20th-century international relations: The threats to Britain’s empire: The Edwardian era (1901–10) was one of intense concern over the decline of Britain’s naval and commercial dominance. German firms shouldered aside the British in numerous markets (even though they remained each other’s best trading partners). The new German navy menaced Britain in her home waters.…

Area 51: It is administered by Edwards Air Force Base in southern California. The installation has been the focus of numerous conspiracies involving extraterrestrial life, though its only confirmed use is as a flight testing facility.

cave: Geographic distribution of karst terrain: The Edwards Plateau in south central Texas has a subdued surface karst and numerous small caves. The Capitan reef limestone in southeastern New Mexico contains Carlsbad Caverns and other deep and large volume caves.

Persons Case, constitutional ruling that established the right of women to be appointed to the Senate of Canada. The case was initiated in 1927 by the Famous 5, a group of prominent women activists. In 1928, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that women were not “persons” according to the British

Edwards v. Aguillard, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 19, 1987, ruled (7–2) that a Louisiana statute barring the teaching of evolution in public schools unless accompanied by the teaching of creationism was unconstitutional under the First Amendment’s establishment clause, which

Robert H. Jackson: In Edwards v. California (1941), which declared unconstitutional California’s “Okie” law barring indigent migrants from entering the state, Jackson held that freedom of movement within the United States was guaranteed by citizenship. He also strongly defended the separation of church and state. His defense of First…

trisomy 18, human chromosomal disorder that results from an extra (third) copy of chromosome 18. Infants born with this disorder are smaller than average and usually do not survive longer than a few months. Characteristics of the syndrome include severe mental and growth retardation; congenital

Alfred George Edwards was the first archbishop of Wales, who sought successfully to create a native church more reflective of Welsh culture than was the Anglican Church. Edwards graduated from Jesus College, Oxford, in 1874. After a successful headmastership of Llandovery College, he became vicar

Anna Harriette Leonowens was a British writer and governess employed by King Mongkut (Rama IV) of Siam for the instruction of his children, including his son and successor, Prince Chulalongkorn. Edwards spent her childhood in India. She married Thomas Leon Owens, a clerk, in 1849; the two surnames

Top Gun: Plot and characters: …Maverick (Cruise) and Goose (Anthony Edwards) are stationed on an aircraft carrier in the Indian Ocean. They are called into their superior officer’s quarters with a promotion to the Top Gun program. There they are introduced to the other enrollees—notably, Iceman (Val Kilmer) and his radar-intercept officer (the person…

Anthony Edwards is a American basketball player who is a rising star in the NBA, considered by some to be the future face of the league. The charismatic shooting guard is known for his theatrical dunks, accurate shooting, and resilience. In 2024 Edwards helped the Minnesota Timberwolves reach the

Studio 54: Studio 54 in pop culture: …the group’s Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards were refused entry to Studio 54 one night, they went home, channeled their anger into a jam session, and ended up composing one of Chic’s biggest hits.

Blake Edwards was an American film director, producer, and screenwriter who was best known for the classic romantic comedy Breakfast at Tiffiany’s (1961) as well as the comedy The Pink Panther (1963) and its sequels. Edwards’s parents divorced when he was age three, and his mother married

personality: Sex differences: Whiting and Carolyn P. Edwards found that males were consistently more aggressive than females in seven cultures, suggesting that there is a predisposition in males to respond aggressively to provocative situations, although how and whether the attacking response occurs depends on the social and cultural setting.

28 Notable Women Cricketers: Charlotte Edwards: One of the most prolific batters in the history of women’s cricket, Charlotte Edwards scored more than 10,000 international runs during her career for England. In 1996, at age 16, she became the youngest cricketer at the time to debut for England. She…

28 Notable Women Cricketers: Charlotte Edwards: One of the most prolific batters in the history of women’s cricket, Charlotte Edwards scored more than 10,000 international runs during her career for England. In 1996, at age 16, she became the youngest cricketer at the time to debut for England. She…

Dumbo: Cast:

Louisiana: Louisiana since c. 1900: Edwin W. Edwards, a flamboyant Democrat who was elected governor four times between 1972 and 1992, enacted liberal policies but was often accused of public corruption; although acquitted of charges in the 1980s, he was convicted in 2000 of racketeering, fraud, and extortion.

Shania Twain is a Canadian singer and musician who, with her mix of country melodies and pop vocals, became one of the most popular crossover artists of the mid-1990s. Edwards took the surname of her stepfather, Jerry Twain, at a young age. After the family moved north to Timmins, Ontario, she

Elizabeth Edwards was an American attorney and author who was the wife of the Democratic U.S. senator and 2004 vice presidential candidate John Edwards. Mary Elizabeth Anania’s father was a U.S. Navy pilot, and she spent much of her childhood and adolescence in Japan. Anania, known as Mary Beth to

Gareth Edwards is a Welsh rugby union football player who led the Welsh national team that dominated European play from the mid-1960s through the ’70s. Edwards was the best player on what may have been the greatest back line in the history of the sport. Some experts argue that Edwards was simply

Harry Langdon: …Company, Langdon teamed with director Harry Edwards and writers Frank Capra and Arthur Ripley, and together they slowly developed an innocent babylike character for the comedian. Where other silent-era screen comics such as Charlie Chaplin and Harold Lloyd were men of action in their films, Langdon often seemed frozen on…

Micheál MacLiammóir: …Theatre with the English producer Hilton Edwards. At that time Willmore reinvented himself as Micheál MacLiammóir, a native of Cork, Ire., and he maintained this persona for the rest of his life.

John Edwards is a U.S. senator, who in 2004 was the vice presidential running mate of John Kerry, the Democratic Party’s nominee for president. He was the son of Wallace Edwards, a textile-mill worker, and Catherine (“Bobbie”) Wade Edwards, a textile worker and later postal worker. He grew up in

Homer Plessy: Final years: John Bel Edwards.

John Edwards is a U.S. senator, who in 2004 was the vice presidential running mate of John Kerry, the Democratic Party’s nominee for president. He was the son of Wallace Edwards, a textile-mill worker, and Catherine (“Bobbie”) Wade Edwards, a textile worker and later postal worker. He grew up in

Jonathan Edwards was the greatest theologian and philosopher of British American Puritanism, stimulator of the religious revival known as the “Great Awakening,” and one of the forerunners of the age of Protestant missionary expansion in the 19th century. Edwards’s father, Timothy, was pastor of the

Jorge Edwards was a Chilean writer, literary critic, and diplomat who gained notoriety with the publication of Persona non grata (1973; Eng. trans. Persona non grata), a memoir of his experiences as the Chilean ambassador to Cuba in the early 1970s. Critical of the revolutionary socialist regime of

Utah: Sports and recreation: …from the tenure of coach LaVell Edwards (1972–2000) and includes a string of outstanding quarterbacks, among them Steve Young, Jim McMahon, Robbie Bosco, and Ty Detmer.

Lewis Edwards was a Welsh educator and minister of the Calvinistic Methodist Church of Wales whose literary and theological essays greatly influenced the development of Welsh culture. After ordination in 1837, Edwards married the granddaughter of Thomas Charles of Bala, a Methodist clergyman and

Linda McMahon is an American business executive and politician who serves as secretary of the U.S. Department of Education in the Republican administration of U.S. Pres. Donald Trump. During Trump’s first term in office, McMahon was administrator of the Small Business Administration (2017–19).

Ralph Edwards was an American radio and television personality. Edwards worked as a radio announcer from 1935 before becoming host of the popular game show Truth or Consequences (1940–57). He also created and hosted This Is Your Life on radio (1948–50) and television (1952–61). He produced the game

Ralph Edwards was an American radio and television personality. Edwards worked as a radio announcer from 1935 before becoming host of the popular game show Truth or Consequences (1940–57). He also created and hosted This Is Your Life on radio (1948–50) and television (1952–61). He produced the game

Robert Edwards was a British medical researcher who developed the technique of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Edwards, together with British gynecologist Patrick Steptoe, refined IVF for the human egg. Their work made possible the birth of Louise Brown, the world’s first “test-tube baby,” on July

Gareth Edwards is a Welsh rugby union football player who led the Welsh national team that dominated European play from the mid-1960s through the ’70s. Edwards was the best player on what may have been the greatest back line in the history of the sport. Some experts argue that Edwards was simply

Sir Owen Morgan Edwards was a Welsh writer and educator who greatly influenced the revival of Welsh literature and the development of Welsh national consciousness. After attending colleges in Wales and Scotland, he studied history at Oxford University until 1887. As a teacher of modern history at

Robert Edwards was a British medical researcher who developed the technique of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Edwards, together with British gynecologist Patrick Steptoe, refined IVF for the human egg. Their work made possible the birth of Louise Brown, the world’s first “test-tube baby,” on July

Teresa Edwards is a former basketball player and one of the most decorated players in the history of the U.S. national basketball team. From the point guard position, Edwards guided the United States to gold medals in 14 of 18 major international tournaments between 1981 and 2000, including four

Lewis Edwards: …best known of his children, Thomas Charles Edwards (1837–1900), was first principal of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, from 1872 to 1891.

bridge: Stone arch bridges: In Great Britain, William Edwards built what many people consider the most beautiful arch bridge in the British Isles—the Pontypridd Bridge (1750), over the Taff in Wales, with a lofty span of 42 metres (140 feet). In London the young Swiss engineer Charles Labelye, entrusted with the building…

leafhopper: The rose leafhopper (Edwardsiana rosae) is a serious rose and apple pest. It is creamy white to light yellow in colour and is about 3 mm long. It overwinters in the egg stage and produces two generations per year. It does not cause hopperburn.

Edwin was an Anglo-Saxon king of Northumbria from 616 to 633. He was the most powerful English ruler of his day and the first Christian king of Northumbria. The son of King Aelle of Deira, one of the two Northumbrian kingdoms, Edwin fled into exile when Aethelric, king of Bernicia, seized power in

Edwin Smith papyrus, (c. 1600 bc), ancient Egyptian medical treatise, believed to be a copy of a work dating from c. 3000 bc. Apparently intended as a textbook on surgery, it begins with clinical cases of head injuries and works systematically down the body, describing in detail examination,

Bismarck, city, capital of North Dakota, U.S., and seat (1873) of Burleigh county. It lies in the south-central part of the state and is situated on the eastern bank of the Missouri River. The Lewis and Clark Expedition passed through the area in 1804–05. In 1872 Camp Greeley (later Camp Hancock;

Eadwig was the king of the English from 955 to 957 and ruler of Wessex and Kent from 957 to 959. The eldest son of King Edmund I (ruled 939–946) and the nephew of King Eadred (ruled 946–955), he was probably no more than 15 years old at the time of his accession. Early historical sources are biased

European Free Trade Association: …zone among themselves called the European Economic Area (EEA), which came into effect on January 1, 1994. At that time Switzerland (which did not ratify the agreement) and Liechtenstein (bound by its union with Switzerland) did not join the EEA, but the following year Liechtenstein, after a series of negotiations…

European Environment and Sustainable Development Advisory Councils (EEAC), network of advisory councils from several European countries established to promote the exchange of information and ideas on environmental and sustainable-development policies. Cooperation between the councils, which were

European Community (EC), former association designed to integrate the economies of Europe. The term also refers to the “European Communities,” which originally comprised the European Economic Community (EEC), the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC; dissolved in 2002), and the European Atomic

Gerbrand van den Eeckhout was a Dutch artist and poet who mastered several media, including metalwork, etching, and drawing, but is perhaps best known for his biblical, genre, and group and individual portrait paintings. He was a gifted and favourite pupil of Rembrandt (1635–40), to whom he

Gerbrand van den Eeckhout was a Dutch artist and poet who mastered several media, including metalwork, etching, and drawing, but is perhaps best known for his biblical, genre, and group and individual portrait paintings. He was a gifted and favourite pupil of Rembrandt (1635–40), to whom he

Frederik Willem van Eeden was a Dutch writer and physician whose works reflect his lifelong search for a social and ethical philosophy. Eeden studied medicine at Amsterdam and, with writers Willem Kloos and Albert Verwey, founded (1885) De nieuwe gids, a literary periodical devoted to modern

encephalitis: Epidemics of encephalitis: …and Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus can also cause disease in humans. In the late 1960s some 200,000 people in central Colombia were infected with the Venezuelan strain, which had also spread north through Central America and Mexico and into the United States, causing illness in thousands more people and…

electroencephalography, technique for recording and interpreting the electrical activity of the brain. The nerve cells of the brain generate electrical impulses that fluctuate rhythmically in distinct patterns. In 1929 German scientist Hans Berger published the results of the first study to employ

neurofeedback, form of therapy in which the brain’s electrical activity is assessed and measured to help correct dysfunctional or abnormal brain-wave patterns. Techniques used to detect electrical rhythms in the brain include electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging

Georges Eekhoud was one of the first important Belgian regionalist novelists. Also a poet, essayist, dramatist, and art critic, Eekhoud worked in the 1880s with Max Waller’s review La Jeune Belgique to breathe new life into Belgian literature. But to express his views on the reform of society,

eel, (order Anguilliformes), any of more than 800 species of teleost fishes characterized by elongate wormlike bodies. Anguilliforms include the common freshwater eels as well as the voracious marine morays. Regardless of their final habitat, all eels probably pass through the leptocephalus stage,

eelgrass, (genus Zostera), genus of about 15 species of marine plants of the family Zosteraceae. Found in temperate and subtropical climates around the world, these species grow in intertidal and subtidal portions of coastal areas. They provide food and habitat for a wide range of marine organisms

eelgrass: …marine plants of the family Zosteraceae. Found in temperate and subtropical climates around the world, these species grow in intertidal and subtidal portions of coastal areas. They provide food and habitat for a wide range of marine organisms and are important as a protective intermediary habitat for young fish before…

eelpout, any of more than 250 species of elongated marine fishes of the family Zoarcidae, found in cold waters and abundant in Arctic and Antarctic regions. Eelpouts are thick-lipped, eel-shaped fishes with the dorsal and anal fins connected around the end of the tail and with small pelvic fins

burbot, (Lota lota), elongated fish of the family Lotidae that inhabits cold rivers and lakes of Europe, Asia, and North America. A bottom dweller found in both fresh and brackish waters, it descends as deep as 700 metres (about 2,300 feet). It is a mottled greenish or brown fish and may grow as

spectroscopy: …surface analysis technique known as electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) that measures the energy lost when low-energy electrons (typically 5–10 electron volts) collide with a surface. Occasionally, the colliding electron loses energy by exciting the surface; by measuring the electron’s energy loss, vibrational excitations associated with the surface can be…

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Plotosidae (eeltail catfishes) Lack adipose fin; long anal and caudal fins confluent. Marine, brackish and freshwater, Indo-Pacific. 10 genera, about 35 species. Family Doradidae (thorny catfishes) Overlapping plates cover sides of body. Intestinal modifications for aerial respiration. Aquarium fishes. Generally small, to more than

eelworm, any of several worms of the phylum Nematoda, so called because they resemble miniature eels. The term is most often applied to smaller nematodes that are either free-living or parasitic in plants. Most eelworms are 0.1 to 1.5 millimetres (0.004 to 0.06 inch) long. They are found in all

Eemian Interglacial Stage, major division of Pleistocene time and deposits in Europe (the Pleistocene Epoch began about 2.6 million years ago and ended about 11,700 years ago). The Eemian Interglacial followed the Saale Glacial Stage and preceded the Weichsel Glacial Stage. The Eemian is correlated

Eemian Sea, former body of water that flooded much of northern Europe and essentially made an island of Scandinavia. This marine transgression occurred during the Eemian Interglacial Stage (130,000 to 115,000 years ago) of the Pleistocene Epoch (approximately 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago). The

Ems River, river, northwestern Germany. It rises on the south slope of the Teutoburger Forest and flows generally northwest and north through the Länder of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony to the east side of the Dollart (baylike enlargement of its estuary), immediately south of Emden. It

Dirck Hartog: …honour of the explorer’s ship, Eendracht.

education: Access to education: …21st centuries was that of equality of educational opportunity (EEO). Some analyses of EEO liken opportunity to a footrace by asking the following three questions: (1) are the contestants equally prepared at the starting line?; (2) are they running on the same course?; and (3) do they all have a…

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), government agency established on July 2, 1965, by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to “ensure equality of opportunity by vigorously enforcing federal legislation prohibiting discrimination in employment”—particularly discrimination on the

Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA), legislation passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by Pres. George W. Bush on Oct. 3, 2008. It was designed to prevent the collapse of the U.S. financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis, a severe contraction of liquidity in

Estonian language, member of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family, spoken in Estonia and in scattered pockets in surrounding regions. The language occurs in two major dialectal forms, northern and southern; the northern, or Tallinn, dialect is the basis of the Estonian literary

Estonia, country in northeastern Europe, the northernmost of the three Baltic states. Estonia’s area includes some 1,500 islands and islets; the two largest of these islands, Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, are off mainland Estonia’s west coast. Estonia has been dominated by foreign powers through much of

meteorite: Achondrites: …Antarctic meteorite, an SNC named EETA79001. This meteorite contains trapped gases (noble gases, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide) whose relative abundances and isotopic compositions are almost identical to those of the Martian atmosphere as measured by the two Viking landers. Scientists believe that the Martian meteorites are fragments of the planet’s…

Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union: …Engineering Union (AEU) with the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunication and Plumbing Union (EETPU).

Kazakhstan: Economy: …way to what became the Eurasian Economic Union, consisting of Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan.

Eeyore, fictional character, a donkey in several popular children’s stories by A.A. Milne. Eeyore, whose tail is attached by a nail, is one of Christopher Robin’s many toy animals whose adventures are detailed in the stories in Winnie-the-Pooh (1926) and The House at Pooh Corner (1928). A

exclusive economic zone (EEZ), as defined under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), an area of the ocean extending up to 200 nautical miles (370 km) immediately offshore from a country’s land coast in which that country retains exclusive rights to the exploration and

ecological footprint (EF), measure of the demands made by a person or group of people on global natural resources. It has become one of the most widely used measures of humanity’s effect upon the environment and has been used to highlight both the apparent unsustainability of current practices and

snow and ice climate, major climate type of the Köppen classification characterized by bitterly cold temperatures and scant precipitation. It occurs poleward of 65° N and S latitude over the ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica and over the permanently frozen portion of the Arctic Ocean. It is

tornado: Tornado intensity: …tornadoes specific values on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, or EF-Scale, of tornado intensity. The notion of developing such a scale for use in comparing events and in research was proposed in 1971 by the Japanese American meteorologist T. Theodore Fujita.

carboxylic acid: Unsaturated aliphatic acids: …diet and, therefore, are called essential fatty acids. (4) Many unsaturated fatty acids are liquids at room temperature, in contrast to the saturated stearic (C18) and arachidic (C20) acids, which are solids. The reason is that the regular nature of the saturated hydrocarbon chains allows the molecules in the solid…

measurement system: The Babylonians: …bat corresponded to the dry ʾefa.

Chinese architecture: The Qin (221–206 bce) and Han (206 bce–220 ce) dynasties: …of a vast palace, the Efang Gong or Ebang Gong, whose main hall was intended to accommodate 10,000 guests in its upper story. He also copied, probably at reduced scale, the palaces and pavilions of each of the feudal lords he had defeated; these buildings displayed an encyclopaedia of regional…

Éfaté, main island of Vanuatu, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It is volcanic in origin and occupies an area of 353 square miles (915 square km). Its highest peak is Mount Macdonald, which rises to 2,123 feet (647 meters). Éfaté’s terrain is rugged and covered by tropical rain forest, nurtured

Before the 2024–25 academic year, when it was replaced by the Student Aid Index (SAI), the expected family contribution (EFC) represented how much your family was expected to contribute toward your college costs. The formula, which was established by law, took into account: Like the current SAI,

Bambuti: of Ituri Pygmies—the Sua, Aka, Efe, and Mbuti—each of which has formed a loose economic and cultural interdependency with an agriculturalist group. They are nomadic hunters and gatherers living in small bands that vary in composition and size throughout the year but are generally formed into patrilineal groups of from…

African dance: The cultural position of dance: …the appearance of the great Efe mask at the height of the Gelede ritual festival in the Ketu-Yoruba villages of Nigeria and Benin. At midnight the mask dramatically appears to the expectant community, its wearer uttering potent incantations to placate witches. The dancer then moves into a powerful stamping dance…

macular degeneration: Other forms of macular degeneration: …by mutations in the gene EFEMP1 (EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1). Sorsby fundus dystrophy, which is clinically similar to wet AMD, is caused by mutations in a gene known as TIMP3 (tissue-inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3). These forms of macular degeneration, with the exception of Stargardt macular dystrophy, are inherited…

İbrahim Şinasi was a writer who founded and led a Western movement in 19th-century Turkish literature. Şinasi became a clerk in the Ottoman general-artillery bureau. After learning French from a French officer who worked for the Ottoman army, Şinasi asked to be sent to study in France and spent

Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), nonprofit organization established to raise funds for lobbying, litigation, and education about civil liberties on the Internet. The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) was founded in 1990 by American author and activist John Perry Barlow and American

Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), South African political party formed in 2013 by former African National Congress (ANC) member Julius Malema and others. The party embraced a leftist stance and touted economic emancipation. Malema, a longtime ANC member, became president of the ANC Youth League in

government economic policy: The problem of time lags: The effect lag is the amount of time between the time action is taken and an effect is realized. Monetary policy involves longer delays than fiscal policy; the time between a change in monetary policy and its ultimate effect on private investment may be between one…

Paul Newman: Directing: In 1972 Newman helmed The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, which was based on Paul Zindel’s Pulitzer Prize-winning play. Woodward starred as an overbearing mother whose daughters long to escape from her domineering presence. The potent The Shadow Box (1980) was a made-for-TV movie about the interaction…

The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, naturalistic drama in two acts by Paul Zindel, produced at the Alley Theatre in Houston in 1965. It won the Pulitzer Prize when it was published in 1971, one year after its Broadway debut. Largely autobiographical, the play is noted for its

causation, Relation that holds between two temporally simultaneous or successive events when the first event (the cause) brings about the other (the effect). According to David Hume, when we say of two types of object or event that “X causes Y” (e.g., fire causes smoke), we mean that (i) Xs are

Thorndike’s law of effect, in animal behaviour and conditioning, the postulate developed by American psychologist Edward L. Thorndike in 1905 that argued that the probability that a particular stimulus will repeatedly elicit a particular learned response depends on the perceived consequences of the

Thorndike’s law of effect, in animal behaviour and conditioning, the postulate developed by American psychologist Edward L. Thorndike in 1905 that argued that the probability that a particular stimulus will repeatedly elicit a particular learned response depends on the perceived consequences of the

Thomas Clarkson: When the Anti-Slavery Society was founded (1823), Clarkson was chosen a vice president.

effective altruism, in ethics, a theory of conduct and a movement that centers on identifying ways to benefit others and then mobilizing and utilizing resources to bring those benefits to fruition. Effective altruism attempts to identify pressing social issues as well as corresponding solutions. As

effective atomic number (EAN), number that represents the total number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of a metal atom in a metal complex. It is composed of the metal atom’s electrons and the bonding electrons from the surrounding electron-donating atoms and molecules. Thus, the effective