- electric polarization (physics)
electric polarization, slight relative shift of positive and negative electric charge in opposite directions within an insulator, or dielectric, induced by an external electric field. Polarization occurs when an electric field distorts the negative cloud of electrons around positive atomic nuclei
- electric potential (physics)
electric potential, the amount of work needed to move a unit charge from a reference point to a specific point against an electric field. Typically, the reference point is Earth, although any point beyond the influence of the electric field charge can be used. The diagram shows the forces acting on
- electric power (physics)
electric power, energy generated through the conversion of other forms of energy, such as mechanical, thermal, or chemical energy. Electric energy is unrivaled for many uses, as for lighting, computer operation, motive power, and entertainment applications. For other uses it is competitive, as for
- electric power factor (electronics)
electricity: Behaviour of an AC circuit: …equation (33) is called the power factor. It is evident that the only element that can dissipate energy is the resistance.
- electric power supply (physics)
energy conversion: …and nuclear fuels to generate electrical power. Systems of this kind require multiple steps or processes in which energy undergoes a whole series of transformations through various intermediate forms.
- electric probe (instrument)
plasma: Determination of plasma variables: With the electrostatic probe, ion densities, electron and ion temperatures, and electrostatic potential differences can be determined. Small search coils and other types of magnetic probes yield values for the magnetic field; and from Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations the current and charge densities and the induced component of…
- electric quadrupole (physics)
magnetic resonance: Nuclear magnetic resonance: …electric quadrupole moments (an electric quadrupole consists of a charge distribution equivalent to a special arrangement of two electric dipoles) that interact with the electric fields that exist at the nuclear sites. These interactions provide information on the microscopic distribution of electric charge around the nucleus.
- electric quadrupole moment (physics)
magnetic resonance: Nuclear magnetic resonance: …reveals the existence of nuclear electric quadrupole moments (an electric quadrupole consists of a charge distribution equivalent to a special arrangement of two electric dipoles) that interact with the electric fields that exist at the nuclear sites. These interactions provide information on the microscopic distribution of electric charge around the…
- electric ray (fish)
electric ray, any of the rays of the families Torpedinidae, Narkidae, Narcinidae, and Hypnidae, named for their ability to produce electrical shocks. They are found worldwide in warm and temperate waters. There are numerous species of electric ray; most inhabit shallow water, but some (Benthobatis)
- electric razor (shaving device)
razor: Electric razors were patented as early as 1900 in the United States, but the first to be successfully manufactured was that on which Jacob Schick, a retired U.S. Army colonel, applied for a patent in 1928 and that he placed on the market in 1931.…
- Electric Rodeo (album by Kernaghan)
Lee Kernaghan: …Rules of the Road (2001), Electric Rodeo (2002), The New Bush (2006), Spirit of the Anzacs (2015), and Backroad Nation (2019)—also earned numerous honours and enthusiastic praise from critics, fans, and the music industry. In 2004 Kernaghan was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia in recognition of his…
- electric shock
electrical shock, the perceptible and physical effect of an electrical current that enters the body. The shock may range from an unpleasant but harmless jolt of static electricity, received after one has walked over a thick carpet on a dry day, to a lethal discharge from a power line. The great
- electric spark (electronics)
mass spectrometry: Spark discharge: In the vacuum spark source, a pulsed, high-frequency potential of about 50 kilovolts is built up between two electrodes until electrical breakdown occurs. Hot spots appear on the electrodes, and electrode material is evaporated and partially ionized by bombardment from electrons present between…
- electric stargazer (fish)
perciform: Danger to human life: Especially well-armed are the electric stargazers (Astroscopus; Uranoscopidae), which are capable of discharging up to 50 volts of electricity from the modified muscle tissue just posterior to the eyes; in addition, they possess a venom spine just above the pectoral fins. The venom from uranoscopids has been known to…
- electric starter (automotive technology)
Charles F. Kettering: …as well as the first electric starter, which was introduced on Cadillacs in 1912.
- electric susceptibility (physics)
electric susceptibility, quantitative measure of the extent to which an electric field applied to a dielectric material causes polarization, the slight displacement of positive and negative charge within the material. For most linear dielectric materials, the polarization P is directly proportional
- electric switch (instrument)
electric switch, device for opening and closing electrical circuits under normal load conditions, usually operated manually. There are many designs of switches; a common type—the toggle, or tumbler, switch—is widely used in home lighting and other applications. The so-called mercury, or “silent,”
- Electric Telegraph Company (British company)
telegraph: Development of the telegraph industry: In Britain the Electric Telegraph Company was formed in 1845 to promote development of the needle telegraph system. As in the United States, development of the telegraph was carried out by highly competitive private companies, but a movement toward monopoly was strong. In 1870 the telegraph industry was…
- electric transmission (mechanics)
ship: Electric drive and integrated machinery plants: …this is mechanical gearing, but electrical transmission, with a propulsion motor running at a fraction of the speed of a propulsion generator, is an alternative.
- electric trolley system
light rail transit, system of railways usually powered by overhead electrical wires and used for medium-capacity local transportation in metropolitan areas. Light rail vehicles (LRVs) are a technological outgrowth of streetcars (trams). Light rail transit lines are more segregated from street
- electric typewriter (writing technology)
typewriter: Electric typewriters: A significant advance in the typewriter field was the development of the electric typewriter, basically a mechanical typewriter with the typing stroke powered by an electric-motor drive. The typist initiates the key stroke, the carriage motion, and other controls by touching the proper…
- Electric Warrior (album by T. Rex)
T. Rex: Glam rock success: …Bill Legend on drums, released Electric Warrior, widely held to be the first glam rock album. Produced by Tony Visconti, who was known for his work with David Bowie, the album contained the hit “Get It On,” a glam rock classic that was the band’s first and only top 10…
- electric wind (chemistry)
combustion: Special aspects: …as a mechanical effect called electric wind. The resulting change of the flame shape can affect the burning velocity. Ionization, like the emission of light, can be the result of equilibrium processes, when it is called thermal ionization, or it can be related to chemical processes and called chemical ionization.…
- electric-arc steelmaking (metallurgy)
steel: Electric-arc steelmaking: About one-quarter of the world’s steel is produced by the electric-arc method, which uses high-current electric arcs to melt steel scrap and convert it into liquid steel of a specified chemical composition and temperature. External arc heating permits better thermal control than does…
- electric-filament lamp (lighting)
lighthouse: Electric lamps: The electric filament lamp, which came into general use in the 1920s, became the standard illuminant. Power output ranged from about 1,500 watts for the largest structures down to about 5 watts for buoys and minor beacons. Most lamps were of the tungsten-halogen type for better…
- electric-powered wheelchair
electric wheelchair, any seating surface with wheels affixed to it that is propelled by an electrically based power source, typically motors and batteries. The first motor-powered wheelchairs appeared in the early 1900s; however, demand for them did not exist until after World War II. The first
- electric-resistance welding (metallurgy)
steel: Welded tubes: …widely used welding system, the electric-resistance welding (ERW) line, starts with a descaled hot-rolled strip that is first slit into coils of a specific width to fit a desired tube diameter. In the entry section is an uncoiler, a welder that joins the ends of coils for continuous operation, and…
- electrical air thermometer (instrument)
Ebenezer Kinnersley: …electricity and inventor of an electrical air thermometer (c. 1755). He also sought to find ways in which to protect buildings from lightning.
- electrical and electronics engineering
electrical and electronics engineering, the branch of engineering concerned with the practical applications of electricity in all its forms, including those of the field of electronics. Electronics engineering is that branch of electrical engineering concerned with the uses of the electromagnetic
- Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Institute of (international organization)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), international organization of engineers and scientists in electrical engineering, electronics, and allied fields, formed in 1963 by merger of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (founded 1884) and the Institute of Radio Engineers
- electrical charge (physics)
electric charge, basic property of matter carried by some elementary particles that governs how the particles are affected by an electric or magnetic field. Electric charge, which can be positive or negative, occurs in discrete natural units and is neither created nor destroyed. Electric charges
- electrical clock (instrument)
clock: Electric clocks: Electric currents can be used to replace the weight or spring as a source of power and as a means of signaling time indications from a central master clock to a wide range of distant indicating dials. Invented in 1840, the first battery…
- electrical conductance (electronics)
chemical analysis: Conductometry: …of the resistance is the conductance (G = 1/R). As the conductance of a solution increases, its ability to conduct an electric current increases.
- electrical conduction (physics)
electricity: Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors: In a conductor, the valence band is partially filled, and since there are numerous empty levels, the electrons are free to move under the influence of an electric field; thus, in a metal the valence band is also the conduction band. In an insulator, electrons completely fill…
- electrical conductivity (physics)
high-pressure phenomena: Effects on electric and magnetic properties: Nevertheless, electric conductivities of numerous materials at high pressures have been documented. The principal classes of solids—insulators, semiconductors, metals, and superconductors—are distinguished on the basis of electric conductivity and its variation with temperature. Insulators, which include most rock-forming oxides and silicates, have been investigated extensively by…
- electrical conductor (physics)
electricity: Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors: …or semiconductors according to their electric conductivity. The classifications can be understood in atomic terms. Electrons in an atom can have only certain well-defined energies, and, depending on their energies, the electrons are said to occupy particular energy levels. In a typical atom with many electrons, the lower energy levels…
- electrical contact layer (solar-cell part)
solar cell: Solar cell structure and operation: Two additional electrical contact layers are needed to carry the electric current out to an external load and back into the cell, thus completing an electric circuit. The electrical contact layer on the face of the cell where light enters is generally present in some grid pattern…
- electrical counterweight-assisted hoist (hoist)
stagecraft: Flying systems: …this type is reliant on electrical counterweight-assisted hoists. There are, in turn, two forms of electrical counterweight-assisted hoists: traction drive and linkage drive. In the traction-drive system, the hoisting line–counterweight system is not directly coupled to the electric motor drive, and slippage may occur during acceleration and deceleration of the…
- electrical defibrillation (medicine)
defibrillation, the administration of electric shocks to the heart in order to reset normal heart rhythm in persons who are experiencing cardiac arrest or whose heart function is endangered because of severe arrhythmia (abnormality of heart rhythm). There are several different kinds of
- electrical differentiating circuit (electronics)
differentiator: There are also electronic differentiators, or electrical differentiating circuits. The Figure shows a differentiator based on an electrical analog. For a time-varying input, if the capacitive reactance XC shown in the schematic diagram is very large compared with the resistance R, the current, and hence output voltage
- electrical dimmer switchboard (electronics)
stagecraft: Control consoles: The earliest electrical dimmer switchboard, or control console—a device that centralizes control of the intensity of the stage lights—resembled the gas table that was used with gas lights in the late 19th century. These first electrical switchboards, introduced in Europe and the United…
- electrical discharge (electronics)
animal communication: …sound, colour pattern, posture, movement, electrical discharge, touch, release of an odorant, or some combination of these mediums.
- electrical double layer (physics)
electrical double layer, region of molecular dimension at the boundary of two substances across which an electrical field exists. The substances must each contain electrically charged particles, such as electrons, ions, or molecules with a separation of electrical charges (polar molecules). In the
- electrical engineering
electrical and electronics engineering, the branch of engineering concerned with the practical applications of electricity in all its forms, including those of the field of electronics. Electronics engineering is that branch of electrical engineering concerned with the uses of the electromagnetic
- electrical firing (industrial process)
explosive: Electrical firing: The principal advantages of electric over fuse firing are exact control of the time when the blast is initiated, the simultaneous firing of a number of shots, if that is desired, and the ability to obtain a very high degree of water resistance.…
- electrical hygrometer (meteorological instrument)
hygrometer: Electrical hygrometers measure the change in electrical resistance of a thin layer of lithium chloride, or of a semiconductor device, as the humidity changes. Other hygrometers sense changes in weight, volume, or transparency of various substances that react to humidity.
- electrical impedance (physics)
electrical impedance, measure of the total opposition that a circuit or a part of a circuit presents to electric current. Impedance includes both resistance and reactance. The resistance component arises from collisions of the current-carrying charged particles with the internal structure of the
- electrical integrating circuit (electronics)
chromatography: Chromatography–mass spectrometry methods: Modern electronic integrators will, when properly instructed, ignore electronic noise, compensate for baseline drift, start integration when a peak appears, integrate, and stop the process when the peak exits the detector. Integration, a process of summation, is accomplished by opening and closing a narrow electronic window,…
- Electrical Life of Louis Wain, The (film by Sharpe [2021])
Benedict Cumberbatch: Doctor Strange and The Grinch: …camp for 14 years, and The Electrical Life of Louis Wain, a biopic about a British artist who was known for his anthropomorphic drawings of cats. However, his most notable performance that year was in Jane Campion’s The Power of the Dog, a western about a rancher whose cruelty—especially toward…
- Electrical Papers (work by Heaviside)
Oliver Heaviside: In Electrical Papers (1892), he dealt with theoretical aspects of problems in telegraphy and electrical transmission, making use of an unusual calculatory method called operational calculus, now better known as the method of Laplace transforms, to study transient currents in networks. His work on the theory…
- Electrical Research Products, Incorporated (American company)
History of film: Introduction of sound: …Electric’s newly created marketing subsidiary, Electrical Research Products, Incorporated (ERPI), to use Western Electric equipment with the Movietone sound-on-film recording system. ERPI’s monopoly did not please the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), which had tried to market a sound-on-film system that had been developed in the laboratories of its parent…
- electrical resistance (electronics)
resistance, in electricity, property of an electric circuit or part of a circuit that transforms electric energy into heat energy in opposing electric current. Resistance involves collisions of the current-carrying charged particles with fixed particles that make up the structure of the conductors.
- electrical shock
electrical shock, the perceptible and physical effect of an electrical current that enters the body. The shock may range from an unpleasant but harmless jolt of static electricity, received after one has walked over a thick carpet on a dry day, to a lethal discharge from a power line. The great
- electrical steel (metallurgy)
steel: Electrical steels: An important group of steels, necessary for the generation and transmission of electrical power, is the high-silicon electrical steels. Electromagnets for alternating current are always made by laminating many thin sheets, which are insulated in order to minimize the flow of eddy currents…
- electrical stimulation (physiology)
pain: Alleviation of pain: …pain may be treated by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), in which electrodes are placed on the skin above the painful area. The stimulation of additional peripheral nerve endings has an inhibitory effect on the nerve fibres generating the pain. Acupuncture, compresses, and heat treatment may operate by the same…
- electrical stunning (physiology)
meat processing: Stunning: …methods of stunning are mechanical, electrical, and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. The end result of each method is to render the animal unconscious. Mechanical stunning involves firing a bolt through the skull of the animal using a pneumatic device or pistol. Electrical stunning passes a current of electricity through the…
- Electrical Supply Commission (South African organization)
South Africa: Resources and power: …electric power is generated by ESKOM at huge stations in Mpumalanga. Synthetic fuel derived from coal supplies a small proportion of the country’s energy needs, as does imported oil refined at the ports or piped to a major inland refinery at Sasolburg. A nuclear power plant at Duinefonte has operated…
- electrical system (vehicle)
automobile: Electrical system: The electrical system comprises a storage battery, generator, starting (cranking) motor, lighting system, ignition system, and various accessories and controls. Originally, the electrical system of the automobile was limited to the ignition equipment. With the advent of the electric starter on a 1912…
- electrical tachometer (instrument)
tachometer: Electrical tachometers are of several types. The eddy-current, or drag, type is widely used in automobile speedometers; a magnet rotated with the shaft being measured produces eddy currents that are proportional to angular speed. Electric-generator tachometers work by generating either an alternating or a direct…
- electrical therapy (aversion therapy)
aversion therapy: In the electrical therapy, the patient is given a lightly painful shock whenever the undesirable behaviour is displayed. This method has been used in the treatment of sexual deviations. In the chemical therapy, the patient is given a drug that produces unpleasant effects, such as nausea, when…
- electrical transducer (instrument)
transducer: Electrical transducers may be classified as active or passive. The active transducers generate electric current or voltage directly in response to stimulation. An example is the thermocouple; here, the fact that a current will flow in a continuous circuit of two metals, if the two…
- electrical transmission (nervous system)
nervous system: Transmission at the synapse: In electrical transmission, the ionic current flows directly through channels that couple the cells. In chemical transmission, a chemical substance called the neurotransmitter passes from one cell to the other, stimulating the second cell to generate its own action potential.
- Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunication and Plumbing Union (British union)
Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union: …Engineering Union (AEU) with the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunication and Plumbing Union (EETPU).
- electrical-discharge machining (technology)
machine tool: Electrical-discharge machining (EDM): EDM involves the direction of high-frequency electrical spark discharges from a graphite or soft metal tool, which serves as an electrode, to disintegrate electrically conductive materials such as hardened steel or carbide. The electrode and workpiece are immersed in a dielectric liquid, and…
- electrical-resistance thermometer
thermometer: Electrical-resistance thermometers characteristically use platinum and, like thermistors, operate on the principle that electrical resistance varies with changes in temperature. However, they can measure a much greater temperature range than thermistors. Thermocouples are among the most widely used industrial thermometers. They are composed of two…
- electrically alterable read-only memory (computing)
computer memory: Semiconductor memory: EPROM (erasable programmable ROM), EAROM (electrically alterable ROM), and flash memory are types of nonvolatile memories that are rewritable, though the rewriting is far more time-consuming than reading. They are thus used as special-purpose memories where writing is seldom necessary—if used for the BIOS, for example, they may be…
- electricity (physics)
electricity, phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electric charges. Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter and is borne by elementary particles. In electricity the particle involved is the electron, which carries a charge designated, by convention, as negative. Thus, the
- electricity grid (power network)
solar cell: Solar panel design: …solar arrays with public utility power grids in two ways. One-way systems are used by utilities to supplement power grids during midday peak usage. Bidirectional systems are used by companies and individuals to supply some or all of their power needs, with any excess power fed back into a utility…
- Electrick Children (film by Thomas [2012])
Julia Garner: Martha Marcy May Marlene and other early roles: Garner’s next feature film, Electrick Children (2012), was her first film in the lead role. She portrayed a fundamentalist Mormon who travels to Las Vegas in search of the singer of the song she believes has caused her to conceive through immaculate conception. Filmmaker Magazine noted that, although the…
- electrified fence (barrier)
fence: Electrified fences, frequently a single strand of barbed wire, are sometimes used for temporary confinement of animals. A mild electric shock is given to the animal at intervals of a few seconds if it is in contact with the fence.
- electro-disco (popular music)
Musicland Studios: Machine-Made Music from Munich: …the development of the synthesizer, electro-disco was dreamed up at Musicland in the mid-1970s by producer Giorgio Moroder (an Italian synthesizer player), his partner Peter Bellotte (an Italian guitarist and lyricist), and Donna Summer (an American vocalist).
- electro-float process (technology)
industrial glass: Flat glass: ) A further development, the electro-float process, introduced in 1967, made it possible to implant copper and other metal ions into the upper surface of glass using tin as an electrode at the bottom and a fixed copper (or other metal) electrode halfway down the bath at the top.
- electro-optic phenomenon (physics)
electricity: Electro-optic phenomena: The index of refraction n of a transparent substance is related to its electric polarizability and is given by n2 = 1 + χe/ε0. As discussed earlier, χe is the electric susceptibility of a medium, and the equation P = χeE relates the
- electro-optical ceramics
optical ceramics: Electro-optical components: Electro-optical ceramics are materials that combine optical transparency with voltage-variable optical, or electro-optical (EO), behaviour. Single-crystal EO materials include lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and lithium tantalate (LiTaO3); polycrystalline EO materials include a lanthanum-modified lead zirconate tantalate known as PLZT. Among other EO properties, these materials exhibit…
- electro-optical effect (physics)
electricity: Electro-optic phenomena: …and is known as the Pockels effect (after the German physicist F. R. Pockels).
- electro-optical shutter
Kerr electro-optic effect: The Kerr cell, also referred to as a Kerr electro-optical shutter, is a device employing the Kerr effect to interrupt a beam of light up to 1010 times per second. Linearly polarized light (light vibrating in one plane, as shown in the Figure) is passed through…
- electro-optical transmitter
telecommunications media: Electro-optical transmitters: The efficiency of an electro-optical transmitter is determined by many factors, but the most important are the following: spectral line width, which is the width of the carrier spectrum and is zero for an ideal monochromatic light source; insertion loss, which is the…
- electro-osmosis (chemistry)
electrophoresis: …fixed diaphragm—the phenomenon is called electroosmosis.
- electroacoustic transducer (instrument)
electromechanical transducer: any type of device that either converts an electrical signal into sound waves (as in a loudspeaker) or converts a sound wave into an electrical signal (as in the microphone). Many of the transducers used in everyday life operate in both directions, such as the…
- electroacoustical carillon (musical instrument)
electronic carillon, 20th-century musical instrument in which the acoustical tone source—metal tubes, rods, or bars struck by hammers—is picked up electromagnetically or electrostatically and converted into electrical vibrations that are highly amplified and fed into loudspeakers placed in a belfry
- electroanalysis (chemistry)
chemical analysis: Electroanalysis: The second major category of instrumental analysis is electroanalysis. The electroanalytical methods use electrically conductive probes, called electrodes, to make electrical contact with the analyte solution. The electrodes are used in conjunction with electric or electronic devices to which they are attached to measure…
- electrobiology
mechanoreception: Slight deformation of any mechanoreceptive nerve cell ending results in electrical changes, called receptor or generator potentials, at the outer surface of the cell, and this in turn induces the appearance of impulses (“spikes”) in the associated nerve fibre. Various laboratory devices are used to record…
- electrocardiogram (medicine)
electrocardiography, method of graphic tracing (electrocardiogram; ECG or EKG) of the electric current generated by the heart muscle during a heartbeat. The tracing is recorded with an electrocardiograph (actually a relatively simple string galvanometer), and it provides information on the
- electrocardiography (medicine)
electrocardiography, method of graphic tracing (electrocardiogram; ECG or EKG) of the electric current generated by the heart muscle during a heartbeat. The tracing is recorded with an electrocardiograph (actually a relatively simple string galvanometer), and it provides information on the
- electrocatalysis (chemical reaction)
electrochemical reaction: Electrocatalysis: The problems related to the increase of rates of electrochemical reactions, or, to put it another way, the decrease of overpotential, needed to perform reactions at a given rate are the subject of electrocatalysis. Both increase and decrease are of considerable practical importance since…
- electrocautery (surgical procedure)
surgery: Present-day surgery: …may also be controlled by electrocautery, the use of an instrument heated with an electric current to cauterize, or burn, vessel tissue. The most commonly used instruments in surgery are still the scalpel (knife), hemostatic forceps, flexible tissue-holding forceps, wound retractors for exposure, crushing and noncrushing clamps for intestinal and…
- electroceramics
electroceramics, category of advanced ceramic materials that are employed in a wide variety of electric, optical, and magnetic applications. In contrast to traditional ceramic products such as brick and tile, which have been produced in various forms for thousands of years, electroceramics are a
- electrochemical analysis (chemistry)
chemical analysis: Electroanalysis: The second major category of instrumental analysis is electroanalysis. The electroanalytical methods use electrically conductive probes, called electrodes, to make electrical contact with the analyte solution. The electrodes are used in conjunction with electric or electronic devices to which they are attached to measure…
- electrochemical cell (device)
electrolytic cell, any device in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy, or vice versa. Such a cell typically consists of two metallic or electronic conductors (electrodes) held apart from each other and in contact with an electrolyte (q.v.), usually a dissolved or fused ionic
- electrochemical corrosion
materials testing: Corrosion: …contact between the two metals, corroding the aluminum.
- electrochemical dualism (chemistry)
Jöns Jacob Berzelius: Electrochemical dualism: Berzelius is best known for his system of electrochemical dualism. The electrical battery, invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and known as the voltaic pile, provided the first experimental source of current electricity. In 1803 Berzelius demonstrated, as did the English chemist Humphry…
- electrochemical machining
machine tool: Electrochemical machining (ECM): ECM resembles electroplating in reverse. In this process metal is dissolved from a workpiece with direct current at a controlled rate in an electrolytic cell. The workpiece serves as the anode and is separated by a gap of 0.001 to 0.030 inch (0.025…
- electrochemical reaction (chemistry)
electrochemical reaction, any process either caused or accompanied by the passage of an electric current and involving in most cases the transfer of electrons between two substances—one a solid and the other a liquid. Under ordinary conditions, the occurrence of a chemical reaction is accompanied
- electrochemiluminescence
chemical analysis: Luminescence: … causes the luminescence, it is electrochemiluminescence.
- electrochemistry
electrochemistry, branch of chemistry concerned with the relation between electricity and chemical change. Many spontaneously occurring chemical reactions liberate electrical energy, and some of these reactions are used in batteries and fuel cells to produce electric power. Conversely, electric
- electrocochleogram (hearing test)
human ear: Audiometry: …type of test is the electrocochleogram (ECoG). Electric potentials representing impulses in the cochlear nerve are recorded from the outer surface of the cochlea by means of a fine, insulated needle electrode inserted through the tympanic membrane to make contact with the promontory of the basal turn. This test provides…
- electroconvulsive therapy (psychiatry)
shock therapy, method of treating certain psychiatric disorders through the use of drugs or electric current to induce shock; the therapy derived from the notion (later disproved) that epileptic convulsions and schizophrenic symptoms never occurred together. In 1933 the psychiatrist Manfred Sakel
- electrocrystallization (chemistry)
electrochemical reaction: Electrocrystallization: Deposition of metals and other substances at electrodes as a consequence of an electrode process exhibits a number of specific features. The electrode process is followed by crystal building, and this results in a continuous change of the electrode surface. This change, in turn,…
- electrocution (capital punishment)
electrocution, method of execution in which the condemned person is subjected to a heavy charge of electric current. Once the most widely used method of execution in the United States, electrocution was largely supplanted by lethal injection in the late 20th and early 21st centuries and is now used
- electrocyclic reaction (chemistry)
reaction mechanism: Electrocyclic: In a third class of additions, both portions of the attacking reagent combine simultaneously with the substrate. Reactions of this kind sometimes retain predominantly electrophilic or predominantly nucleophilic character, as can be shown by structural and environmental effects. In a number of important cases,…