education: New Zealand: The Education Act provided for public elementary education that would be secular, free to age 15, and compulsory to age 13. Because of enforcement difficulties and legal exceptions, the compulsory clause was rather loose, but it instituted the rule. It was strengthened between 1885 and 1898,…

William Edward Forster: …British statesman noted for his Education Act of 1870, which established in Great Britain the elements of a primary school system, and for his term (1880–82) as chief secretary for Ireland, where his repression of the radical Land League won him the nickname “Buckshot Forster.”

education: Early 19th to early 20th century: The Balfour Act of 1902 established a comprehensive system of local government for both secondary and elementary education. It created new local education authorities and empowered them to provide secondary schools and develop technical education. The Education Act of 1918 (The Fisher Act) aimed at the…

education: Early 19th to early 20th century: The Education Act of 1918 (The Fisher Act) aimed at the establishment of a “national system of public education available for all persons capable of profiting thereby.” Local authorities were called upon to prepare plans for the orderly and progressive development of education. The age of…

education: The comprehensive movement: …the national level, with the Department of Education and Science (formerly the Ministry of Education) headed by the secretary of state for education and science. The department was the agent of governmental policy. It reached schools through circulars and directives as well as through Her Majesty’s Inspectors of Schools. The…

Qatar: Education: …led to the foundation of Education City, a multi-university facility located on the outskirts of Doha. By the early 21st century several American institutions had branches in Education City, including Virginia Commonwealth University, Weill Cornell Medical College (part of Cornell University), Carnegie Mellon University, Texas A&M University, Northwestern

Romain Gary: …first work, L’Éducation européenne (1945; Forest of Anger), won him immediate acclaim. Humanistic and optimistic despite its graphic depictions of the horrors of World War II, the novel was later revised and reissued in English as Nothing Important Ever Dies (1960).

education: Expansion of American education: With the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975—and with corresponding legislation in states and communities—facilities, program development, teacher preparation, and employment training for the handicapped advanced more rapidly and comprehensively than in any other period. In 1990 the act underwent revision and was renamed the…

Emmanuel Chabrier: …L’Étoile (1877; “The Star”) and Une Éducation manquée (“A Deficient Education”), first performed with piano accompaniment in 1879 and with orchestra in 1913. Between 1863 and 1865, working with the poet Paul Verlaine, he sketched out but never finished two operettas. Chabrier was closely associated with the Impressionist painters, and…

education novel, a genre popular in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in which a plan of education was set forth for a young person. The education novel was similar to the Bildungsroman but less well developed in terms of characters and plot and narrower in scope. Examples include Henry

Chinua Achebe: … (1988), Home and Exile (2000), The Education of a British-Protected Child (2009), and the autobiographical There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra (2012). In 2007 he won the Man Booker International Prize.

Erasmus: The wandering scholar: …Institutio principis Christiani (1516; The Education of a Christian Prince) and Querela pacis (1517; The Complaint of Peace). These works expressed Erasmus’s own convictions, but they also did no harm to Sauvage’s faction at court, which wanted to maintain peace with France. It was at this time too that he…

Sam Snead: His autobiography, The Education of a Golfer (1962), was written in collaboration with Al Stump; he also wrote several books on golf instruction. One of the game’s most beloved and ingratiating players, Snead’s sly wit is reflected in his advice to an amateur golfer: “You’ve got just…

teacher education: General education: In his influential Education of American Teachers (1963), James B. Conant recommended that half the course requirements of the four-year program of preparation for elementary teachers should be given over to general courses, a further quarter to an “area of concentration,” and the remaining quarter to professional studies,…

Samantha Power: Her memoir, The Education of an Idealist, was published in 2019. In January 2021 President-elect Joe Biden nominated her to serve as administrator of USAID, an international-development agency. She was confirmed by the Senate in April and took office the following month. Her priorities included providing support…

Jesse Eisenberg: Acting career: … operatives, and the coming-of-age drama The Education of Charlie Banks. His credits from 2009 include Adventureland (opposite Kristen Stewart) and Zombieland, a popular horror comedy costarring Woody Harrelson and Emma Stone.

Myrtilla Miner: …Teachers College to form the District of Columbia Teachers College.

Leo Rosten: Ross) published The Education of H*Y*M*A*N K*A*P*L*A*N; the book, based on the author’s experiences teaching English to immigrants, is full of puns and malapropisms based on the fractured English of the cherubic, naive Kaplan, for whom the plural of “sandwich” is “delicatessen.” The novel was acclaimed for…

The Education of Henry Adams, autobiographical work by Henry Adams that was privately printed in 1906 and published in 1918. Considered to be one of the most distinguished examples of the genre, the Education combines autobiography, bildungsroman, and critical evaluation of an age. Its chapter

Friedrich Froebel: …most important treatise, Menschenerziehung (The Education of Man), a philosophical presentation of principles and methods pursued at Keilhau.

Richard Dreyfuss: …history professor in the series The Education of Max Bickford. He made appearances on other television shows, among them Weeds, Parenthood, and Your Family or Mine. He portrayed corrupt investment manager Bernie Madoff in the television miniseries Madoff (2016).

Louis Auchincloss: …Tales of Yesteryear (1994) and Education of Oscar Fairfax (1995) and a number of short-story anthologies, notably Three Lives (1993), The Anniversary and Other Stories (1999), and Manhattan Monologues (2002), all of which explore moral dilemmas of the upper class. Without straying far from the world of the wealthy, Auchincloss…

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: Final years at Wolfenbüttel. of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: …Die Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts (1780; The Education of the Human Race), is a treatise that closely reflects the working of his mind and expresses his belief in the perfectibility of the human race. In the history of the world’s religions, Lessing saw a developing moral awareness that would, he believed,…

Frederick Temple: …aroused by his contribution “The Education of the World” to Essays and Reviews (1860), which was considered too liberal in its religious views, Temple went on to establish his reputation as an educational reformer in his work for the Schools Enquiry Commission (1864–67). An Anglican convocation in 1864, however,…

education: The conservative reaction: …and put into force the Kyōikurei, or Education Order, which made for rather less centralization. Not only did the new law abolish the district system that had divided the country into districts, it also reduced central control over school administration, including the power to establish schools and regulate attendance. The…

Albertine-Adrienne Necker de Saussure: …book of Necker de Saussure, L’Education progressive; ou, étude sur le cours de la vie, was a significant contribution to educational literature. The work was published in several volumes over the decade 1828–38; it was first translated into English (in part) in Boston (1835) and later (in full) in London…

A Sentimental Education, novel by Gustave Flaubert, published in French in 1869 as L’Éducation sentimentale: histoire d’un jeune homme. The story of the protagonist, Frédéric Moreau, and his beloved, Madame Arnoux, is based on Flaubert’s youthful infatuation with an older married woman. Frédéric’s

Empire of Japan: Forging a national identity: In 1872 the Gakusei (Japanese: “Student”), or Education System Order, was promulgated, creating a nationwide plan for universal education. It began modestly, and for a time its organization and philosophy were Western inspired. During the 1880s, however, government leaders saw their people turning to Western ideas, and they…

Nick Hornby: Projects for film and TV: …screenplay for the 2009 film An Education, which was based on a Granta magazine essay by British journalist Lynn Barber. Hornby received an Academy Award nomination for best adapted screenplay. He also wrote the screenplays for the films Wild (2014), based on Cheryl Strayed’s inspirational memoir about hiking the Pacific…

John Eaton, Jr.: Bureau of Education. Under his administration, the bureau grew from an insignificant office in the Department of the Interior to a well-staffed, highly influential repository of educational information drawn from all over the globe. When Eaton resigned in 1886 owing to poor health, the U.S.…

elementary education, the first stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning at about age 5 to 7 and ending at about age 11 to 13. In the United Kingdom and some other countries, the term primary is used instead of elementary. In the United States the term primary customarily refers to

higher education, any of various types of education given in postsecondary institutions of learning and usually affording, at the end of a course of study, a named degree, diploma, or certificate of higher studies. Higher-educational institutions include not only universities and colleges but also

philosophy of education, philosophical reflection on the nature, aims, and problems of education. The philosophy of education is Janus-faced, looking both inward to the parent discipline of philosophy and outward to educational practice. (In this respect it is like other areas of “applied”

preschool education, education during the earliest phases of childhood, beginning in infancy and ending upon entry into primary school at about five, six, or seven years of age (the age varying from country to country). (Read Arne Duncan’s Britannica essay on “Education: The Great Equalizer.”) The

elementary education, the first stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning at about age 5 to 7 and ending at about age 11 to 13. In the United Kingdom and some other countries, the term primary is used instead of elementary. In the United States the term primary customarily refers to

library: Training institutes: …the education and training of professionals have come from librarians or their professional associations. In the United States the first university school for librarians was established in 1887 by Melvil Dewey at Columbia University. The American Library Association (ALA) pursued a policy of accreditation in an effort to ensure that…

secondary education, the second stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning about age 11 to 13 and ending usually at age 15 to 18. The dichotomy between elementary education and secondary education has gradually become less marked, not only in curricula but also in organization. The

special education, the education of children who differ socially, mentally, or physically from the average to such an extent that they require modifications of usual school practices. Special education serves children with emotional, behavioral, or cognitive impairments or with intellectual,

technical education, the academic and vocational preparation of students for jobs involving applied science and modern technology. It emphasizes the understanding and practical application of basic principles of science and mathematics, rather than the attainment of proficiency in manual skills

U.S. Department of Education, executive division of the U.S. federal government responsible for carrying out government education programs. Established in 1980 by Pres. Jimmy Carter, it seeks to ensure access to education and to improve the quality of education nationwide. It administers programs

vocational education, instruction intended to equip persons for industrial or commercial occupations. It may be obtained either formally in trade schools, technical secondary schools, or in on-the-job training programs or, more informally, by picking up the necessary skills on the job. (Read Arne

Edward L. Thorndike: …Teaching Based on Psychology (1906), Education: A First Book (1912), and Educational Psychology, 3 vol. (1913–14; 2nd ed., 1921). These books were responsible for many of the earliest applications of psychology to classroom instruction in arithmetic, algebra, reading, writing, and language and also did much to expose the deficiencies and…

Herbert Spencer: Life and works: …education, which were collected in Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical (1861). Spencer rejected some traditional elements of the curriculum and emphasized the importance of self-development, sympathetic attention from instructors, observation and problem solving, physical exercise and free play, and discipline derived from experiencing the natural consequences of one’s actions rather…

Horace Mann, a pioneer of American public schools in the 19th century, famously called education the “great equalizer of the conditions of men.” But the inverse is also true. Students who receive a poor education, or who drop out of school before graduating, can end up on the wrong side of a

Egerton Ryerson: …the establishment of the provincial Educational Depository (to supply schools and teachers with books and other teaching materials at reduced prices), the distribution of uniform textbooks, and the adoption of an efficient system of school inspection.

Bank Street College of Education, privately supported coeducational teachers college in New York, New York, U.S. It offers graduate courses only, operating a laboratory (elementary) school and conducting basic research in education. Established in 1916 by Lucy Sprague Mitchell, first dean of women

university extension, division of an institution of higher learning that conducts educational activities for persons (usually adults) who are generally not full-time students. These activities are sometimes called extramural studies, continuing education, higher adult education, or university adult

Hunt v. McNair: Facts of the case: …Facilities Authority Act established an Educational Facilities Authority (“the Authority”), the purpose of which was to assist institutions of higher education in the construction, financing, and refinancing of projects primarily through the issuance of revenue bonds. Under the terms of the act, projects could encompass buildings, facilities, site preparation, and…

Hunt v. McNair: Facts of the case: The South Carolina Educational Facilities Authority Act established an Educational Facilities Authority (“the Authority”), the purpose of which was to assist institutions of higher education in the construction, financing, and refinancing of projects primarily through the issuance of revenue bonds. Under the terms of the act, projects could…

education: Access to education: …21st centuries was that of equality of educational opportunity (EEO). Some analyses of EEO liken opportunity to a footrace by asking the following three questions: (1) are the contestants equally prepared at the starting line?; (2) are they running on the same course?; and (3) do they all have a…

Edward L. Thorndike: …A First Book (1912), and Educational Psychology, 3 vol. (1913–14; 2nd ed., 1921). These books were responsible for many of the earliest applications of psychology to classroom instruction in arithmetic, algebra, reading, writing, and language and also did much to expose the deficiencies and inequalities in the American educational system…

educational psychology, theoretical and research branch of modern psychology, concerned with the learning processes and psychological problems associated with the teaching and training of students. The educational psychologist studies the cognitive development of students and the various factors

schema: …his “meaningful learning theory” in Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View (1968). He argued that there is a hierarchical organization of knowledge and that new information can be incorporated into the already existing hierarchy. In contrast, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget argued that there is more than one body of knowledge available…

Christianity: Forms of Christian education: …the bases of the Western system of education. From its beginning the Christian community faced external and internal challenges to its faith, which it met by developing and utilizing intellectual and educational resources. The response to the external challenge of rival religions and philosophical perspectives is termed apologetics—i.e., the intellectual…

The EdTech Challenge: …short order, most of today’s educational technology apps and Chromebooks may cease to be cool gadgets, too, settling into the background of established tools that help students learn.

Television in the United States: Educational TV: Educational television (ETV) also made important advances in the 1960s. While the FCC had reserved nearly 250 channel frequencies for educational stations in 1953, there were only 44 such stations in operation seven years later. By 1969, however, that number had climbed to…

hydraulic mining: Educing is the process of introducing the slurry into an enclosed circuit. In the hydraulic mining of gold the rebounding stream of water and mineral fragments is directed into sluices in which the gold settles behind baffles but the lighter waste matter is washed away.…

thought: The process of thought: …complex completion resembles the “eduction of correlates” that the British psychologist Charles E. Spearman saw as a primary constituent of intellectual functioning, its complement being “eduction of relations”—that is, recognition of a relation when two elements are presented.

thought: The process of thought: …functioning, its complement being “eduction of relations”—that is, recognition of a relation when two elements are presented.

Efua Sutherland: …ways and old traditions, and Edufa (1967), based on Alcestis by Euripides. The Marriage of Anansewa: A Storytelling Drama appeared in 1975.

28 Notable Women Cricketers: Diana Edulji: Diana Edulji played for India at a time when women’s cricket was still picking up in the country and took more than 100 wickets for the Indian team. Her 63 wickets in women’s Tests place her third on the all-time list. She was…

Rogan Gregory: …Hewsons was the brand name Edun—the inverse of Nude, which was the name of a Dublin chain of organic restaurants in which the Hewsons had invested. Gregory served as the label’s creative director from its founding in 2005 to 2007.

digital computer: Development of the digital computer: …alterable memory was implemented in EDVAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer).

Edward ; canonized 1161; feast day originally January 5, now October 13) was the king of England from 1042 to 1066. Although he is often portrayed as a listless, ineffectual monarch overshadowed by powerful nobles, Edward preserved much of the dignity of the crown and managed to keep the kingdom

Edward was the son of King John de Balliol of Scotland and claimant to the title of King of Scots, who was crowned in September 1332. Expelled in December 1332, he was restored in 1333–56, having acknowledged Edward III of England as his lord. Edward inherited only the family lands in France and

Edward was the king of Portugal whose brief reign (1433–38) witnessed a strengthening of the monarchy through reform of royal land-grant laws, a continuation of voyages of discovery, and a military disaster in Tangier. A scholarly, sensitive man of high moral character, Edward was known as the

Edward ; feast day March 18) was the king of England from 975 to 978. His reign was marked by a reaction against the promonastic policies of his father and predecessor, King Edgar (reigned 959–975). Upon Edgar’s death a faction sought to win the throne for his younger son, Ethelred, but Edward was

Edward was an Anglo-Saxon king in England, the son of Alfred the Great. As ruler of the West Saxons, or Wessex, from 899 to 924, Edward extended his authority over almost all of England by conquering areas that previously had been held by Danish invaders. Edward ascended the throne upon his

Edward VIII was the prince of Wales (1911–36) and king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of the British dominions and emperor of India from January 20 to December 10, 1936, when he abdicated in order to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson of the United States. He was the

Prince Edward, duke of Edinburgh is the youngest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, duke of Edinburgh. Edward has three older siblings: Charles, Anne, and Andrew. He attended Gordonstoun School, a spartan boarding school in Scotland, and studied history at Jesus College, Cambridge.

Edward I was the son of Henry III and king of England in 1272–1307, during a period of rising national consciousness. He strengthened the crown and Parliament against the old feudal nobility. He subdued Wales, destroying its autonomy; and he sought (unsuccessfully) the conquest of Scotland. His

Christopher Marlowe: Works. of Christopher Marlowe: …in the younger Mortimer of Edward II Marlowe shows a man developing an appetite for power and increasingly corrupted as power comes to him. In each instance the dramatist shares in the excitement of the pursuit of glory, but all three plays present such figures within a social framework: the…

Edward II was the king of England from 1307 to 1327. Although he was a man of limited capability, he waged a long, hopeless campaign to assert his authority over powerful barons. The fourth son of King Edward I, he ascended the throne upon his father’s death (July 7, 1307) and immediately gave the

Edward III, play in five acts sometimes attributed to William Shakespeare, though without much evidence other than the resemblances of this play to Shakespeare’s early history plays and an occasional passage. It was not included in the First Folio of 1623. A quarto text was published in 1596; the

Edward III: The play depicts Edward III’s great victories in France, especially at Crécy (1346) and Poitiers (1356), during the 14th century. Edward is portrayed as a heroic king, and his son Edward, the Black Prince, is even more stalwart than he. Much of the latter part of the play…

Edward III was the king of England from 1327 to 1377, who led England into the Hundred Years’ War with France. The descendants of his seven sons and five daughters contested the throne for generations, climaxing in the Wars of the Roses (1455–85). The eldest son of Edward II and Isabella of France,

Edward IV was the king of England from 1461 until October 1470 and again from April 1471 until his death. He was a leading participant in the Yorkist-Lancastrian conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. Edward was the eldest surviving son of Richard, duke of York, by Cicely, daughter of Ralph

Henry VI, Part 3: …briefly regain the ascendancy after Edward IV (the eldest of these sons and now king) ignores a proposed marriage to the French princess that has been arranged by the earl of Warwick and King Lewis XI of France and instead marries the widowed Elizabeth, Lady Grey. Margaret’s triumph is short-lived,…

Edward II was the king of England from 1307 to 1327. Although he was a man of limited capability, he waged a long, hopeless campaign to assert his authority over powerful barons. The fourth son of King Edward I, he ascended the throne upon his father’s death (July 7, 1307) and immediately gave the

Edward of Norwich, 2nd duke of York was a Yorkist who led a checkered career in the reigns of Richard II of England and the usurper Henry IV. Son of the 1st Duke of York, he was prominent among Richard II’s favourites and was made earl of Rutland in 1390 and earl of Cork in 1394 and given many

Edward III was the king of England from 1327 to 1377, who led England into the Hundred Years’ War with France. The descendants of his seven sons and five daughters contested the throne for generations, climaxing in the Wars of the Roses (1455–85). The eldest son of Edward II and Isabella of France,

Edward The Black Prince was the son and heir apparent of Edward III of England and one of the outstanding commanders during the Hundred Years’ War, winning his major victory at the Battle of Poitiers (1356). His sobriquet, said to have come from his wearing black armour, has no contemporary

West Allis: …after the arrival of the Edward P. Allis Company (manufacturers of heavy machinery), the city was renamed West Allis.

Tim Burton: Edward Scissorhands (1990) marked Burton’s first collaboration with actor Johnny Depp. The two subsequently worked on such movies as Ed Wood (1994), a biopic about a cross-dressing filmmaker who was called the worst director ever; Sleepy Hollow (1999), which was based on Washington Irving’s

Edward The Black Prince was the son and heir apparent of Edward III of England and one of the outstanding commanders during the Hundred Years’ War, winning his major victory at the Battle of Poitiers (1356). His sobriquet, said to have come from his wearing black armour, has no contemporary

Edward ; canonized 1161; feast day originally January 5, now October 13) was the king of England from 1042 to 1066. Although he is often portrayed as a listless, ineffectual monarch overshadowed by powerful nobles, Edward preserved much of the dignity of the crown and managed to keep the kingdom

Edward was an Anglo-Saxon king in England, the son of Alfred the Great. As ruler of the West Saxons, or Wessex, from 899 to 924, Edward extended his authority over almost all of England by conquering areas that previously had been held by Danish invaders. Edward ascended the throne upon his

Edward ; feast day March 18) was the king of England from 975 to 978. His reign was marked by a reaction against the promonastic policies of his father and predecessor, King Edgar (reigned 959–975). Upon Edgar’s death a faction sought to win the throne for his younger son, Ethelred, but Edward was

Edward V was the king of England from April to June 1483, who was deposed and possibly murdered by King Richard III. The eldest surviving son of King Edward IV and Queen Elizabeth (Woodville), Edward was born at Westminster Abbey while his father, momentarily deposed, was in exile in Holland. In

Edward VI was the king of England and Ireland from 1547 to 1553. Edward was King Henry VIII’s only legitimate son; his mother, Henry’s third wife, Jane Seymour, died 12 days after his birth. Although Edward has traditionally been viewed as a frail child who was never in good health, some recent

Edward VII was the king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British dominions and emperor of India from 1901. He was an immensely popular and affable sovereign and a leader of society. Albert Edward was the second child and eldest son of Queen Victoria and the Prince

Ross Ice Shelf: …the west and the jutting Edward VII Peninsula on the east. With its immense, gently undulating surface reaching back nearly 600 miles (950 km) southward into the heart of Antarctica, the Ross Ice Shelf provides the best surface approach into the continental interior. The McMurdo Sound region on the shelf’s…

Edward VIII was the prince of Wales (1911–36) and king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of the British dominions and emperor of India from January 20 to December 10, 1936, when he abdicated in order to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson of the United States. He was the

Jacksonville: Educational institutions include Edward Waters College (1866), Jacksonville University (1934), Florida Community College at Jacksonville (1966), University of North Florida (1965), Jones College (1918), and the Health Science Center of the University of Florida. Inc. 1832. Pop. (2010) 821,784; Jacksonville Metro Area, 1,345,596; (2020) 949,611; Jacksonville Metro Area,…

Edward VIII was the prince of Wales (1911–36) and king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of the British dominions and emperor of India from January 20 to December 10, 1936, when he abdicated in order to marry Wallis Warfield Simpson of the United States. He was the

Prince Edward, duke of Edinburgh is the youngest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, duke of Edinburgh. Edward has three older siblings: Charles, Anne, and Andrew. He attended Gordonstoun School, a spartan boarding school in Scotland, and studied history at Jesus College, Cambridge.

Lake Edward, one of the great lakes of the Western Rift Valley in eastern Africa. It lies astride the border of Congo (Kinshasa) and Uganda at an elevation of 2,992 feet (912 m) and is 48 miles (77 km) long and 26 miles (42 km) wide. On the northeast it is connected to the smaller Lake George. The

George Cukor: The films of the 1940s of George Cukor: …actress under Cukor’s direction in Edward, My Son (1949). Kanin and Gordon provided Cukor with an especially engaging story for Adam’s Rib (1949), which the director turned into a riotously funny battle of the sexes that many critics believe was the strongest Spencer Tracy-Hepburn collaboration.

musical: Origin: …the British showman and entrepreneur George Edwardes brought his London Gaiety Girls to New York City, calling his production musical comedy to distinguish it from his previous burlesques.

Bannu, town, central part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan, just south of the Kurram River. The nearby Akra mounds have revealed finds dating to about 300 bce. In ancient and medieval times, the Kurram-Bannu route into the Indian subcontinent was used by invaders and colonizers from the