airplane: Elevator, aileron, and rudder controls: …control the movement of the elevator and ailerons and the rudder, respectively, through a system of cables or rods. In very sophisticated modern aircraft, there is no direct mechanical linkage between the pilot’s controls and the control surfaces; instead they are actuated by electric motors. The catch phrase for this…

theatre: Development of stage equipment: Elevator stages permitted new settings to be assembled below stage and then lifted to the height of the stage as the existing setting was withdrawn to the rear and dropped to below-stage level. Slip stages allowed large trucks to be stored in the wings or…

Louis Malle: …film, Ascenseur pour l’échafaud (1958; Elevator to the Gallows), was a psychological thriller. His second, Les Amants (1958; The Lovers), was a commercial success and established Malle and its star, Jeanne Moreau, in the film industry. The film’s lyrical love scenes, tracked with exquisite timing, exhibit Malle’s typically bold and…

number symbolism: 11: Sandwiched between the two auspicious and important numbers 10 and 12, the number 11 generally has negative connotations. Bungus stated that 11 has no connection with the divine, and medieval theology refers to the “11 heads of error.” Because at any time one of…

Paulo Coelho: The Alchemist and other works: …humankind; and Onze minutos (2003; Eleven Minutes), which explores the boundaries between love and sex through the story of a prostitute. A bruxa de Portobello (2006; The Witch of Portobello) tells the story of a female religious leader in the form of interviews with those who knew her. O vencedor…

English Civil Wars: Personal Rule and the seeds of rebellion (1629–40): Compared with the chaos unleashed by the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) on the European continent, the British Isles under Charles I enjoyed relative peace and economic prosperity during the 1630s. However, by the later 1630s, Charles’s regime…

Sigrid Undset: Childhood: …her works—from Elleve aar (1934; Eleven Years), in which she tells of her childhood, to the story of her flight from Nazi-occupied Norway, published originally in English as Return to the Future (1942; Norwegian Tillbake til fremtiden). Her mother, Charlotte Undset (née Gyth), was Danish, and both of her parents…

checkers: Eleven-man ballot is a less popular method, in which one piece is removed by lot from each side before the start of a game. The original game of go-as-you-please has remained the most popular method of informal play. There are a number of variations on…

eleven-plus, in England, competitive examination given between primary and secondary school at about age 11. It evolved after 1944 as a means of determining in which of the three types of secondary school—grammar, technical, or modern—a child should continue his education. Originally the

Eleventh Amendment, amendment (1795) to the Constitution of the United States establishing the principle of state sovereign immunity. Under the authority of this amendment, the states are shielded from suits brought by citizens of other states or foreign countries. It is, for all intents and

Dhionísios, Count Solomós: …second and third sketches of Oi elévtheroi poliorkiménoi (“The Free Besieged”; 1827–49)—which deals with the siege of Missolonghi—and O pórfiras (1849; “The Shark”), exhibit, even in their fragments, a sense of rhythm, a “curious felicity,” and a melody of cadence not found in his juvenilia.

eastern Africa: Cracks in the empire: … announced the establishment of the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF). Its manifesto, which called for armed struggle to obtain Eritrea’s rights, attracted the support of Syria, which eagerly offered military training for rebellion in a country tied to the United States and Israel. This largely Muslim movement received an infusion of…

elf, in Germanic folklore, originally, a spirit of any kind, later specialized into a diminutive creature, usually in tiny human form. In the Prose, or Younger, Edda, elves were classified as light elves (who were fair) and dark elves (who were darker than pitch); these classifications are roughly

Jon Favreau: The Swingers breakthrough: …he directed the 2003 movie Elf, starring Will Ferrell. Other hits followed, sometimes including his friend and collaborator Vaughn. Favreau acted alongside Vaughn and Jennifer Aniston in The Break-Up (2006). Favreau and Vaughn also wrote (with Dana Fox) and starred in Couples Retreat (2009).

Elf Aquitaine, former French petroleum and natural resources group that was acquired by Totalfina in 2000 to create TotalFinaElf, renamed Total SA in 2003. Elf Aquitaine was descended directly from two agencies established by the French state in the 1930s and ’40s to promote the country’s energy

Carl Maria von Weber: In form, Oberon was little to his taste, having too many spoken scenes and elaborate stage devices for a composer who had always worked for the unification of the theatrical arts in opera. But into it he poured some of his most exquisite music, and he traveled…

elf owl, (Micrathene whitneyi), tiny bird of prey of the family Strigidae (order Strigiformes) of Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is the smallest owl and is about the size of a sparrow. In the cactus deserts, elf owls are among the most common birds, but they also inhabit forested

electromagnetic radiation: Radio waves: Extremely low-frequency (ELF) waves are of interest for communications systems for submarines. The relatively weak absorption by seawater of electromagnetic radiation at low frequencies and the existence of prominent resonances of the natural cavity formed by Earth and the ionosphere make the range between 5…

elf-cap moss, (genus Buxbaumia), any of the 12 species of moss of the genus Buxbaumia (subclass Buxbaumiidae) that grow on soil or rotten wood in the Northern Hemisphere. The four species native to North America are uncommon. Male and female organs are borne on separate plants. The male plant has

Erlkönig, song setting by Franz Schubert, written in 1815 and based on a 1782 poem of the same name by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. “Erlkönig” is considered by many to be one of the greatest ballads ever penned. The song was written for two performers, a singer and a pianist, and it packs a

The Erl-King, dramatic ballad by J.W. von Goethe, written in 1782 and published as Der Erlkönig. The poem is based on the Germanic legend of a malevolent elf who haunts the Black Forest, luring children to destruction. It was translated into English by Sir Walter Scott and set to music in a famous

Ed Asner: …the animated remake of Elf, Elf: Buddy’s Musical Christmas (2014).

Cuphea: Cuphea hyssopifolia, elfin herb, is a small hairy shrub with many branches. The small stalkless leaves are crowded and narrow; the flowers are tubular and violet white. C. llavea grows to a height of 60 centimetres (2 feet), is covered with stiff hairs, and has nearly stalkless,…

elfin woodland, stunted forest at high elevations in tropical wet areas or temperate coastal areas. Its short gnarled trees are heavily draped with epiphytes (air plants), and its floor is cushioned by mosses and ferns. These forests typically are not very biodiverse, having only a limited number

luminous moss, (Schistostega pennata; formerly S. osmundacea), light-reflecting plant of the subclass Bryidae, native to the Northern Hemisphere. It forms green mats in caves, holes in wood or earth, or cavities between rocks or under tree roots. A luminous moss is about one centimetre (12 inch) or

elfin woodland: Elfinwood, or krummholz, is a similar stunted forest characteristic of most Alpine regions nearing the tree line. See also cloud forest.

Sir Edward Elgar was an English composer whose works in the orchestral idiom of late 19th-century Romanticism—characterized by bold tunes, striking colour effects, and mastery of large forms—stimulated a renaissance of English music. The son of an organist and music dealer, Elgar left school at age

Sir Edward Elgar was an English composer whose works in the orchestral idiom of late 19th-century Romanticism—characterized by bold tunes, striking colour effects, and mastery of large forms—stimulated a renaissance of English music. The son of an organist and music dealer, Elgar left school at age

Elgin, city, Kane and Cook counties, northeastern Illinois, U.S. It lies on the Fox River, about 40 miles (65 km) northwest of downtown Chicago. Potawatomi Indians were early inhabitants of the region. Elgin was founded in 1835 by James Talcott Gifford, a settler from New York, and named for a

Elgin, royal burgh (town) and city, in Moray council area and historic county, northeastern Scotland, situated on the River Lossie in the fertile plain of Moray, of which it is the market town. On a hill to the west stood the 12th-century castle that in 1291 marked the northern limit of the English

Elgin Marbles, collection of ancient Greek sculptures and architectural details in the British Museum, London, where they are now called the Parthenon Sculptures. The objects were removed from the Parthenon at Athens and from other ancient buildings and shipped to England by arrangement of Thomas

John Northwood: …Northwood began work on his Elgin Vase (1873), commissioned by the glass-factory owner Benjamin Stone. The two-handled urn—encircled by a frieze carved in relief and decorated with etched classical motifs—inspired many British glassworkers to similarly embellish their works, with the aid of a glass-etching machine developed by Northwood himself.

James Bruce, 8th earl of Elgin was a British statesman and governor general of British North America in 1847–54 who effected responsible, or cabinet, government in Canada and whose conduct in office defined the role for his successors. Bruce had been elected to the British House of Commons for

James Bruce, 8th earl of Elgin was a British statesman and governor general of British North America in 1847–54 who effected responsible, or cabinet, government in Canada and whose conduct in office defined the role for his successors. Bruce had been elected to the British House of Commons for

Thomas Bruce, 7th earl of Elgin was a British diplomatist and art collector, famous for his acquisition of the Greek sculptures now known as the “Elgin Marbles.” The third son of Charles Bruce, the 5th earl (1732–71), Elgin succeeded his brother William Robert, the 6th earl, in 1771 at the age of

Thomas Bruce, 7th earl of Elgin was a British diplomatist and art collector, famous for his acquisition of the Greek sculptures now known as the “Elgin Marbles.” The third son of Charles Bruce, the 5th earl (1732–71), Elgin succeeded his brother William Robert, the 6th earl, in 1771 at the age of

Thomas Bruce, 7th earl of Elgin was a British diplomatist and art collector, famous for his acquisition of the Greek sculptures now known as the “Elgin Marbles.” The third son of Charles Bruce, the 5th earl (1732–71), Elgin succeeded his brother William Robert, the 6th earl, in 1771 at the age of

Victor Alexander Bruce, 9th earl of Elgin was the 9th earl of Elgin and the British viceroy of India from 1894 to 1899. He was the son of the 8th earl and was educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford. In politics a Liberal of right-wing tendencies, Elgin was first commissioner of works under

elginism, the taking of cultural treasures, often from one country to another (usually to a wealthier one). It is commonly associated with debates over “cultural patrimony,” “cultural property,” and related international agreements, such as the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and

Moray, council area and historic county of northeastern Scotland, extending inland from the southern shore of the Moray Firth. The council area and the historic county occupy somewhat different areas. Most of the historic county of Moray lies within the council area of the same name, but the

Mount Elgon, extinct volcano on the Kenya-Uganda boundary. Its crater, about 5 miles (8 km) in diameter, contains several peaks, of which Wagagai (14,178 feet [4,321 meters]) is the highest. Its extrusions cover about 1,250 square miles (3,200 square km) and consist largely of fragmental rocks and

Goliath: …was slain by a certain Elhanan of Bethlehem in one of David’s conflicts with the Philistines (II Sam. 21: 18–22). This may be a transcriptural error as the parallel I Chron. 20:5 avoids the contradiction by reading “Elhanan . . . slew Lahmi the brother of Goliath.”

Kangxi was the second emperor (reigned 1661–1722) of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12). To the Chinese empire he added areas north of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) and portions of Outer Mongolia, and he extended control over Tibet. He opened four ports to foreign trade and encouraged the

Fausto Elhuyar: …in partnership with his brother Juan José was the first to isolate tungsten, or wolfram (1783), though not the first to recognize its elemental nature. After teaching at Vergara, in Spain (1781–85), Fausto accompanied his brother to several European colleges, including the Freiberg (Saxony) School of Mining and the University…

Fausto Elhuyar was a Spanish chemist and mineralogist who in partnership with his brother Juan José was the first to isolate tungsten, or wolfram (1783), though not the first to recognize its elemental nature. After teaching at Vergara, in Spain (1781–85), Fausto accompanied his brother to several

biblical literature: The role of Samuel: Eli, the priest at Shiloh (who had heard Hannah’s vow), trained the boy to serve Yahweh at the shrine, which Samuel’s mother and father visited annually. The sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, are depicted as corrupt, misusing their positions as servants of the shrine…

Laura Nyro: …release of the cult-classic albums Eli and the Thirteenth Confession (1968) and New York Tendaberry (1969). Nyro incorporated a diversity of influences in her writing and performing, drawing on rhythm and blues, soul, gospel, folk, jazz, and Brill Building- and Tin Pan Alley-style pop. Despite “retiring” from the music scene…

Eli Lilly and Company is one of the world’s largest research-based pharmaceutical and biomedical companies, known for the development and manufacture of a wide range of prescription medications for humans and animals. Among its best-known products are Cialis, a treatment for erectile dysfunction;

Laura Nyro: …End”), Three Dog Night (“Eli’s Coming”), and Blood, Sweat and Tears (“And When I Die”). A wayward yet reclusive artist, Nyro resisted pressure to streamline her songs for mass consumption. She was shaken after being booed off the stage by Janis Joplin fans at the 1967 Monterey (California) Pop…

Nelly Sachs: …Mysterienspiel vom Leiden Israels (1951; Eli: A Mystery Play of the Sufferings of Israel, included in the O the Chimneys collection). Before she won the Nobel Prize on her 75th birthday, she received the 1965 Peace Prize of German Publishers. In accepting the award from the land she had fled,…

Nelly Sachs: …Mysterienspiel vom Leiden Israels (1951; Eli: A Mystery Play of the Sufferings of Israel, included in the O the Chimneys collection). Before she won the Nobel Prize on her 75th birthday, she received the 1965 Peace Prize of German Publishers. In accepting the award from the land she had fled,…

Charles Lamb was an English essayist and critic, best known for his Essays of Elia (1823–33). Lamb went to school at Christ’s Hospital, where he studied until 1789. He was a near contemporary there of Samuel Taylor Coleridge and of Leigh Hunt. In 1792 Lamb found employment as a clerk at East India

Elijah was a Hebrew prophet who ranks with Moses in saving the religion of Yahweh from being corrupted by the nature worship of Baal. Elijah’s name means “Yahweh is my God” and is spelled Elias in some versions of the Bible. The story of his prophetic career in the northern kingdom of Israel during

Elia Kazan: Films, stage work, and writing of the 1960s and ’70s of Elia Kazan: …Kazan published his lengthy autobiography, Elia Kazan: A Life. In 1999 he received an honorary Academy Award for lifetime achievement in film. Controversy surrounded its presentation, as many of the wounds caused by Kazan’s testimony before HUAC remained open even after the passage of so many years, and some of…

Mircea Eliade was a historian of religions, phenomenologist of religion, and author of novels, novellas, and short stories. Eliade was one of the most influential scholars of religion of the 20th century and one of the world’s foremost interpreters of religious symbolism and myth. Eliade studied

Paul Helgesen was a Danish Humanist and champion of Scandinavian Roman Catholicism who opposed the Lutheran Reformation in Denmark. The author of several works against Scandinavian Reformers, he also translated works by the Dutch Humanist Erasmus and wrote the Skiby chronicle, a discussion of

Maronite church: …the work of the Jesuit John Eliano. In 1584 Pope Gregory XIII founded the Maronite College in Rome, which flourished under Jesuit administration into the 20th century and became a training centre for scholars and leaders.

Elijah was a Hebrew prophet who ranks with Moses in saving the religion of Yahweh from being corrupted by the nature worship of Baal. Elijah’s name means “Yahweh is my God” and is spelled Elias in some versions of the Bible. The story of his prophetic career in the northern kingdom of Israel during

Elias Of Cortona was a disciple of St. Francis of Assisi and a leading figure in the early history of the Franciscan Order, which he twice governed. In 1217 Elias headed the new Franciscan mission to the Holy Land as first minister provincial of Syria. He visited holy places in Palestine with

Comendador, city, western Dominican Republic, in the San Juan valley near the border with Haiti. It serves as a commercial centre for the surrounding agricultural lands, which produce sugarcane, cotton, coffee, and fruit. Comendador is the terminus of the paved highway from Santo Domingo, the

Grazia Deledda: …divorzio (1902; After the Divorce); Elias Portolu (1903), the story of a mystical former convict in love with his brother’s bride; Cenere (1904; Ashes; film, 1916, starring Eleonora Duse), in which an illegitimate son causes his mother’s suicide; and La madre (1920; The Woman and the Priest; U.S. title, The…

Llangefni: …town’s several Nonconformist churches, commemorates John Elias (1774–1841), a well-known pulpit orator of the Welsh Methodist Revival who fled to Llangefni when forced to take refuge from an angry mob in Beaumaris. Llangefni has remained a bustling market centre, and livestock are brought from all parts of the island for…

Mount Saint Elias, second highest peak (18,008 feet [5,489 metres]) of the St. Elias Mountains, on the Canada–United States (Alaska) border, 70 miles (110 km) northwest of Yakutat, Alaska. The mountain rises north of Malaspina Glacier. Vitus Bering became the first official European discoverer of

Pamirs: Study and exploration: …legendary journeys of the Englishman Ney Elias brought an enlightened European view of the region and its peoples, one without military or political bias. Political control of the mountains was settled in 1891 when tsarist forces rebuffed the British at Bozai Gombaz (Bazai Gombad) in the southern Pamirs. Russian and…

Norbert Elias was a sociologist who described the growth of civilization in western Europe as a complex evolutionary process, most notably in his principal work, Über den Prozess der Zivilisation (1939; The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners). Elias studied medicine, philosophy, and

New Jersey Devils: In 1999–2000, behind Patrik Elias, Petr Sykora, Jason Arnott, and Scott Gomez, the Devils once again won the Stanley Cup. The team dominated their division over the next several years, advancing to the Stanley Cup finals in 2000–01 and winning a third title in 2002–03. Although the Devils…

Olafur Eliasson is a Danish artist whose sculptures and large-scale installation art employed elemental materials such as light, water, and air temperature to enhance the viewer’s experience of the ordinary. Eliasson spent his childhood in Denmark and Iceland, where the unique terrain informed his

Granada, city, capital of Granada provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain. It lies along the Genil River at the northwestern slope of the Sierra Nevada, 2,260 feet (689 metres) above sea level. The Darro River, much reduced by irrigation

Alan Garner: Further novels included Elidor (1965), about four children tasked with protecting magical items, and The Owl Service (1967; television film 1969), which retells a story from the Welsh mythological compendium the Mabinogion. Red Shift (1973) follows the lives of three men living in different centuries, all of whom…

Marie De France: …to the 1,184 lines of Eliduc, a story of the devotion of a first wife whose husband brings a second wife from overseas.

Paul Helgesen was a Danish Humanist and champion of Scandinavian Roman Catholicism who opposed the Lutheran Reformation in Denmark. The author of several works against Scandinavian Reformers, he also translated works by the Dutch Humanist Erasmus and wrote the Skiby chronicle, a discussion of

Nicolas Poussin: The Raphael of our century: …noblest figure paintings, among them Eliezer and Rebecca, The Holy Family on the Steps, and The Judgment of Solomon. In all of those the artist integrated the figures with their setting in a strict and uncompromising manner that resulted in scenes that are not only conceived in depth but also…

Johanan ben Zakkai: Two of them, Eliezer ben Hyrcanus and Joshua ben Hananiah, who are credited with having smuggled their master out of Jerusalem in a coffin, were to become, by the end of the century and the beginning of the following one, the leading teachers of their generation and had…

Elihu, in the Hebrew Bible, a comforter of Job, the biblical prototype of undeserved suffering. Because Elihu’s speech, which appears in the Book of Job (chapters 32–37), differs in style from the rest of the work and because he is not mentioned elsewhere in it—as the other three comforters

Sir Godfrey Kneller, Baronet: His Elijah of that year gives evidence of a style close to Bol’s. In Italy he began to paint portraits and modified his style. Arriving in England in 1674 or 1675, he soon established himself as a portrait painter, especially after he painted Charles II, and…

Elijah was a Hebrew prophet who ranks with Moses in saving the religion of Yahweh from being corrupted by the nature worship of Baal. Elijah’s name means “Yahweh is my God” and is spelled Elias in some versions of the Bible. The story of his prophetic career in the northern kingdom of Israel during

Elijah ben Solomon was the gaon (“excellency”) of Vilna and the outstanding authority in Jewish religious and cultural life in 18th-century Lithuania. Born into a long line of scholars, Elijah traveled among the Jewish communities of Poland and Germany in 1740–45 and then settled in Vilna, which

Elijah ben Solomon was the gaon (“excellency”) of Vilna and the outstanding authority in Jewish religious and cultural life in 18th-century Lithuania. Born into a long line of scholars, Elijah traveled among the Jewish communities of Poland and Germany in 1740–45 and then settled in Vilna, which

Christopher Paul Curtis: Curtis’s next book, Elijah of Buxton (2007), is set in the 1850s and follows the first child born into freedom in a Canadian community of formerly enslaved people; he faces danger and learns the realities of slavery when he ventures into the United States. The work earned Curtis…

Elijah’s cup, in Judaism, the fifth ceremonial cup of wine poured during the family seder dinner on Passover (Pesaḥ). It is left untouched in honour of Elijah, who, according to tradition, will arrive one day as an unknown guest to herald the advent of the messiah. During the seder dinner, biblical

Elijah, Op. 70, oratorio by Felix Mendelssohn that premiered August 26, 1846, in Birmingham, England. The oratorio presents episodes from the story of the biblical prophet Elijah. The title role, sung by a baritone or bass, requires a nearly operatic range of emotional expression for the arias,

Jill E. Barad is an American business executive who served as chief executive officer (CEO) of the toy manufacturer Mattel, Inc. from 1997 to 2000. At the time, she was one of a very small number of female CEOs. Barad received a B.A. (1973) from Queens College in New York City. Following

Mount Helicon, mountain of the Helicon range in Boeotia (Modern Greek: Voiotía), Greece, between Límni (lake) Kopaḯs and the Gulf of Corinth (Korinthiakós). A continuation of the Parnassus (Parnassós) range, which rises to about 8,000 ft (2,400 m), the Helicon range reaches only about 5,000 ft. The

Mount Helicon, mountain of the Helicon range in Boeotia (Modern Greek: Voiotía), Greece, between Límni (lake) Kopaḯs and the Gulf of Corinth (Korinthiakós). A continuation of the Parnassus (Parnassós) range, which rises to about 8,000 ft (2,400 m), the Helicon range reaches only about 5,000 ft. The

Auch, town, capital of Gers département, Occitanie région, southwestern France. Auch is built on and around a hill on the west bank of the Gers River, west of Toulouse. The capital of the Celtiberian tribe of Ausci, it became important in Roman Gaul as Elimberris and, after Christianity was

Elimelech Of Lizhensk was a Jewish teacher and author, one of the founders of Ḥasidism (a Jewish pietistic movement) in Galicia. Elimelech was a disciple of Ṭov Baer, one of the early Ḥasidic leaders, and after Baer’s death he settled in Lizhensk, which subsequently became an important Ḥasidic

excretion, the process by which animals rid themselves of waste products and of the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism. Through excretion organisms control osmotic pressure—the balance between inorganic ions and water—and maintain acid-base balance. The process thus promotes homeostasis, the

elimination reaction, any of a class of organic chemical reactions in which a pair of atoms or groups of atoms are removed from a molecule, usually through the action of acids, bases, or metals and, in some cases, by heating to a high temperature. It is the principal process by which organic

analytic philosophy: Eliminative materialism: The most radical theory of the mind developed in this period is eliminative materialism. Introduced in the late 1980s and refined and modified throughout the 1990s, it contended that scientific theory does not require reference to the mental states posited in informal, or…

philosophy of mind: Eliminativism: Behaviourism and instrumentalism: Eliminativism may at first seem like a preposterous position. Like many extreme philosophical doctrines, however, it is worth taking seriously, both because it forces its opponents to produce illuminating arguments against it and because certain versions of it may actually turn…

ZZ Top: …enjoyed consistent commercial success, and Eliminator (1983) turned them into international superstars. Incorporating electronic synthesizers and disco-influenced rhythms into their signature blues sound, the band projected a cartoonish public image in music videos in which Gibbons and Hill sported scraggly beards and flamboyant suits and which were punctuated by the…

Melvin Calvin: …Rh antigens, which they named elinin for their daughter Elin. Following the oil embargo after the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, they sought suitable plants, e.g., genus Euphorbia, to convert solar energy to hydrocarbons for fuel, but the project failed to be economically feasible.

King John: …are John’s domineering mother, Queen Eleanor (formerly Eleanor of Aquitaine), and Philip the Bastard, who supports the king and yet mocks all political and moral pretensions.

Sense and Sensibility, novel by Jane Austen that was published anonymously in three volumes in 1811 and that became a classic. The satirical, comic work offers a vivid depiction of 19th-century middle-class life as it follows the romantic relationships of Elinor and Marianne Dashwood. Sense and

military intelligence: Signals: Electronics intelligence (also called ELINT) is technical and intelligence information obtained from foreign electromagnetic emissions that are not radiated by communications equipment or by nuclear detonations and radioactive sources. By analyzing the electronic emissions from a given weapon or electronic system, an intelligence analyst can…

Charles Édouard Guillaume: …alloys and developed invar and elinvar. Invar’s low coefficient of expansion (change in volume caused by change in temperature) and elinvar’s low coefficient of elasticity (change in elasticity caused by change in temperature), combined with their low cost, resulted in their widespread use in scientific instruments.

Gertrude B. Elion was an American pharmacologist who, along with George H. Hitchings and Sir James W. Black, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for their development of drugs used to treat several major diseases. Elion was the daughter of immigrants. She graduated from

Gertrude B. Elion was an American pharmacologist who, along with George H. Hitchings and Sir James W. Black, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for their development of drugs used to treat several major diseases. Elion was the daughter of immigrants. She graduated from

Joshua Reynolds: Early life: …large group portrait of the Eliot family (c. 1746/47), which clearly indicates that he had studied the large-scale portrait of the Pembroke family (1634–35) by the Flemish Baroque painter Sir Anthony Van Dyck, whose style of portrait painting influenced English portraiture throughout the 18th century. In 1749 Reynolds sailed with…

Washington University in St. Louis, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. It is a comprehensive research and academic institution, and it includes one of the leading research-centred medical schools in the United States. In addition, the university