Ilya Grigoryevich Ehrenburg was a prolific writer and journalist, one of the most effective Soviet spokesmen to the Western world. Born into a middle-class Jewish family that later moved to Moscow, Ehrenburg became involved as a youth in revolutionary activity and was arrested in his early teens.

Christian, Freiherr (baron) von Ehrenfels was an Austrian philosopher remembered for his introduction of the term Gestalt (“figure”) into psychology and for his contribution to value theory. As a student at the University of Vienna, Ehrenfels came under the influence of Franz Brentano and Alexius

probability theory: The Ehrenfest model of diffusion: The Ehrenfest model of diffusion (named after the Austrian Dutch physicist Paul Ehrenfest) was proposed in the early 1900s in order to illuminate the statistical interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics, that the entropy of a closed system can only…

Paul Ehrenfest was an Austrian theoretical physicist who helped clarify the foundations of quantum theory and statistical mechanics. Ehrenfest studied with Ludwig Boltzmann at the University of Vienna, where he received his doctorate in 1904. Ehrenfest and his wife, Russian mathematician Tatiana A.

Paul Ehrenfest: …and his wife, Russian mathematician Tatiana A. Afanassjewa, renounced their religions (Judaism and Christianity, respectively) because such interconfessional marriages were not allowed in Austro-Hungary. Having seriously complicated their chances to find regular academic positions, the couple moved to St. Petersburg, Russia, where they subsisted on temporary teaching incomes between 1907…

Marieberg pottery: …the Marieberg factory, founded by Johann Eberhard Ludwig Ehrenreich, encountered financial difficulties in 1766, Ehrenreich was succeeded by the Frenchman Pierre Berthevin. In 1769 Berthevin left and Henrik Sten became director. In 1782 Marieberg was sold to its rival Rörstrand, and in 1788 it closed.

George Ledyard Stebbins, Jr.: …of which the new species Ehrharta erecta was established in a natural environment in 1944.

Ehringsdorf remains, human fossils found between 1908 and 1925 near Weimar, Germany. The most complete fossils consist of a fragmented braincase and lower jaw of an adult and the lower jaw, trunk, and arm bones of a child. The skull was found along with elephant, rhinoceros, horse, and bovid fossil

Eugen Ehrlich was an Austrian legal scholar and teacher generally credited with founding the discipline of the sociology of law. Educated in law at the University of Vienna, Ehrlich taught there for several years and then served as associate professor of Roman law at the University of Czernowitz

Paul Ehrlich was a German medical scientist known for his pioneering work in hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy and for his discovery of the first effective treatment for syphilis. He received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1908 jointly with Élie Metchnikoff. Ehrlich was born

Paul R. Ehrlich is an American biologist and educator who in 1990 shared Sweden’s Crafoord Prize (established in 1980 and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, to support those areas of science not covered by the Nobel Prizes) with biologist E.O. Wilson. Ehrlich received early

Paul R. Ehrlich is an American biologist and educator who in 1990 shared Sweden’s Crafoord Prize (established in 1980 and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, to support those areas of science not covered by the Nobel Prizes) with biologist E.O. Wilson. Ehrlich received early

John D. Ehrlichman was the assistant for domestic affairs during the administration of U.S. Pres. Richard M. Nixon, and was best known for his participation in the Watergate scandal that led to Nixon’s resignation. Ehrlichman grew up in Washington and California and held several jobs before

John D. Ehrlichman was the assistant for domestic affairs during the administration of U.S. Pres. Richard M. Nixon, and was best known for his participation in the Watergate scandal that led to Nixon’s resignation. Ehrlichman grew up in Washington and California and held several jobs before

Zoroastrianism: Priesthood: …of the word, herbad or ervad, designates a priest of the lower degree, who in the more important ceremonies only acts as the assistant priest. Above him is the mobed. Ranked above all of these functionaries is the dastūr, a kind of bishop, who directs and administers one or more…

black hole: In 2017 the Event Horizon Telescope obtained an image of the supermassive black hole at the centre of the M87 galaxy. That black hole has a mass equal to six and a half billion Suns but is only 38 billion km (24 billion miles) across. It was the…

Ehud, in the Old Testament (Judges 3:12–4:1), son of Gera, the Benjaminite, Israelite hero who delivered Israel from 18 years of oppression by the Moabites. A left-handed man, Ehud tricked Eglon, king of Moab, and killed him. He then led the tribe of Ephraim to seize the fords of the Jordan, where

emotional intelligence, set of psychological faculties that enable individuals to perceive, understand, express, and control their emotions and to discern and respond appropriately to the emotions of others. Emotional intelligence facilitates thoughts and actions that take emotions into

coin: Japan: The ei-raku and bun-kyū sen of the 19th century were the only other regular copper coins. Unlike China, Japan has had a gold and silver coinage since the 16th century. The gold coins are large flat pieces in the shape of rectangles with rounded corners, the…

equine infectious anemia (EIA), disease of horses that is caused by a non-oncogenic (non-cancer-causing) retrovirus. Bloodsucking insects, especially horseflies, transmit the disease. Signs, which appear about two weeks after exposure, include fever, progressive weakness, weight loss, edema, and

environmental law: Environmental assessment mandates: Environmental assessment mandates are another significant form of environmental law. Such mandates generally perform three functions: (1) identification of a level or threshold of potential environmental impact at which a contemplated action is significant enough to require the preparation of an assessment,…

Eibar, city, Guipúzcoa provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Basque Country, northern Spain, lying east of Bilbao on the Bilbao–San Sebastián railway. The city was chartered by Alfonso XI of Castile in 1346. Its chief industry since the 16th century has been the

motivation: Genetic contributions: …these is the Austrian ethologist Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt. In a book entitled Love and Hate: The Natural History of Behavior Patterns, he summarized many years of cross-cultural research on human genetic behaviour patterns. Interestingly, research on the facial expressions associated with emotion has provided some support for the existence of innate…

Robert L. Eichelberger was a U.S. Army general who during World War II retrieved strategic Japanese-held islands, thus helping to end the war in the Pacific. A 1909 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, Eichelberger served with the American Expeditionary Force in Siberia

Robert L. Eichelberger was a U.S. Army general who during World War II retrieved strategic Japanese-held islands, thus helping to end the war in the Pacific. A 1909 graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, Eichelberger served with the American Expeditionary Force in Siberia

Joseph, baron von Eichendorff was a poet and novelist, considered one of the great German Romantic lyricists. From a family of Silesian nobility, Eichendorff studied law at Heidelberg (1807), where he published his first verse and became acquainted with the circle of Romantics. Continuing his

Johann Gottfried Eichhorn was a German biblical scholar and orientalist who taught at Jena and Göttingen. He was one of the first commentators to make a scientific comparison between the biblical books and other Semitic writings. A pioneer in distinguishing the various documentary and cultural

water hyacinth, any aquatic plant of the genus Eichhornia of the pickerelweed family (Pontederiaceae), consisting of about five species, native primarily to tropical America. Some species float in shallow water; others are rooted in muddy stream banks and lakeshores. All have slender rootstocks,

water hyacinth: The common water hyacinth (E. crassipes) is the most widely distributed species. Its leafstalk is spongy and inflated, and the upper lobes of the purple flowers have blue and yellow markings. It reproduces quickly and often clogs slow-flowing streams. It is used as an ornamental in…

August Wilhelm Eichler was a German botanist who developed one of the first widely used natural systems of plant classification. Eichler studied mathematics and natural science at the University of Marburg (Ph.D., 1861). He then went to Munich, where he became a private assistant to the naturalist

Hannah Arendt: In a highly controversial work, Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963), based on her reportage of the trial of the Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in 1961, Arendt argued that Eichmann’s crimes resulted not from a wicked or depraved character but from sheer “thoughtlessness”: he was simply an ambitious bureaucrat who failed…

Adolf Eichmann was a German high official who was hanged by the State of Israel for his part in the Holocaust, the Nazi extermination of Jews during World War II. During World War I, Eichmann’s family moved from Germany to Linz, Austria. His pre-Nazi life was rather ordinary. He worked as a

Adolf Eichmann was a German high official who was hanged by the State of Israel for his part in the Holocaust, the Nazi extermination of Jews during World War II. During World War I, Eichmann’s family moved from Germany to Linz, Austria. His pre-Nazi life was rather ordinary. He worked as a

Walther Eichrodt was a German scholar who showed the importance to biblical studies of an understanding of the theology of the Old Testament. After studying theology at Bethel, Greifswald, Heidelberg, and Erlangen, Eichrodt taught at Bethel and Erlangen, then became professor of Old Testament at

John Gerard: …came from Jacob Theodorus Tabernaemontanus’ Eicones plantarum seu stirpium (1590).

carboxylic acid: Unsaturated aliphatic acids: …the saturated stearic (C18) and arachidic (C20) acids, which are solids. The reason is that the regular nature of the saturated hydrocarbon chains allows the molecules in the solid to stack in a close parallel arrangement, while the presence of cis double bonds in the unsaturated hydrocarbon chains breaks up…

lipid: Eicosanoids: Three types of locally acting signaling molecules are derived biosynthetically from C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, principally arachidonic acid. Twenty-carbon fatty acids are all known collectively as eicosanoic acids. The three chemically similar classes are prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. The eicosanoids interact with specific cell…

human nutrition: Meat, fish, and eggs: …essential long-chain fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid.

Eid al-Adha, the second of two great Muslim festivals, the other being Eid al-Fitr. Eid al-Adha marks the culmination of the hajj (pilgrimage) rites at Minā, Saudi Arabia, near Mecca, but is celebrated by Muslims throughout the world. As with Eid al-Fitr, it is distinguished by the performance of

Eid al-Fitr, first of two canonical festivals of Islam. Eid al-Fitr marks the end of Ramadan, the Muslim holy month of fasting, and is celebrated during the first three days of Shawwāl, the 10th month of the Islamic calendar (though the Muslim use of a lunar calendar means that it may fall in any

eider, any of several large sea ducks variously classified as members of the tribe Mergini or placed in a separate tribe Somateriini (family Anatidae, order Anseriformes). Eiders are heavy and round-bodied, with humped bills that produce the bird’s characteristic sloping profile. They are the

Kiel Canal, important waterway in northern Germany, extending eastward for 98 km (61 miles) to connect the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The canal constitutes the safest, most convenient, shortest, and cheapest shipping route between the two seas. It runs from Brunsbüttelkoog (on the North Sea, at

Eider Program, (1848–64), the domestic and foreign policy cornerstone of Denmark’s National Liberal governments during the Schleswig-Holstein crises. The program, which called for the incorporation of the duchy of Schleswig into Denmark, was brought to an end by the German occupation of both

Eider River, river, Schleswig-Holstein Land (state), northern Germany. It rises in the hills south of Kiel, flows through Westensee (West Lake) northward to a point northwest of Kiel, and then bends westward and flows across the low peninsula in a sluggish, winding course of 117 miles (188 km) to

duck: Eiderdown, the down feathers of the common eider (Somateria mollissima), are still of wide commercial value for use in luxury quilts and pillows.

Zacharias Frankel: Frankel’s first major work, Die Eidesleistung der Juden (1840; “Oath-Taking by Jews”), attacked discrimination against Jews who testified in courts in Saxony. It effectively helped disprove the notion that Jews were untrustworthy in swearing oaths. Frankel also published Vorstudien zur Septuaginta (1841; “Preliminary Studies in the Septuagint”), in which…

eidetic imagery, an unusually vivid subjective visual phenomenon. An eidetic person claims to continue to “see” an object that is no longer objectively present. Eidetic persons behave as if they are actually seeing an item, either with their eyes closed or while looking at some surface that serves

eidetic imagery, an unusually vivid subjective visual phenomenon. An eidetic person claims to continue to “see” an object that is no longer objectively present. Eidetic persons behave as if they are actually seeing an item, either with their eyes closed or while looking at some surface that serves

eidetic reduction, in phenomenology, a method by which the philosopher moves from the consciousness of individual and concrete objects to the transempirical realm of pure essences and thus achieves an intuition of the eidos (Greek: “shape”) of a thing—i.e., of what it is in its invariable and

Battle of Morgarten: …the rise of the Swiss eidgenossen (“oath brothers”) as the most ferocious shock combatants in Europe. Because of the prestige won by Schwyz in the battle, the confederation as a whole became known by forms of this name (e.g., Schweiz [German], Suisse [French], Svizzera [Italian], or Switzerland).

Zürich: History: …by the canton, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (1855) were founded. The University of Zürich was the first university in Europe to accept female students. Zürich also boasts a long line of Nobel Prize winners among its citizenry, particularly in the fields of physics (Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, 1901;…

Philibert Berthelier: …the Genevese anti-Savoyard faction (Eidguenots) that struggled against the powerful duke of Savoy, Charles III, to maintain the independence of Geneva.

Philip James de Loutherbourg: His Eidophusikon, a miniature theatre, demonstrated these techniques in a smaller, more controlled environment.

form, the external shape, appearance, or configuration of an object, in contradistinction to the matter of which it is composed; in Aristotelian metaphysics, the active, determining principle of a thing as distinguished from matter, the potential principle. The word form has been used in a number

Norway: Parliamentary authority: The Eidsvoll constitution of 1814 gave the Storting greater authority than parliamentary bodies had in any other country except the United States. The king retained executive power and chose his own ministers, but legislation, the imposition of taxes, and the budget were within the authority of…

Thorsteinn Erlingsson: …were Thyrnar (1897; “Thorns”) and Eidurinn (1913; “The Oath”). Thyrnar is a collection of poems ranging from love lyrics to political satire. Eidurinn is a moving poem sequence that interprets the 17th-century tragic love story of Ragnheidur, the defiant daughter of Bishop Brynjólfur Sveinsson of Skálholt, who gives birth to…

Protestantism: North America: …one of their first leaders, Elling Eielsen (1804–83), was an extremely legalistic lay follower of Hans Nielsen Hauge (1771–1824), a Norwegian Pietist who criticized the established church and stressed daily work as a divine calling. The Danish immigrants, fewer in number, eventually split over the question of Pietism. The anti-Pietists…

Carl Ben Eielson was an American aviator and explorer who was a pioneer of air travel in Alaska and the polar regions. He and Australian-British polar explorer Sir George Hubert Wilkins made the first transpolar flight across the Arctic in an airplane, as well as the first airplane flight over a

Carl Ben Eielson was an American aviator and explorer who was a pioneer of air travel in Alaska and the polar regions. He and Australian-British polar explorer Sir George Hubert Wilkins made the first transpolar flight across the Arctic in an airplane, as well as the first airplane flight over a

Egon Eiermann was one of the most prominent German architects to emerge after World War II. His wide variety of buildings have been admired for their elegant proportions, precise detail, and structural clarity. Eiermann studied at Berlin Technical University under Hans Poelzig, later working in the

Eifel, plateau region of western Germany, lying between the Rhine and Mosel (French: Moselle) rivers and the Luxembourg and Belgian frontiers. Continuous with the Ardennes and the Hohes Venn (French: Haute Fagnes) of Belgium, the German plateau falls into three sections: Schneifel or Schnee-Eifel,

Eifelian Stage, lowermost of the two standard worldwide divisions of Middle Devonian rocks and time. Eifelian time spans the interval between 393.3 million and 387.7 million years ago. The name of the Eifelian Stage is derived from the Eifel Hills in western Germany, near Luxembourg and Belgium. As

Eiffel Tower, wrought-iron structure in Paris that is among the most famous landmarks in the world. It is also a technological masterpiece in building-construction history. It was designed and built (1887–89) by Gustave Eiffel and named in his honor. When the French government was organizing the

Gustave Eiffel was a French civil engineer renowned for the tower in Paris that bears his name. After graduation from the College of Art and Manufacturing in 1855, Eiffel began to specialize in metal construction, especially bridges. He directed the erection of an iron bridge at Bordeaux in 1858,

Gustave Eiffel was a French civil engineer renowned for the tower in Paris that bears his name. After graduation from the College of Art and Manufacturing in 1855, Eiffel began to specialize in metal construction, especially bridges. He directed the erection of an iron bridge at Bordeaux in 1858,

Eiffel Tower, wrought-iron structure in Paris that is among the most famous landmarks in the world. It is also a technological masterpiece in building-construction history. It was designed and built (1887–89) by Gustave Eiffel and named in his honor. When the French government was organizing the

Fujiwara Family: Peak of Fujiwara power and glory.: …romance, the Eiga monogatari (A Tale of Flowering Fortunes, 1980), by an unknown author.

Manfred Eigen was a German physicist who was corecipient, with Ronald George Wreyford Norrish and George Porter, of the 1967 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for work on extremely rapid chemical reactions. Eigen was educated in physics and chemistry at the University of Göttingen (Ph.D., 1951). He worked

Sturm-Liouville problem: …a family of solutions, called eigenfunctions, corresponding to the eigenvalue solutions.

energy level, in physics, any discrete value from a set of values of total energy for a subatomic particle confined by a force to a limited space or for a system of such particles, such as an atom or a nucleus. A particular hydrogen atom, for example, may exist in any of several configurations,

eigenvalue, one of a set of discrete values of a parameter, k, in an equation of the form Pψ = kψ, in which P is a linear operator (that is, a symbol denoting a linear operation to be performed), for which there are solutions satisfying given boundary conditions. The symbol ψ (psi) represents an

Sturm-Liouville problem, in mathematics, a certain class of partial differential equations (PDEs) subject to extra constraints, known as boundary values, on the solutions. Such equations are common in both classical physics (e.g., thermal conduction) and quantum mechanics (e.g., Schrödinger

linear algebra: Eigenvectors: When studying linear transformations, it is extremely useful to find nonzero vectors whose direction is left unchanged by the transformation. These are called eigenvectors (also known as characteristic vectors). If v is an eigenvector for the linear transformation T, then T(v) = λv for…

October: …from octo, Latin for “eight,” an indication of its position in the early Roman calendar.

eight ball, popular American pocket-billiards game in which 15 balls numbered consecutively and a white cue ball are used. Those numbered 1–7 are solid colours; 9–15 are white with a single thick stripe in varying colours; and the eight ball is black. To begin, the balls are racked in a pyramid

Abahai: …military machine known as the Eight Banners. After four expeditions he finally occupied the formerly Chinese-controlled Amur region of northern Manchuria and three times broke through the Great Wall on raids into North China.

Louisa May Alcott: (1872–82); Eight Cousins (1875); and Rose in Bloom (1876).

Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou, Chinese painters who worked in the area of Yangzhou, in Jiangsu province, during the Qianlong era (1735–96) of the Qing dynasty. The group includes Jin Nong, Huang Shen, Gao Xiang, Li Fangying, Li Shan, Luo Ping, and Wang Shishen. Other artists, such as Gao Fenghan,

Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou, Chinese painters who worked in the area of Yangzhou, in Jiangsu province, during the Qianlong era (1735–96) of the Qing dynasty. The group includes Jin Nong, Huang Shen, Gao Xiang, Li Fangying, Li Shan, Luo Ping, and Wang Shishen. Other artists, such as Gao Fenghan,

The amazing thing about studying history is the way in which it can remind us that chaos isn’t always a bug but rather a feature of political systems. That is certainly true in a study of U.S. presidential elections. Consider: What follows are the sometimes forgotten stories of elections that

Baxian, heterogeneous group of holy Daoists, each of whom earned the right to immortality and had free access to the Peach Festival of Xiwangmu, Queen Mother of the West. Though unacquainted in real life, the eight are frequently depicted as a group—bearing gifts, for instance, to Shouxing, god of

In the 19th century thousands of professional artists were working in Paris, but they had few places to exhibit their work. Aside from the occasional world’s fair, the only major locale at which an artist could show was the government-sponsored Salon. Originally established by Louis XIV, the Salon

Eight Masters of Nanjing, group of Chinese artists who lived and worked during the late 17th century in Nanjing (known as Jinling during the early Tang dynasty, c. 7th century). Although their group identity derives largely from the locale in which they worked, certain aesthetic similarities are

Eight Masters of Nanjing, group of Chinese artists who lived and worked during the late 17th century in Nanjing (known as Jinling during the early Tang dynasty, c. 7th century). Although their group identity derives largely from the locale in which they worked, certain aesthetic similarities are

Richard Wright: Posthumous publications: Wright’s Eight Men, a collection of short stories, appeared in 1961, after his death in Paris in 1960. The autobiographical American Hunger, which narrates Wright’s experiences after moving to the North, was also published posthumously, in 1977. Some of the more candid passages dealing with race,…

John Sayles: …he would eventually direct as Eight Men Out (1988). His early screenwriting efforts—several of which were written for Roger Corman, including Piranha (1978) and Battle Beyond the Stars (1980)—were genre exercises that Sayles loaded with literary and cinematic references. Later for-hire screenwriting projects included The Howling (1981), The Quick and…

Hilary Mantel: …backdrop for her next novel, Eight Months on Ghazzah Street (1988), a political thriller charged with a sense of profound cultural conflict. Demonstrating her versatility, Mantel followed that book with a fanciful religious mystery set in 1950s England, Fludd (1989).

Phyllis Diller: …Get a Wrong Number! (1966), Eight on the Lam (1967), and The Private Navy of Sgt. O’Farrell (1968)—and appeared in more than 20 of his TV specials.

War of the Eight Saints, (1375–78), conflict between Pope Gregory XI and an Italian coalition headed by Florence, which resulted in the return of the papacy from Avignon to Rome. In 1375, provoked by the aggressiveness of the Pope’s legates in Italy, Florence incited a widespread revolt in the

Chinese music: Classification of instruments: …important ancient system called the eight sounds (ba yin) was used to classify the many kinds of instruments played in imperial orchestras. This system was based upon the material used in the construction of the instruments, the eight being stone, earth (pottery), bamboo, metal, skin, silk, wood, and gourd. Stone…

Boxer Rebellion: …be an offshoot of the Eight Trigrams Society (Baguajiao), which had fomented rebellions against the Qing dynasty in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Their original aim was the destruction of the dynasty and also of the Westerners who had a privileged position in China.

Muqi Fachang: …of an original set of Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers. However the paintings may vary in style and subject matter, there is throughout an appropriate sense of immediate vision and creation and a totally responsive hand, expressed with broad and evocative washes of ink.

Group of Eight (G8), intergovernmental organization that originated in 1975 through informal summit meetings of the leaders of the world’s leading industrialized countries (the United States, the United Kingdom, France, West Germany, Italy, Canada, and Japan). Canada did not attend the initial

chemical bonding: Contributions of Lewis: …are expressed by his celebrated octet rule, which states that electron transfer or electron sharing proceeds until an atom has acquired an octet of electrons (i.e., the eight electrons characteristic of the valence shell of a noble gas atom). When complete transfer occurs, the bonding is ionic. When electrons are…

The Eight, group of American painters who exhibited together only once, in New York City in 1908, but who established one of the main currents in 20th-century American painting. The original Eight included Robert Henri, leader of the group, Everett Shinn, John Sloan, Arthur B. Davies, Ernest

China: Later innovations: …called “the eight-legged essay” (baguwen), which in subsequent centuries became notoriously repressive of creative thought and writing.

number symbolism: 18: Because 18 is twice 9, it has some significance by association with 9. In Norse mythology Haldan has 18 sons and Odin knows 18 things. The number is sacred to the Sufi mystics who were known in the West as the whirling dervishes, and…

eighteen schools, the division of the Buddhist community in India in the first three centuries following the death of the Buddha in c. 483 bc. Although texts speak of the “18 schools,” the lists differ considerably; and more than 30 names are mentioned in various chronicles. The first division in

Eighteenth Amendment, amendment (1919) to the Constitution of the United States imposing the federal prohibition of alcohol. The Eighteenth Amendment emerged from the organized efforts of the temperance movement and Anti-Saloon League, which attributed to alcohol virtually all of society’s ills and

Eighth Route Army, larger of the two major Chinese communist forces that fought the Japanese from 1937 to 1945. The Eighth Route Army also engaged in political and propaganda work, helping to increase communist support among the populace. The army grew from 30,000 troops in July 1937 to 156,000 in