history of logic: Other 18th-century logicians: …this tradition arose Richard Whately’s Elements of Logic (1826) and, in the same tradition, John Stuart Mill’s enormously popular A System of Logic (1843). Although now largely relegated to a footnote, Whately’s nonsymbolic textbook reformulated many concepts in such a thoughtful and clear way that it is generally (and first…

Euclid: Other writings: …mistakenly thought to be from The Elements of Music, a lost work attributed by Proclus to Euclid.

Samuel David Gross: …wrote his most celebrated work, Elements of Pathological Anatomy (1839), a pioneering effort that organized and systematized knowledge on the subject in English. The book went through several editions. Gross is also remembered for his incisive treatises on diseases of the urinary bladder (1851) and the intestines (1843) and on…

George Trumbull Ladd: …main interest was in writing Elements of Physiological Psychology (1887), the first handbook of its kind in English. Because of its emphasis on neurophysiology, it long remained a standard work. In addition, Ladd’s Psychology, Descriptive and Explanatory (1894) is important as a theoretical system of functional psychology, considering the human…

James Mill: His Elements of Political Economy (1821), an especially precise and lucid work, summarizes the views of the philosophical radicals, based primarily on the work of the economist David Ricardo. In this work Mill maintained: (1) that the chief problem of political reformers is to limit the…

psychophysics: Fechner’s classic book Elemente der Psychophysik (1860) may be looked upon as the beginning not only of psychophysics but also of experimental psychology.

Léon Walras: …Éléments d’économie politique pure (1874–77; Elements of Pure Economics) was one of the first comprehensive mathematical analyses of general economic equilibrium. Because Walras wrote in French, his work did not get much attention in Britain, the hotbed of 19th-century economics; however, today he, Karl Marx, and David Ricardo are the…

Sir William Rowan Hamilton: A longer treatment, Elements of Quaternions, remained unfinished at the time of his death.

Jean-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne: Billaud-Varenne’s Éléments du républicanisme (1793; “Elements of Republicanism”) set forth Hébertist demands such as the redistribution of wealth and guaranteed employment for all workers.

rhetoric: The Renaissance and after: …Rhetoric (1776) and Richard Whately’s Elements of Rhetoric (1828). All three books were written by Protestant clerics, and all reveal the pervasive assumptions of the Age of Reason. Though rhetoric may involve the whole man—indeed, that is the very reason Campbell believed rhetoric properly seen is naturally allied with a…

E.B. White: , The Elements of Style, which became a standard style manual for writing in English. Among White’s other works is Points of My Compass (1962). Letters of E.B. White, edited by D.L. Guth, appeared in 1976, his collected essays in 1977, and Poems and Sketches of…

Proclus: …Proclus’s own Institutio theologica (Elements of Theology). Latin translations of the Elements of Theology, his most important work, and many of his other writings in Greek were made in the 13th century by the scholar William of Moerbeke and became the principal sources for medieval knowledge of Platonic philosophy.…

chemical element: Cosmic abundances of the elements: The relative numbers of atoms of the various elements are usually described as the abundances of the elements. The chief sources of data from which information is gained about present-day abundances of the elements are observations of the chemical composition of…

stagecraft: Costume in Baroque opera and ballet: …Gillot’s designs for the ballet Les Éléments showed a great change in taste. The heavy fabrics and embroideries used by Berain were replaced by lighter, more delicate weights and appliqués. Ladies’ costumes, following the caprices of the contemporary modes, included a pannier. Peasant and rustic characters began to appear and…

Jean Renoir: Later years: …Eléna et les hommes (1956; Paris Does Strange Things), a period fantasy swept along in a prodigious movement. His last works, from the 1960s, do not achieve the same beauty, nor does the work he produced for television.

Jenna Ortega: Stuck in the Middle and You: …in the Disney animated series Elena of Avalor (2016–20).

Sébastien Loeb: …in 1998, paired with codriver Daniel Elena of Monaco, he started racing in the French Citroën Saxo Trophy Series, winning twice that season before taking the title the following year. In 2000 Loeb won the two-wheel-drive-class French gravel championship before capturing the Super 1600 class of the Junior WRC in…

Sabhā: The former Italian Fort Elena, on a nearby hill, is now used for offices, shops, and a hospital. The town continues as a trade and transport centre, servicing motor caravans from Tunisia and Chad; it is linked to the Mediterranean coast by road and air service. Sabhā has…

Magda Lupescu was a Romanian adventurer who, as mistress of King Carol II of Romania, exerted a wide-ranging influence on Romanian public affairs during the 1930s. The facts concerning her early life are uncertain, but it is known that her father was Jewish and her mother Roman Catholic. She was

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: Early life and education: …misère de la philosophie (1847; The Poverty of Philosophy, 1910). It was the beginning of a historic rift between libertarian and authoritarian Socialists and between anarchists and Marxists which, after Proudhon’s death, was to rend Socialism’s First International apart in the feud between Marx and Proudhon’s disciple Bakunin and which…

children’s literature: Heritage and fairy tales: …publish in 1896 his explosive Das Elend unserer Jugendliteratur (“The Sad State of Our Children’s Literature”). The event was an important one. It advanced for the first time the express thesis that “Creative children’s literature must be a work of art”; Wolgast resolutely decried nationalistic and didactic deformations. He precipitated…

Cynewulf: Elene and The Fates of the Apostles are in the Vercelli Book, and The Ascension (which forms the second part of a trilogy, Christ, and is also called Christ II) and Juliana are in the Exeter Book. An epilogue to each poem, asking for prayers…

Cyperaceae: Distribution and abundance: …species; and Fimbristylis, Eleocharis (spike rushes), and Scleria (nut rushes), each with about 200 species. Other large genera are Bulbostylis, with approximately 100 species; Schoenus, also with about 100 species; and Mapania, with up to 80 species.

water chestnut: The Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) is a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae). It is widely cultivated in Asia for its edible corms, which remain crisp even after being cooked. It is a characteristic ingredient in many Chinese dishes.

water chestnut: The Chinese water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) is a member of the sedge family (Cyperaceae). It is widely cultivated in Asia for its edible corms, which remain crisp even after being cooked. It is a characteristic ingredient in many Chinese dishes.

darkling beetle: The pinacate bug (Eleodes) is large and smooth with no hindwings. In dry climates the wing covers (elytra) are fused together to reduce evaporation of water from the body. When disturbed, the bug elevates the hind part of its body and secretes a foul-smelling oily fluid…

nepheline, the most common feldspathoid mineral, an aluminosilicate of sodium and potassium [(Na,K)AlSiO4]. It is sometimes used as a substitute for feldspars in the manufacture of glass and ceramics. Nepheline is the characteristic mineral of alkaline plutonic rocks, particularly nepheline

Edgar Allan Poe: Themes, technique, and legacy: …love in “Ligeia” and “Eleonora.” In “Israfel” his imagination carried him away from the material world into a dreamland. This Pythian mood was especially characteristic of the later years of his life.

Boboli Gardens: …who had been commissioned by Eleonora de Toledo, wife of Cosimo I, to create a setting that would be appropriate for vast pageants and Medici court entertainments.

Il Bronzino: His Eleonora of Toledo with Her Son Giovanni and Portrait of a Young Girl with a Prayer Book (c. 1545) are preeminent examples of Mannerist portraiture: emotionally inexpressive, reserved, and noncommittal yet arrestingly elegant and decorative. Bronzino’s great technical proficiency and his stylized rounding of sinuous…

Eleanor of Aquitaine was the queen consort of both Louis VII of France (1137–52) and Henry II of England (1152–1204) and mother of Richard I (the Lionheart) and John of England. She was perhaps the most powerful woman in 12th-century Europe. Eleanor was the daughter and heiress of William X, duke

Eleanor of Aquitaine was the queen consort of both Louis VII of France (1137–52) and Henry II of England (1152–1204) and mother of Richard I (the Lionheart) and John of England. She was perhaps the most powerful woman in 12th-century Europe. Eleanor was the daughter and heiress of William X, duke

Eleanor Of Provence was the queen consort of King Henry III of England (ruled 1216–72); her widespread unpopularity intensified the severe conflicts between the King and his barons. Eleanor’s father was Raymond Berengar IV, count of Provence, and her mother was the daughter of Thomas I, count of

sleeper, any of the marine and freshwater fishes of the family Eleotridae of the suborder Gobioidei (order Perciformes). Sleepers, found in warm and tropical regions, are so named because most species habitually lie quietly on the bottom. They are elongated fishes with two dorsal fins and are

the White Stripes: The duo followed with Elephant (2003), a percussion-driven collection of songs that featured Meg’s debut as a vocalist. Elephant earned a Grammy Award for best alternative music album, and it sold over a million copies on the strength of singles such as “Seven Nation Army” and “The Hardest Button…

elephant, (family Elephantidae), largest living land animal, characterized by its long trunk (elongated upper lip and nose), columnar legs, and huge head with temporal glands and wide, flat ears. Elephants are grayish to brown in colour, and their body hair is sparse and coarse. They are found most

John McCarthy: …also was involved with developing Elephant 2000, a programming language with semantic features based on speech acts. Though its name suggested that it might be implemented in the year 2000, McCarthy revised the deployment date twice—to 2005 and then to 2015. He also developed ideas about the processing characteristics of…

Southwark: …main crossroads, known as the Elephant and Castle (the name of an inn), is a principal traffic approach for the London, Blackfriars, and Southwark bridges and, via the borough of Lambeth, the Westminster and Lambeth bridges. The most recent London Bridge (1973) was built as a replacement for the bridge…

Galatia: …Antiochus I at the so-called Elephant Battle (275 bc). At that point the Celts, called Galatae (Galatians) by 3rd-century writers, settled in the territory to which they gave their name. The Galatians, having joined the Seleucids against Rome (winter 190–189 bc), brought upon themselves a Roman punitive expedition (189 bc)…

rhinoceros beetle, (subfamily Dynastinae), any of numerous species of beetles, some of which are among the largest beetles on Earth, named for the impressive hornlike structures on the frontal portions of males. These beetles have rounded, convex backs, and their coloration varies from black to

rhinoceros beetle: …specimen is the 13-cm (5-inch) elephant beetle (Megasoma elephas) of the lowland rainforests in Central and South America. The male’s head sports a long central horn that is split. Shorter, conical horns project forward from each side of the thorax. The American rhinoceros beetle (Xyloryctes jamaicensis) is a dark brown…

elephant bird, (family Aepyornithidae), any of several species of extinct giant flightless birds classified in the family Aepyornithidae and found as fossils in Pleistocene and Holocene deposits on the island of Madagascar. Modern taxonomies include three genera (Aepyornis, Mullerornis, and

Zoltan Korda: …the history of aviation, and Elephant Boy (1937). The latter, which featured location footage shot by documentary specialist Robert J. Flaherty, was a critical and commercial success. It was also the first of several features by Korda that starred the young Indian actor Sabu. Drums (1938), Korda’s first colour feature,…

fern: Annotated classification: …ferns; 6 modern genera (Angiopteris, Christensenia, Danaea, Eupodium, Marattia, and Ptisana) with about 150 species, widely distributed in tropical regions. Subclass Polypodiidae (leptosporangiate ferns) Order

chondrichthyan: Annotated classification: Family Callorhinchidae (elephant fish) Hoe-shaped proboscis. Size to about 1.3 metres (about 4 feet). 1 genus (Callorhinchus) with 3 species, which may eventually prove to be identical. Restricted to cool temperate and boreal latitudes of Southern Hemisphere; generally taken in rather shallow water, sometimes entering estuaries and…

Africa: Lowland rainforest: Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) can grow abundantly in areas where the vegetation has been disturbed, providing good fodder for grazing animals when young but quickly becoming rank, coarse, and a refuge for insects. Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) is a troublesome grass on depleted and fire-seared…

Gambia River: …which the two largest are Elephant Island and MacCarthy Island. The river is joined by numerous creeks called bolons, the largest of these being Bintang Bolon, which flows into it from the south. The width of the river’s valley varies considerably along its course. The river valley is cut into…

louse: Form and function: The elephant louse has chewing mouthparts, with the modified mandibles borne on the end of a long proboscis. The thorax may have three visible segments, may have either the mesothorax and metathorax fused, or may have all three fused into a single segment as in the…

Bradley Cooper: …Broadway revival of Bernard Pomerance’s The Elephant Man. His bravura performance in the physically challenging role earned him a Tony Award nomination. Cooper continued with the production when it moved to London in May 2015. That year he also reprised his role (although as a younger version of his 2001…

Joseph Merrick was a disfigured man who, after a brief career as a professional “freak,” became a patient of London Hospital from 1886 until his death. Displays of the “Elephant Man” were part of the “human curiosities” movement of the 19th century that saw the exploitation of African slave Sarah

David Lynch: …to direct the critically acclaimed The Elephant Man (1980), based on the real-life Joseph Merrick, who suffered from a condition that caused massive disfigurement. The film won several awards, and Lynch was nominated for Academy Awards for best director and for adapted screenplay. Dino De Laurentiis then hired Lynch to…

Anaimalai Hills, mountain range in the Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu state, southern India. The Anaimalai Hills are located at a junction of the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats and have a general northwest-southeast trend. Anai Peak (8,842 feet [2,695 metres]) lies at the extreme southwestern end of

Dâmrei Mountains, north-south-trending range of high hills, an offshoot of the Krâvanh Mountains, southwestern Cambodia. Extending 70 miles (110 km) north from the Gulf of Thailand, they reach a high point in the Bok Koŭ ridge at Mount Bokor (3,547 feet [1,081 m]). The densely wooded hills receive

elephant seal, either of the two largest pinnipeds (aquatic mammals of the suborder Pinnipedia): the northern elephant seal (species Mirounga angustirostris), now found mainly on coastal islands off California and Baja California; or the southern elephant seal (M. leonina), found throughout

elephant shrew, (order Macroscelidea), any of approximately 20 species of rat-sized African mammals named for their long, tapered, and flexible snout (proboscis). All have slim bodies, slender limbs, and very long hind legs and feet. Although they resemble shrews, they are not insectivores but

elephantsnout fish, any of certain mormyrid (q.v.) species having an elongate appendage on the lower

Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument: …creosote bushes, and the rare elephant tree (Bursera microphylla). In years when there is adequate rainfall during the winter and early spring, wildflowers bloom profusely between February and April. Typical mammals include desert bighorn sheep, javelinas, coyotes, a variety of rodents (notably kangaroo rats), and the endangered Sonoran pronghorn (a…

Haruki Murakami: Works: The short-story collections The Elephant Vanishes (1993), Blind Willow, Sleeping Woman (2006), Men Without Women (2017), and First Person Singular (2021) translate Murakami’s stories into English. His memoir, Hashiru koto ni tsuite kataru toki ni boku no kataru koto (2007; What I Talk About When I Talk About…

William Dieterle: Later films: Elephant Walk (1954) was begun with Vivien Leigh, but she left the film when her health collapsed. Elizabeth Taylor took her place as a young wife who struggles after moving to the Ceylonese plantation of her unstable husband (Peter Finch). Dieterle made just two more…

taro, (Colocasia esculenta), herbaceous plant of the arum family (Araceae) and its edible rootlike corm. Taro is probably native to southeastern Asia, whence it spread to Pacific islands and became a staple crop. It is cultivated for its large, starchy, spherical corms (underground stems), commonly

tusk shell, any of several marine mollusks of the class Scaphopoda. There are four genera of tusk shells (Dentalium is typical and most common) and more than 350 species. Most tusk shells live in fairly deep water, sometimes to depths of about 4,000 metres (13,000 feet); many deep-sea species are

glassware: The Roman Empire: …of the elaborate and fantastic Rüsselbecher (“elephant’s trunk, or claw beaker”) on which two superimposed rows of hollow, trunklike protrusions curve down to rejoin the wall of the vessel above a small button foot.

tusk shell, any of several marine mollusks of the class Scaphopoda. There are four genera of tusk shells (Dentalium is typical and most common) and more than 350 species. Most tusk shells live in fairly deep water, sometimes to depths of about 4,000 metres (13,000 feet); many deep-sea species are

elephant’s-foot, (Dioscorea elephantipes), odd-looking twining plant of the yam family, characterized by a large, woody, and partially exposed tuber. It is native to semiarid areas in South Africa and has served as a food for local peoples during famine. The plant is grown in desert gardens and

Dâmrei Mountains, north-south-trending range of high hills, an offshoot of the Krâvanh Mountains, southwestern Cambodia. Extending 70 miles (110 km) north from the Gulf of Thailand, they reach a high point in the Bok Koŭ ridge at Mount Bokor (3,547 feet [1,081 m]). The densely wooded hills receive

elephantsnout fish, any of certain mormyrid (q.v.) species having an elongate appendage on the lower

file snake: The elephant-trunk snake (Acrochordus arafurae), which is also commonly known as the Arafura file snake, is an unrelated nonvenomous species that lives along the coasts of northern Australia and New Guinea.

Elephanta Island, island located in Mumbai (Bombay) Harbour of the Arabian Sea, about 6 miles (10 km) east of Mumbai and 2 miles (3 km) west of the mainland coast of Maharashtra state, western India. Elephanta Island has an area of 4 to 6 square miles (10 to 16 square km), varying with the tide. In

elephantiasis, condition associated with the infectious diseases known collectively as filariasis. Elephantiasis results from a blockage of the lymphatic system, causing lymph fluid to accumulate in affected areas. This process results in the enlargement of certain body areas, typically the limbs

elephant, (family Elephantidae), largest living land animal, characterized by its long trunk (elongated upper lip and nose), columnar legs, and huge head with temporal glands and wide, flat ears. Elephants are grayish to brown in colour, and their body hair is sparse and coarse. They are found most

Elephantine, island in the Nile opposite Aswān city in Aswān muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Upper Egypt. Elephantine is the Greek name for pharaonic Abu. There the 18th- and 19th-dynasty pharaohs built a large temple to Khnum, the ram god of the cataract region, to his consort, Sati, and to Anuket,

elephantsnout fish, any of certain mormyrid (q.v.) species having an elongate appendage on the lower

elephant shrew: …family Macroscelididae also includes the long-eared elephant shrews (genus Elephantulus), the round-eared sengis (Macroscelides proboscideus, M. flavicaudatus, and M. micus), and the four-toed elephant shrew (Petrodromus tetradactylus); those three genera are classified together in a subfamily separate from Rhynchocyon. Macroscelididae is the only family in the order Macroscelidea.

proboscidean: Within the elephant family, Asian elephants (genus Elephas) and mammoths (genus Mammathus) are more closely related to one another than African elephants (genus Loxodonta) are to either. Molecular studies have corroborated the morphological studies that have long suggested this. A 2010 study using mitochondrial DNA suggests that African elephants…

elephant: …elephant includes three subspecies: the Indian, or mainland (E. maximus indicus), the Sumatran (E. maximus sumatranus), and the Sri Lankan (E. maximus maximus). African elephants have much larger ears, which are used to dissipate body heat.

elephant: maximus sumatranus), and the Sri Lankan (E. maximus maximus). African elephants have much larger ears, which are used to dissipate body heat.

elephant: maximus indicus), the Sumatran (E. maximus sumatranus), and the Sri Lankan (E. maximus maximus). African elephants have much larger ears, which are used to dissipate body heat.

Black Eyed Peas: Elephunk (2003) yielded the upbeat club-friendly hit singles “Where Is the Love?” (a collaboration with Justin Timberlake), “Hey Mama,” and “Let’s Get It Started” (titled “Let’s Get Retarded” on the album) and went on to sell more than two million copies. Its follow-up, Monkey Business…

John Astbury: …potting brothers John Philip and David Elers, who in 1688 had emigrated from Holland. Establishing a factory at Shelton in the early 18th century, he succeeded in producing yellowish-glazed red earthenware decorated with bits of white pipe clay (which he was the first to import from Devonshire); his mode of…

pottery: Stoneware: The brothers John Philip and David Elers, of German origin, made red stoneware at a factory in Staffordshire. It is difficult to separate their work from that of Dwight (at Fulham), on the one hand, and that of their Staffordshire imitators, on the other. Most wares are…

Fernanda Montenegro: …Eles não usam Black-Tie (1981; They Don’t Wear Black Tie), about family relations and labour unrest; and the three-part Traição (1998; Treason), which examined adultery. Her television credits included a number of soap operas, in which she was usually typecast as an “elegant, well-dressed magnate’s wife who lives in a…

Gilberto Gil: …music album in 2005 (Eletracústico), and he took home several Latin Grammys, including three (2001, 2002, 2010) for best Brazilian roots/regional album and one in 2010 for best Brazilian popular music album.

Yelets, city, Lipetsk oblast (region), western Russia, on the Sosna River. First mentioned in 1146 and the seat of a minor princedom in the 13th century, Yelets long served as a southern frontier fortress. It was captured by Timur in 1395 and by the Mongols in 1414; in 1483 it passed to Moscow.

Zingiberaceae: Major genera and species: The seeds of Elettaria cardamomum are the source of cardamom. Ginger is obtained from the fresh or dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, and a number of ornamental gingers are grown for their attractive flowers and foliage. Several species of shellflower (Alpinia) are cultivated as ornamentals.

Eleusinia, ancient Greek festival in honour of Demeter (the goddess of agriculture), unconnected with the Eleusinian Mysteries despite the similarity of names. The Eleusinia, which included games and contests, was held every two years, probably in the month of Metageitnion (August–September). Every

Eleusinian Mysteries, most famous of the secret religious rites of ancient Greece. According to the myth told in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the earth goddess Demeter (q.v.) went to Eleusis in search of her daughter Kore (Persephone), who had been abducted by Hades (Pluto), god of the underworld.

Eleusis, ancient Greek city famous as the site of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Situated in the fertile plain of Thria about 14 miles (23 km) west of Athens, opposite the island of Salamis, Eleusis was independent until the 7th century bce, when Athens annexed the city and made the Eleusinian Mysteries

eleusis, card game invented by Robert Abbott and first described in Martin Gardner’s “Mathematical Games” column in Scientific American (July 1959). A more-refined version appeared in Abbott’s New Card Games (1967), with a further extension privately published in 1977. Formally, eleusis resembles a

The Bahamas: Relief and soils: Eleuthera and Long Island (230 square miles [596 square km]) have the greatest number of hills exceeding 100 feet (30 metres). The highest point in The Bahamas, Mount Alvernia, at 206 feet (63 metres), is on Cat Island (150 square miles [388 square km]). Beneath…

The Bahamas: British colonization: …July of that year the Company of Eleutherian Adventurers was formed in London “for the Plantation of the Islands of Eleutheria, formerly called Buhama in America, and the Adjacent Islands.” Sayle and about 70 prospective settlers, consisting of Bermudan religious Independents and some persons who had come from England, sailed…

Boniface V: …organizing an Italy war-torn by Eleutherius, exarch of Ravenna. In endeavouring to apply canon law to civil law, he established the right of asylum. He also greatly helped the spread of Christianity in England, especially in Northumbria, by encouraging, through letters, the saintly missionaries evangelizing the Britons.

St. Eleutherius ; feast day May 26) was the pope from about 175 to 189. During his pontificate the church was involved in a controversy over Montanism, a movement that arose in Asia Minor among Christians who believed that new spiritual revelations could be achieved through the ecstatic trances of

Leptodactylidae: …of the genus Eleutherodactylus, or robber frogs. The young of this genus hatch as small frogs, rather than as tadpoles. The greenhouse frog (E. planirostis), a small brown frog commonly found in gardens, is a Cuban frog introduced into the southern United States. Many species have a very restricted distribution,…

Leptodactylidae: The greenhouse frog (E. planirostis), a small brown frog commonly found in gardens, is a Cuban frog introduced into the southern United States. Many species have a very restricted distribution, such as E. jasperi, which is found only in the cloud forests of Puerto Rico.

elevated transit line, railroad line, usually electric, raised above the ground or street level, usually on a trestle, for local transit in urban areas. By the mid-19th century it was evident that surface vehicles were inadequate for carrying the traffic of large cities. The first elevated was

airport: Cargo facilities: …as transfer vehicles (TVs) and elevating transfer vehicles (ETVs).

Alfred-Victor, count de Vigny: Maturity and disillusionment.: …new genre that he termed élévations. He felt all the more tormented, for he could no longer count on the religious faith of his childhood. His feelings on this score are evident in another poem (1832) in which he contemplated suicide: “And God? Such were the times, they no longer…

altitude and azimuth, in astronomy, gunnery, navigation, and other fields, two coordinates describing the position of an object above Earth. Altitude in this sense is expressed as angular elevation (up to 90°) above the horizon. Azimuth is the number of degrees clockwise from due north (usually) to

Peter Paul Rubens: Return to Antwerp: …Rubens’s two great Antwerp triptychs, The Elevation of the Cross (1609–10), combined Italianate reflections of Tintoretto and Caravaggio with Flemish realism in a heroic affirmation of redemptive suffering. His second triptych for Antwerp’s cathedral, Descent from the Cross (1611–14), is more Classical and restrained in keeping with its subject. This…

elevator, car that moves in a vertical shaft to carry passengers or freight between the levels of a multistory building. Most modern elevators are propelled by electric motors, with the aid of a counterweight, through a system of cables and sheaves (pulleys). By opening the way to higher buildings,