their quarters at Thetford. Edmund engaged them fiercely in battle, but the Danes under

Edmund Fitzgerald, American freighter that sank during a storm on November 10, 1975, in Lake Superior, killing all 29 aboard. Its mysterious demise inspired Gordon Lightfoot’s hit song “The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald” (1976), which helped make it the most famous shipwreck in the Great Lakes. In

Edmund I was the king of the English (939–946), who recaptured areas of northern England that had been occupied by the Vikings. He was the son of the West Saxon king Edward the Elder (reigned 899–924) and Eadgifu and the half brother of King Athelstan (reigned 924–939), under whom the political

Edmund II was the king of the English from April 23 to Nov. 30, 1016, surnamed “Ironside” for his staunch resistance to a massive invasion led by the Danish king Canute. The son of King Ethelred II the Unready (reigned 978–1016), Edmund defied his father’s orders by marrying (1015) the widow of one

Edmund II was the king of the English from April 23 to Nov. 30, 1016, surnamed “Ironside” for his staunch resistance to a massive invasion led by the Danish king Canute. The son of King Ethelred II the Unready (reigned 978–1016), Edmund defied his father’s orders by marrying (1015) the widow of one

St. Edmund of Abingdon ; feast day November 16) was a distinguished scholar and outspoken archbishop of Canterbury, one of the most virtuous and attractive figures of the English church, whose literary works strongly influenced subsequent spiritual writers in England. After studies at Oxford—where

Edmund Plantagenet, 1st earl of Kent was the youngest brother of England’s King Edward II, whom he supported to the forfeit of his own life. He received many marks of favour from his brother, whom he steadily supported until the last act in Edward’s life opened in 1326. He fought in Scotland and

Edmund Pettus Bridge, bridge crossing the Alabama River in Selma, Alabama, that was the site of what became known as “Bloody Sunday,” a landmark event in the history of the American civil rights movement. On that day, March 7, 1965, white law-enforcement officers violently dispersed protesters, the

Edmund I was the king of the English (939–946), who recaptured areas of northern England that had been occupied by the Vikings. He was the son of the West Saxon king Edward the Elder (reigned 899–924) and Eadgifu and the half brother of King Athelstan (reigned 924–939), under whom the political

Edmund ; feast day November 20) was the king of East Anglia (from 855). Of his life little is known. In the year 869 the Danes, who had been wintering at York, marched through Mercia into East Anglia and took up their quarters at Thetford. Edmund engaged them fiercely in battle, but the Danes under

George Franklin Edmunds was a U.S. senator and constitutional lawyer, who for a quarter of a century was a participant in the most important legislative developments of the time. Edmunds received little formal education, but he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1849. He was a Republican

Edmund I was the king of the English (939–946), who recaptured areas of northern England that had been occupied by the Vikings. He was the son of the West Saxon king Edward the Elder (reigned 899–924) and Eadgifu and the half brother of King Athelstan (reigned 924–939), under whom the political

explosive: Picric acid and ammonium picrate: …these were RDX, PETN, and ethylenediaminedinitrate (EDNA), all of which were cast with varying amounts of TNT, usually 40 to 50 percent, and used where the highest possible shattering power was desired. For example, cast 60–40 RDX-TNT, called cyclotol, develops a detonation pressure of about 270,000 atmospheres (4,000,000 pounds per…

mental disorder: Eating disorders: The diagnosis of eating disorder, not otherwise specified, or EDNOS, is given to those with clinically significant eating disturbances that meet some, but not all, of the diagnostic criteria for either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Examples of such include binge eating disorder (episodes of binge eating with…

Tokyo, city and capital of Tokyo to (metropolis) and of Japan. It is located at the head of Tokyo Bay on the Pacific coast of central Honshu. It is the focus of the vast metropolitan area often called Greater Tokyo, the largest urban and industrial agglomeration in Japan. A brief treatment of Tokyo

Edo, state, southern Nigeria. It is bounded by the states of Kogi to the northeast and east, Anambra to the east, Delta to the southeast and south, and Ondo to the west and northwest; the Niger River flows along the state’s eastern boundary. Benin City is the state capital and largest urban centre.

Benin City, capital and largest city of Edo state, southern Nigeria. Benin City is situated on a branch of the Benin River and lies along the main highways from Lagos to the eastern states. The city is also linked by roads to Sapele, Siluko, Okene, and Ubiaja and is served by air and the Niger

Edo, people of southern Nigeria who speak a language of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. The Edo numbered about 3.8 million at the turn of the 21st century. Their territory is west of the Niger River and extends from hilly country in the north to swamps in the Niger Delta.

Hotta Masayoshi: …the emperor and toppled the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868.

Edo culture, Cultural period of Japanese history corresponding to the Tokugawa period of governance (1603–1867). Tokugawa Ieyasu, the first Tokugawa shogun, chose Edo (present-day Tokyo) as Japan’s new capital, and it became one of the largest cities of its time and was the site of a thriving urban

Benue-Congo languages: Edoid: …which the principal one is Edo (1,000,000 speakers); and northwestern Edoid, seven languages.

Tokugawa period, (1603–1867), the final period of traditional Japan, a time of internal peace, political stability, and economic growth under the shogunate (military dictatorship) founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu. As shogun, Ieyasu achieved hegemony over the entire country by balancing the power of

Hotta Masayoshi: …the emperor and toppled the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868.

Automated Transfer Vehicle: …16, 2011, and the third, Edoardo Amaldi, named after the 20th-century Italian physicist, was launched on March 23, 2012. Only two more were launched after the Edoardo Amaldi: Albert Einstein, on June 5, 2013, and Georges Lemaître, on July 29, 2014.

Benue-Congo languages: Edoid: The 21 Edoid languages are spoken in southern Nigeria, primarily in Bendel state but in neighbouring states as well. The Edoid family can be divided into four main groups of languages. Delta-Edoid consists of three languages; southwestern Edoid, five languages, the largest of which…

Edom, ancient land bordering ancient Israel, in what is now southwestern Jordan, between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba. The Edomites probably occupied the area about the 13th century bce. Though closely related to the Israelites (according to the Bible, they were descendants of Esau), they had

Esau, in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) book of Genesis (25:19–34; 27; 28:6–9; 32:3–21; 33:1–16; and 36), a son of Isaac and Rebekah, the elder twin brother of Jacob, and in Hebrew tradition the ancestor of the Edomites. At birth Esau was red and hairy, and he became a wandering hunter, while

Edom: The Edomites probably occupied the area about the 13th century bce. Though closely related to the Israelites (according to the Bible, they were descendants of Esau), they had frequent conflicts with them and were probably subject to them at the time of the Israelite kingdom (11th–10th…

Beaujolais: Édouard I de Beaujeu, marshal of France, fought at the Battle of Crécy (1346) and perished in the Battle of Ardres in 1351. His son died without issue in 1374 and was succeeded by his cousin Édouard II, who gave his estates of Beaujolais and…

Lake Edward, one of the great lakes of the Western Rift Valley in eastern Africa. It lies astride the border of Congo (Kinshasa) and Uganda at an elevation of 2,992 feet (912 m) and is 48 miles (77 km) long and 26 miles (42 km) wide. On the northeast it is connected to the smaller Lake George. The

psychogalvanic reflex (PGR), a change in the electrical properties of the body (probably of the skin) following noxious stimulation, stimulation that produces emotional reaction, and, to some extent, stimulation that attracts the subject’s attention and leads to an aroused alertness. The response

Campanulaceae: Edraianthus, the grassy bellflower genus from the Balkans, contains 10 low, grassy-leaved perennials, mostly bearing clustered, upward-facing heads of blue or purplish upright bells. E. pumilo, however, bears its amethyst-blue flowers one to a short stem but forms a low mound of many flowers.

Eadred was the king of the English from 946 to 955, who brought Northumbria permanently under English rule. Eadred was the son of the West Saxon king Edward the Elder (ruled 899–924) and Eadgifu, the half brother of King Athelstan (ruled 924–939), and the brother of King Edmund I (ruled 939–946).

Daraa, town, southwestern Syria. It is the chief town of the Ḥawrān region of Syria. Earning the nickname “the cradle of the revolution,” Daraa was the site of the first protests of the 2011 uprising against Bashar al-Assad’s government, which eventually turned into the brutal and lengthy Syrian

Robert F. Furchgott: The molecule, which he named endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), signals smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls to relax, dilating the vessels. Furchgott’s work would eventually be linked with research done by Murad in 1977, which showed that nitroglycerin and several related heart drugs induce the formation of nitric oxide,…

Eadric Streona was the ealdorman of the Mercians, who, though a man of ignoble birth, was advanced to the revived office of ealdorman by the English king Ethelred II, whose daughter Eadgyth Eadric married. Little is known of Eadric’s origins. His appointment to the office of ealdorman in 1007 was

echinoderm: Annotated classification: †Class Edrioasteroidea Lower Cambrian to Lower Carboniferous about 340,000,000–570,000,000 years ago; discoid to cylindrical; 5 well-developed straight or curved ambulacral food grooves radiate from a central mouth. †Class Edrioblastoidea Middle Ordovician about 375,000,000 years ago; stalked form with spheroidal theca; 5 well-developed food grooves.

echinoderm: Annotated classification: †Class Edrioblastoidea Middle Ordovician about 375,000,000 years ago; stalked form with spheroidal theca; 5 well-developed food grooves. †Class Helicoplacoidea Lower Cambrian about 570,000,000 years ago; pear-shaped or spindle-shaped body with many plates arranged spirally. †Class Ophiocistioidea

airport: Airport security: …concealed in clothing, and massive electronic detection systems (EDS), which can detect trace molecules released by explosive materials. The massive weight of EDS equipment frequently requires structural modifications to existing buildings, and the size of the equipment often requires a reallocation of floor space. In many airports, installed security equipment…

Ross Perot: …and formed his own company, Electronic Data Systems (EDS), to design, install, and operate computer data-processing systems for clients on a contractual basis. EDS grew by processing medical claims for Blue Cross and other large insurance companies, and in 1968 Perot took the firm public in a shrewdly managed share…

maglev: Electromagnetic suspension (EMS) and electrodynamic suspension (EDS): Electrodynamic suspension (EDS) systems are similar to EMS in several respects, but the magnets are used to repel the train from the guideway rather than attract them. These magnets are supercooled and superconducting and have the ability to conduct electricity for a short time after…

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS), rare heritable disorder characterized primarily by great elasticity of the skin, skin fragility with a tendency to hemorrhage, poor scar formation, and hyperextensibility of the joints. The skin is velvety and bruises easily, and the ears tend to droop; dislocations of

EDSAC, the first full-size stored-program computer, built at the University of Cambridge, Eng., by Maurice Wilkes and others to provide a formal computing service for users. EDSAC was built according to the von Neumann machine principles enunciated by the Hungarian American scientist John von

Edsel, an automobile (1958–60) whose name commemorates Henry Ford’s son, Edsel (1893–1943), who had been the much loved and appreciated president of the Ford Motor Company from 1919 until his death at age 49. Edsel Ford’s three sons objected to the use of their father’s name, and indeed Ford

James Mattis: Military career: …highest, if lesser known, honours—Edson’s Eagles, the rank insignia first worn by the legendary Marine Raider commander Merritt (“Red Mike”) Edson, which is bestowed upon the colonel who best exemplifies Edson’s fighting spirit. Mattis wore Edson’s Eagles from 1995 until his promotion to brigadier general in 1997, at which…

Battle of Guadalcanal: The land campaign on Guadalcanal: …came to be called the Battle of Edson’s Ridge helped to cement the reputation of the Raiders in Marine lore and earned Edson the Medal of Honor.

Emily Pomona Edson Briggs was an American journalist, one of the first women to acquire a national reputation in the field. Emily Edson grew up in Burton, Ohio, and, from 1840, near Chicago, attending local schools. She taught briefly and, about 1854, married John R. Briggs. In 1861, when her

Katherine Philips Edson was an American reformer and public official, a strong influence on behalf of woman suffrage and an important figure in securing and enforcing labour standards both in California and at the federal level. While studying music at a Chicago conservatory, Katherine Philips met

Battle of Guadalcanal: The land campaign on Guadalcanal: Merritt (“Red Mike”) Edson, the 800 Marines of the 1st Raider Battalion, and a handful of Marine parachute troops were subjected to one of the most intense assaults on Henderson Field thus far, when they were attacked by a Japanese force more than three times…

Battle of Guadalcanal: The land campaign on Guadalcanal: Merritt (“Red Mike”) Edson, the 800 Marines of the 1st Raider Battalion, and a handful of Marine parachute troops were subjected to one of the most intense assaults on Henderson Field thus far, when they were attacked by a Japanese force more than three times…

Lydia Davis: …she read American prose poet Russell Edson. Until then she had been trying to write more traditionally structured short stories but had been unsuccessful. Davis credited Edson with giving her carte blanche to write however she wished. That newfound freedom opened the door to radical experimentation with language and writing…

Olympic Games: National Olympic committees, international federations, and organizing committees: In 1912 Sigfrid Edström, later president of the IOC, founded the IF for athletics (track and field), the earliest of Olympic sports and perhaps the Games’ special focus. Because such sports as football (soccer) and basketball attract great numbers of participants and spectators in all parts of…

soap and detergent: Sequestering or chelating agents: EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) or its sodium salt has the property of combining with certain metal ions to form a molecular complex that locks up or chelates the calcium ion so that it no longer exhibits ionic properties. In hard water, calcium and magnesium ions are…

The EdTech Challenge: …short order, most of today’s educational technology apps and Chromebooks may cease to be cool gadgets, too, settling into the background of established tools that help students learn.

Woody Harrelson: …Matthew McConaughey in Ron Howard’s EDtv (1999). In addition, in 2001 he had a recurring role on the sitcom Will & Grace.

Mozambique: Education of Mozambique: …established in 1962 and renamed Eduardo Mondlane University in 1976 for the first president of Frelimo, offers courses through a range of faculties, centers, and schools. Other universities include the Catholic University of Mozambique (1995) and Higher Polytechnic and University Institute (1994), both of which have branches in multiple cities.

Michael Caine: to Kill (1980), Deathtrap (1982), Educating Rita (1983; best actor Oscar nomination), Mona Lisa (1986), Woody Allen’s Hannah and Her Sisters (1986; Academy Award for best supporting actor), Without a Clue (1988), and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988). By the end of the 20th century, Caine had

education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships). What do you think? Explore

education: Education Act of 1944: The Education Act of 1944 involved a thorough recasting of the educational system. The Board of Education was replaced by a minister who was to direct and control the local education authorities, thereby assuring a more even standard of educational opportunity…