Eleazar ben Judah Of Worms was a Jewish rabbi, mystic, Talmudist, and codifier. Along with the Sefer Ḥasidim (1538; “Book of the Pious”), of which he was a coauthor, his voluminous works are the major extant documents of medieval German Ḥasidism (an ultrapious sect that stressed prayer and

goby: …animals is typified by the neon goby (Elecatinus oceanops), a small Caribbean species brilliantly banded with blue. It is one of several members of the genus that function as “cleaners,” picking and eating the parasites from the bodies of larger fishes. Mudskippers (Periophthalmus) are amphibious and live in the mudflats…

Arminianism: …of the divine decrees respecting election and reprobation. For Arminius, God’s will as unceasing love was the determinative initiator and arbiter of human destiny. The movement that became known as Arminianism, however, tended to be more liberal than Arminius.

Arminianism: …of the divine decrees respecting election and reprobation. For Arminius, God’s will as unceasing love was the determinative initiator and arbiter of human destiny. The movement that became known as Arminianism, however, tended to be more liberal than Arminius.

Matthew Broderick: The Producers and roles from the late 1990s and early 2000s: …teacher in the 1999 movie Election opposite Reese Witherspoon’s overachieving student. In the early 2000s Broderick also appeared in You Can Count on Me (2000), The Stepford Wives (2004), and Strangers with Candy (2005).

France: Governmental reforms: …the 1350s in districts (élections), whose numbers had vastly increased since the time of Charles V. The élections were now subordinated to four regional généralités, corresponding to the offices of treasury. The old Chambre des Comptes had lost parts of its jurisdiction to more specialized courts in 1390, of…

election, the formal process of selecting a person for public office or of accepting or rejecting a political proposition by voting. It is important to distinguish between the form and the substance of elections. In some cases, electoral forms are present but the substance of an election is

Election Commission of India (ECI), constitutionally mandated autonomous body that was established in 1950 to foster the democratic process in India by administering federal (central) and state election processes. It organizes and conducts elections to the Indian Parliament and legislatures of all

Election Day in the United States has occurred on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November ever since President John Tyler signed an 1845 law establishing a specific voting day for the entire country. The decision was made taking into account farmers, a large portion of the voting

MAGA movement: …the race, claiming that the election had been “rigged” by Democrats. Motivated by this lie, a MAGA-aligned crowd stormed the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021. Whatever embarrassment the attack caused the movement, however, was short-lived. Quite the contrary, in fact: within a year most members of the MAGA movement…

Twelfth Amendment: …States repealing and revising presidential election procedures.

election law in the United States, the set of legal rules overseeing political institutions and activities in the United States, including electoral structure, election administration, campaigns, voting rights, redistricting, campaign finance, political parties, and ballot measures, such as

public opinion: Criticisms and justifications: Critics allege also that election polls create a “bandwagon effect”—that people want to be on the winning side and therefore switch their votes to the candidates whom the polls show to be ahead. They complain that surveys undermine representative democracy, since issues should be decided by elected representatives on…

France: Military and financial organization: …areas of central France, the pays d’élection, the provincial assemblies, ceded their right to approve taxation and disappeared altogether. But, in those provinces where the provincial Estates survived (the pays d’état), the right to vote the amount of royal taxation also survived. During the Italian wars, meetings of the Estates…

Buckley v. Valeo: Consequences and later developments: …and expenditures to include “electioneering communications” paid for with corporate or union general-treasury funds. (Electioneering communications were defined as broadcast political advertisements that refer clearly to a candidate and are made no more than 60 days before a general election or no more than 30 days before a primary…

Conservative Party of Canada: …Canada was officially registered with Elections Canada (an independent agency established by the Canadian Parliament to regulate elections and political parties) on December 8, 2003.

pregnancy: Abortion: An elective abortion is the interruption of a pregnancy before the 20th week of gestation at the woman’s request for reasons other than maternal health or fetal disease. Most abortions in the United States are performed for this reason.

German literature: Goethe and the Romantics: Goethe’s novel Die Wahlverwandtschaften (1809; Elective Affinities), with its emphasis on the supranatural and spiritual as well as on the sainthood of the female protagonist, is an example of this new style. Another example is Part II of his Faust drama. This sprawling cosmic allegory dramatizes the magician’s career at…

elector, prince of the Holy Roman Empire who had a right to participate in the election of the emperor (the German king). Beginning around 1273 and with the confirmation of the Golden Bull of 1356, there were seven electors: the archbishops of Trier, Mainz, and Cologne; the duke of Saxony; the

Admiral’s Men, a theatrical company in Elizabethan and Jacobean England. About 1576–79 they were known as Lord Howard’s Men, so called after their patron Charles Howard, 1st earl of Nottingham, 2nd Baron Howard of Effingham. In 1585, when Lord Howard became England’s lord high admiral, the company

South Africa: The 2024 national election: …was largely due to the Electoral Amendment Act of 2023, which among its reforms included a provision for independent candidates to contest seats in the National Assembly and in provincial legislatures; previously, one had to be affiliated with a political party in order to do so. The allowance for independent…

The debate over the continued use of the Electoral College resurfaced during the 2016 presidential election, when Donald Trump lost the general election to Hillary Clinton by more than 2.8 million votes but won 30 states and the Electoral College and therefore the presidency. The official general

Electoral College, the system by which the president and vice president of the United States are chosen. It was devised by the framers of the United States Constitution to provide a method of election that was feasible, desirable, and consistent with a republican form of government. For the results

India: Executive branch: …five-year renewable term by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of all the states. The vice president, chosen by an electoral college made up of only the two houses of parliament, presides over the Rajya…

Electoral Commission, in U.S. history, commission created by Congress in 1877 to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876 between Republican Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. For the first time since before the Civil War the Democrats had polled a majority of the popular

United States: The Ulysses S. Grant administrations, 1869–77: The circumstances surrounding the disputed election of 1876 strengthened Hayes’s intention to work with the Southern whites, even if it meant abandoning the few Radical regimes that remained in the South. In an election marked by widespread fraud and many irregularities, the Democratic candidate, Samuel J. Tilden, received the…

Hesse-Kassel, former landgraviate of Germany, formed in 1567 in the division of old Hesse. In 1567 Hesse was partitioned among four sons of Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous, Hesse-Kassel going to William IV the Wise. Hesse-Kassel was the largest, most important, and most northerly of the four Hesse

Berlin: Education and science: The Academy of Sciences, founded as the Electoral Prince of Brandenburg Society in 1700, was the primary research organization of the GDR. The academy was phased out in 1991, and its research institutes were either integrated into existing research organizations and universities or dissolved; only its…

electoral system, Method and rules of counting votes to determine the outcome of elections. Winners may be determined by a plurality, a majority (more than 50% of the vote), an extraordinary majority (a percentage of the vote greater than 50%), or unanimity. Candidates for public office may be

Sophocles: Electra: As in Aeschylus’s Libation Bearers, the action in Electra (Greek: Ēlektra) follows the return of Orestes to kill his mother, Clytemnestra, and her lover Aegisthus in retribution for their murder of Orestes’ father, Agamemnon. In this play, however, the main focus is on Orestes’…

Euripides: Electra: The title character of Electra (c. 418 bc; Greek Ēlektra) and her brother Orestes murder their mother, Clytemnestra, in retribution for her murder of their father, Agamemnon. Electra herself is portrayed as a frustrated and resentful woman who finally lures her mother to her…

Lockheed Martin Corporation: Lockheed Corporation: …the company delivered its first Electra, a twin-engine, all-metal airliner whose sales brought the business to profitability.

Pleiades: (Alcyone, Maia, Electra, Merope, Taygete, Celaeno, and Sterope, names now assigned to individual stars), daughters of Atlas and Pleione, were changed into the stars. The heliacal (near dawn) rising of the Pleiades in spring of the Northern Hemisphere has marked from ancient times the opening of seafaring…

Electra, in Greek legend, the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, who saved the life of her young brother Orestes by sending him away when their father was murdered. When he later returned, she helped him to slay their mother and their mother’s lover, Aegisthus. Electra then married Orestes’

Pleiades: …and the Oceanid Pleione: Maia, Electra, Taygete, Celaeno, Alcyone, Sterope, and Merope. They all had children by gods (except Merope, who married Sisyphus).

typography: Mechanical composition: …the Linotype, two of which, Electra and Caledonia, have had wide use in American bookmaking. In the U.S., unlike England and the Continent, printers have relied far more upon Linotype than Monotype for book composition.

Oedipus complex: …mother; its female analogue, the Electra complex, is named for another mythological figure, who helped slay her mother.

electret, material that retains its electric polarization after being subjected to a strong electric field. The positive charge within the material becomes permanently displaced in the direction of the field, and the negative charge becomes permanently displaced in the direction opposite to the

electromechanical transducer: Types of transducers: …type of microphone is the electret condenser microphone, in which the plates are given a permanent electrical charge. When a sound wave causes the charged diaphragm plate to vibrate, the voltage across the plates changes, creating a signal that can be amplified and transmitted to the recording device. An amplifier…

keyboard instrument: Stop and key mechanisms: As early as 1860, electric action was used experimentally, and it came into wide use at the end of the 19th century. Direct electric action, in which an electromagnet pulls the pallet open, is sometimes used, but a combination of electric and pneumatic mechanism is more general. In this…

the Beatles: Legacy: …2010 that the financially troubled EMI was soliciting buyers for its Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles made the great majority of their recordings, the British Department for Culture, Media, and Sport declared the recording complex a historic landmark. EMI subsequently announced that it would retain ownership of the iconic…

electric arc, continuous, high-density electric current between two separated conductors in a gas or vapour with a relatively low potential difference, or voltage, across the conductors. The high-intensity light and heat of arcs are utilized in welding, in carbon-arc lamps and arc furnaces that

arc furnace, type of electric furnace (q.v.) in which heat is generated by an arc between carbon electrodes above the surface of the material (commonly a metal) being

electric car, battery-powered motor vehicle, originating in the late 1880s and used for private passenger, truck, and bus transportation. Through the early period of the automotive industry until about 1920, electric cars were competitive with petroleum-fueled cars, particularly as luxury cars for

bass, electrically amplified stringed musical instrument that has typically four to six heavy strings and is the lowest pitched type of guitar. The bass is further distinguished by its relatively long neck and scale length (the distance between the nut and the bridge); the latter ranges from 34 to

battery, in electricity and electrochemistry, any of a class of devices that convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Although the term battery, in strict usage, designates an assembly of two or more galvanic cells capable of such energy conversion, it is commonly applied to a

General Dynamics Corp.: The original company, the Electric Boat Company, was founded in 1899 and built the Holland, the first submarine purchased by the U.S. Navy, in 1900. Electric Boat continued to build submarines and surface ships, and in 1954 it launched the Nautilus, the world’s first nuclear-powered submarine. The firm was…

lighthouse: Structure and operation: Modern electric buoy lights range in power from a few hundred candelas up to the region of 1,000 candelas, giving ranges of 8 nautical miles (15 km) or so. The lighting equipment consists of a drum lens, usually made of plastic and between 4 and 12…

capacitor, device for storing electrical energy, consisting of two conductors in close proximity and insulated from each other. A simple example of such a storage device is the parallel-plate capacitor. If positive charges with total charge +Q are deposited on one of the conductors and an equal

electric car, battery-powered motor vehicle, originating in the late 1880s and used for private passenger, truck, and bus transportation. Through the early period of the automotive industry until about 1920, electric cars were competitive with petroleum-fueled cars, particularly as luxury cars for

electric catfish, any of about 18 widely distributed freshwater catfish species native to tropical Africa belonging to two genera (Malapterurus and Paradoxoglanis) of the family Malapteruridae. The best known of this group is M. electricus, a thickset fish with six mouth barbels and a single fin

electrocution, method of execution in which the condemned person is subjected to a heavy charge of electric current. Once the most widely used method of execution in the United States, electrocution was largely supplanted by lethal injection in the late 20th and early 21st centuries and is now used

electric charge, basic property of matter carried by some elementary particles that governs how the particles are affected by an electric or magnetic field. Electric charge, which can be positive or negative, occurs in discrete natural units and is neither created nor destroyed. Electric charges

electric circuit, path for transmitting electric current. An electric circuit includes a device that gives energy to the charged particles constituting the current, such as a battery or a generator; devices that use current, such as lamps, electric motors, or computers; and the connecting wires or

Anderson, city, seat (1826) of Anderson county, northwestern South Carolina, U.S., in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains. It was founded in 1826 on what had been Cherokee Indian land. Named for a local Revolutionary War hero, General Robert Anderson, it has been called the Electric City

Patricia Grace: Another short-story collection, Electric City, and Other Stories (1987), followed.

clock: Electric clocks: Electric currents can be used to replace the weight or spring as a source of power and as a means of signaling time indications from a central master clock to a wide range of distant indicating dials. Invented in 1840, the first battery…

Joan Ganz Cooney: long-running Sesame Street and The Electric Company and eventually serving as president (1970–88), chair and CEO (1988–90), and chair of the executive committee (1990–2020). In 2007 the Sesame Group created the Joan Ganz Cooney Center to explore the use of digital media in children’s education. Ganz was inducted into…

capacitor, device for storing electrical energy, consisting of two conductors in close proximity and insulated from each other. A simple example of such a storage device is the parallel-plate capacitor. If positive charges with total charge +Q are deposited on one of the conductors and an equal

materials science: Electric connections: The performance of today’s electronic systems (and photonic systems as well) is limited significantly by interconnection technology, in which components and subsystems are linked by conductors and connectors. Currently, very fine gold or copper wiring, as thin as 30 micrometres, is used to carry…

electric current, any movement of electric charge carriers, such as subatomic charged particles (e.g., electrons having negative charge, protons having positive charge), ions (atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons), or holes (electron deficiencies that may be thought of as positive

electromagnetism: Effects of varying electric fields: …the total flux of the current density J through any surface surrounded by the closed path. In Figure 6A, the closed path is labeled P, and a surface S1 is surrounded by path P. All the current density through S1 lies within the conducting wire. The total flux of the…

electric dipole, pair of equal and opposite electric charges the centres of which are not coincident. An atom in which the centre of the negative cloud of electrons has been shifted slightly away from the nucleus by an external electric field constitutes an induced electric dipole. When the

liquid: Molecular structure and charge distribution: …tendency to rotate in an electric or magnetic field) and is therefore called polar. The dipole moment (μ) is defined as the product of the magnitude of the charge, e, and the distance separating the positive and negative charges, l: μ = el. Electrical charge is measured in electrostatic units…

electric discharge lamp, lighting device consisting of a transparent container within which a gas is energized by an applied voltage and thereby made to glow. The French astronomer Jean Picard observed (1675) a faint glow in the tube of a mercury barometer when it was agitated, but the cause of the

ionization energy: …is usually measured in an electric discharge tube in which a fast-moving electron generated by an electric current collides with a gaseous atom of the element, causing it to eject one of its electrons. (Chemists typically use joules, while physicists use electron volts.) For a hydrogen atom, composed of an…

electric displacement, auxiliary electric field or electric vector that represents that aspect of an electric field associated solely with the presence of separated free electric charges, purposely excluding the contribution of any electric charges bound together in neutral atoms or molecules. If

hand tool: Power tools: …popular power tools are the electric drill and the electric circular saw. Like its manual counterpart, the electric drill rotates a tool bit, but the circular saw has no manual prototype. Jigsaws, sabre, and reciprocating saws have familiar blades, as do electric screwdrivers, but many power tools are contemporary creations…

electric eel, (genus Electrophorus), any of three species of elongated South American knifefishes that produce powerful electric shocks to stun prey, usually other fish. All three species—the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus), Vari’s electric eel (E. varii), and Volta’s electric eel (E.

photoelectric cell, an electron tube with a photosensitive cathode that emits electrons when illuminated and an anode for collecting the emitted electrons. Various cathode materials are sensitive to specific spectral regions, such as ultraviolet, infrared, or visible light. The voltage between the

electric field, an electric property associated with each point in space when charge is present in any form. The magnitude and direction of the electric field are expressed by the value of E, called electric field strength or electric field intensity or simply the electric field. Knowledge of the

principles of physical science: Fields: electric field strength due to q1 at a distance r from q1 and is designated by E; it is clearly a vector parallel to r. At every point in space E takes a different value, determined by r, and the complete specification of E(r)—that is,…

principles of physical science: Fields: electric field strength due to q1 at a distance r from q1 and is designated by E; it is clearly a vector parallel to r. At every point in space E takes a different value, determined by r, and the complete specification of E(r)—that is,…

electricity: Bioelectric effects: In electric fish, however, adaptations have occurred, and this otherwise incidental electric current is actually utilized. In some species the external current is apparently used for sensing purposes, while in others it is used to stun or kill prey. In both cases, voltages from many cells…

technology of photography: Electronic flash: The most common flash system depends on a high-voltage discharge through a gas-filled tube. A capacitor charged to several hundred volts (by a step-up circuit from low-voltage batteries or from the line voltage supply) provides the discharge energy. A low-voltage circuit generating a…

electric flux, property of an electric field that may be thought of as the number of electric lines of force (or electric field lines) that intersect a given area. Electric field lines are considered to originate on positive electric charges and to terminate on negative charges. Field lines

electric displacement, auxiliary electric field or electric vector that represents that aspect of an electric field associated solely with the presence of separated free electric charges, purposely excluding the contribution of any electric charges bound together in neutral atoms or molecules. If

Coulomb force, attraction or repulsion of particles or objects because of their electric charge. One of the basic physical forces, the electric force is named for a French physicist, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, who in 1785 published the results of an experimental investigation into the correct

electric furnace, heating chamber with electricity as the heat source for achieving very high temperatures to melt and alloy metals and refractories. The electricity has no electrochemical effect on the metal but simply heats it. Modern electric furnaces generally are either arc furnaces or

electric generator, any machine that converts mechanical energy to electricity for transmission and distribution over power lines to domestic, commercial, and industrial customers. Generators also produce the electrical power required for automobiles, aircraft, ships, and trains. The mechanical

electric guitar, guitar (plucked stringed musical instrument) that uses electronic amplification in order to be heard at a louder volume, by translating the vibrations of the strings into electrical currents. These electric signals are picked up and amplified by an external amplifier or a speaker.

electric heater, device for heating rooms that converts electric current to heat by means of resistors that emit radiant energy. Resistors may be composed of metal-alloy wire, nonmetallic carbon compounds, or printed circuits. Heating elements may have exposed resistor coils mounted on insulators,

Sydney Pollack: Film directing: …he reteamed with Redford on The Electric Horseman. The actor was cast as Sonny Steele, an erstwhile rodeo champion reduced to being a spokesman for a breakfast cereal. When the disillusioned Steele learns that the company’s $12 million steed is being drugged because of an injury, he rides off with…

electronic instrument, any musical instrument that produces or modifies sounds by electric, and usually electronic, means. The electronic element in such music is determined by the composer, and the sounds themselves are made or changed electronically. Instruments such as the electric guitar that

The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, nonfiction book by American writer Tom Wolfe, published in 1968, that became a classic of the 1960s counterculture and is one of the most notable works of New Journalism. As exemplified by the work of Hunter S. Thompson, Norman Mailer, and Joan Didion, as well as

Jimi Hendrix: …the sprawling, panoramic double album Electric Ladyland, but the second half of his career proved frustrating. Legal complications from an old contract predating his British sojourn froze his recording royalties, necessitating constant touring to pay his bills; and his audiences were reluctant to allow him to progress beyond the musical…

lamp, device for producing illumination, originally a vessel containing a wick soaked in combustible material and subsequently such other light-producing instruments as gas and electric lamps. The lamp was invented at least as early as 70,000 bce. Originally it consisted of a hollowed-out rock

speech: Artificial larynx: …been invented, but the modern electric larynx is most serviceable. It consists of a plastic case about the size of a flashlight, containing ordinary batteries, a buzzing sound source, and a vibrating head that is held against the throat to let the sound enter the pharynx through the skin. Ordinary…

Seamus Heaney: In Electric Light (2001) and District and Circle (2006), he returned to the Ireland of his youth. The poetry in Human Chain (2010) reflects on death, loss, regret, and memory.

art rock: …such British groups as the Electric Light Orchestra (ELO), Emerson, Lake and Palmer (ELP), Gentle Giant, the Moody Blues, and Procol Harum or the fusion of progressive rock and English folk music created by such groups as Jethro Tull and the

lighting, use of an artificial source of light for illumination. It is a key element of architecture and interior design. Residential lighting uses mainly either incandescent lamps or fluorescent lamps and often depends heavily on movable fixtures plugged into outlets; built-in lighting is

military aircraft: Mach 2: …this generation were the British Electric Lightning, one of the first Mach-2 interceptors to enter service and one of the fastest at high altitudes; the Soviets’ twin-engined all-weather Yak-28 Firebar; the Convair F-106 Delta Dart, a single-seat air-defense interceptor with superior speed and maneuverability; the Dassault Mirage III, the first…

locomotive: Electric traction: Efforts to propel railroad vehicles using batteries date from 1835, but the first successful application of electric traction was in 1879, when an electric locomotive ran at an exhibition in Berlin. The first commercial applications of electric traction were for suburban or metropolitan…

radioactivity: Gamma transition: …not literally a gamma transition, electric monopole (E0) transitions may appropriately be mentioned here. These may occur when there is no angular momentum change between initial and final nuclear states and no parity change. For spin-zero to spin-zero transitions, single gamma emission is strictly forbidden. The electric monopole transition occurs…

electric motor, any of a class of devices that convert electrical energy to mechanical energy, usually by employing electromagnetic phenomena. Most electric motors develop their mechanical torque by the interaction of conductors carrying current in a direction at right angles to a magnetic field.

horsepower: Electric motor horsepower can be determined from the electrical input in watts, allowing for heat and friction losses in the motor itself. Thrust horsepower of jet engines and rockets is equal to the thrust in pounds force times the speed of the vehicle in miles…

radioactivity: Gamma transition: …can be classified according to multipolarity, or amount of spin angular momentum carried off by the radiation. One unit of angular momentum in the radiation is associated with dipole transitions (a dipole consists of two separated equal charges, plus and minus). If there is a change of nuclear parity, the…

electronic organ, keyboard musical instrument in which tone is generated by electronic circuits and radiated by loudspeaker. This instrument, which emerged in the early 20th century, was designed as an economical and compact substitute for the much larger and more complex pipe organ. The electronic

bioelectric organ, system of tissues specialized for the production and use of electrical power in a living organism. Well developed in a wide variety of fishes, both marine and freshwater, indicating an early evolutionary development, bioelectric organs probably represent a specialization of a

computer: Application software: …first microcomputer word processor, called Electric Pencil, developed by a former camera operator turned computer hobbyist. Electric Pencil was one of the first programs that allowed nontechnical people to perform useful tasks on personal computers. Nevertheless, the early personal computer companies still underestimated the value of software, and many refused…