collective behavior: Interaction theories: …than contagion, it is an emergent norm or rule that governs external appearances and, to a lesser extent, internal convictions in collective behavior.

systems biology: Complexity and emergent properties: Those collective properties—often called “emergent properties”—are critical attributes of biological systems, as understanding the individual parts alone is insufficient to understand or predict system behaviour. Thus, emergent properties necessarily come from the interactions of the parts of the larger system. As an example, a memory that is stored in…

Árpád dynasty: Emeric (Imre; reigned 1196–1204) and his brother Andrew II (Endre; reigned 1205–35), by making lavish land grants to their supporters, reduced the source of the monarchy’s wealth and power. Andrew further weakened the monarchy by guaranteeing the liberties of the nobles (see Golden Bull of…

mole crab, (Emerita, or Hippa, talpoida), crab of the Atlantic beaches from New England to Mexico. It is so named from its digging mole-fashion in sand. The shell is about 3.75 centimetres (1.5 inches) long, somewhat egg-shaped and yellowish white with purplish markings. It lives on beaches in the

The Atlantic: Economic challenges: …it was announced that the Emerson Collective was acquiring a majority stake in the publication; the organization, which largely focused on immigration and education reform, was founded and headed by Laurene Powell Jobs, a noted philanthropist and the widow of Steve Jobs.

Emerson College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. It is a specialized college with a focus on communication and the performing arts. The college offers master’s degree programs in the divisions of communication studies, mass communication,

Ferguson: Ferguson is the headquarters of Emerson Electric, an international manufacturing and technology company that was founded in St. Louis in 1890 and moved to Ferguson beginning in the 1940s. The city is accessible to several interstate highways. Among its public recreational facilities are January-Wabash Memorial Park, which features a lake…

Alfred Edwards Emerson was a U.S. zoologist noted for his definitive work on termites and his contributions to biological systematics, the study of the evolutionary and genetic relationships among life-forms and their phenotypic similarities and differences. Emerson conducted extensive field

E. Allen Emerson is an American computer scientist who was cowinner of the 2007 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honor in computer science, for “his role in developing Model-Checking into a highly effective verification technology, widely adopted in the hardware and software industries.” Emerson

Ellen Russell Emerson was an American ethnologist, noted for her extensive examinations of Native American cultures, especially in comparison with other world cultures. Ellen Russell was educated at the Mount Vernon Seminary in Boston and in 1862 married Edwin R. Emerson. From a childhood meeting

E. Allen Emerson is an American computer scientist who was cowinner of the 2007 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honor in computer science, for “his role in developing Model-Checking into a highly effective verification technology, widely adopted in the hardware and software industries.” Emerson

Hannah Emerson Duston was an American colonial heroine who survived capture by Native Americans, escaping through her own resources. Hannah Emerson was married to Thomas Duston in 1677. During King William’s War (1689–97) the French under Count Frontenac frequently incited Native Americans to raid

Dred Scott: Life as a slave: Blow died in 1832, and Dr. John Emerson, an army surgeon, purchased Scott.

Anita Loos: In 1919 Loos married writer-director John Emerson, a frequent collaborator, and in New York City they began writing and producing their own films, notably A Virtuous Vamp (1919), The Perfect Woman (1920), Dangerous Business (1920), Polly of the Follies (1922), and Learning to Love (1925). They also wrote two

Emerson, Lake & Palmer, British band known for its role in the development of art rock during the 1970s. The members were Keith Emerson (b. November 2, 1944, Todmorden, Lancashire [now in West Yorkshire], England—d. March 10/11, 2016, Santa Monica, California, U.S.), Greg Lake (b. November 10,

Peter Henry Emerson was an English photographer who promoted photography as an independent art form and created an aesthetic theory called “naturalistic photography.” Trained as a physician, Emerson first began to photograph as a part of an anthropological study of the peasants and fishermen of

Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American lecturer, poet, and essayist, the leading exponent of New England Transcendentalism. Emerson was the son of the Reverend William Emerson, a Unitarian clergyman and friend of the arts. The son inherited the profession of divinity, which had attracted all his

photosynthesis: Evidence of two light reactions: …early study by American biochemist Robert Emerson employed the algae Chlorella, which was illuminated with red light alone, with blue light alone, and with red and blue light at the same time. Oxygen evolution was measured in each case. It was substantial with blue light alone but not with red…

emery, granular rock consisting of a mixture of the mineral corundum (aluminum oxide, Al2O3) and iron oxides such as magnetite (Fe3O4) or hematite (Fe2O3). Long used as an abrasive or polishing material, it is a dark-coloured, dense substance, having much the appearance of an iron ore. In addition

Memphis: Archaeology of Memphis: In the 1930s Walter Bryan Emery began the excavations that uncovered the great 1st-dynasty tombs. His work in the archaic cemetery disclosed another huge labyrinth, resembling that of the Serapeum, the precise function of which is as yet undetermined. Beginning in the 1980s, the Egypt Exploration Society sponsored…

Homs, city, central Syria. The city is situated near the Orontes River at the eastern end of Syria’s only natural gateway from the Mediterranean coast to the interior. It occupies the site of ancient Emesa, which contained a great temple to the sun god El Gebal (Aramaic; Latin: Elagabalus; Greek:

assassin bug: Predatory behaviour: The thread-legged bug Emesaya brevipennis, of which there are three subspecies, is about 33 to 37 mm (1.3 to 1.5 inches) long and is usually found on trees or in old buildings. It has long threadlike middle and hind legs, while the shorter, thicker front legs…

vomiting, the forcible ejection of stomach contents from the mouth. Like nausea, vomiting may have a wide range of causes, including motion sickness, the use of certain drugs, intestinal obstruction, disease or disorder of the inner ear, injury to the head, and appendicitis. It may even occur

emetic, any agent that produces nausea and vomiting. The use of emetics is limited to the treatment of poisoning with certain toxins that have been swallowed. Although its use is now discouraged, the most commonly used drug for this purpose was ipecac syrup, prepared from the dried roots of

caricature and cartoon: 20th century: …tattered edifices of dowdiness, or Emett, whose fantastic locomotives and wispy codgers were half infernal and half heavenly, the comedy came from an accumulation of frustrating but ludicrous detail. Frustration, that renowned companion of modern life, was dissolved by laughter. Even the presumably invincible American businessman was often represented in…

electromotive force, energy per unit electric charge that is imparted by an energy source, such as an electric generator or a battery. Energy is converted from one form to another in the generator or battery as the device does work on the electric charge being transferred within itself. One

electromyography, the graphing and study of the electrical characteristics of muscles. Resting muscle is normally electrically silent. However, when it is active, as during contraction or stimulation, an electrical current is generated, and the successive action potentials (impulses) can be

Doug Emhoff is an American attorney who served as the second gentleman of the United States (2021–25) and is the husband of Kamala Harris, the 49th vice president. As the first male spouse of a vice president, Emhoff holds the distinction of being the first second gentleman. He is also the first

Doug Emhoff is an American attorney who served as the second gentleman of the United States (2021–25) and is the husband of Kamala Harris, the 49th vice president. As the first male spouse of a vice president, Emhoff holds the distinction of being the first second gentleman. He is also the first

the Beatles: Legacy: …2010 that the financially troubled EMI was soliciting buyers for its Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles made the great majority of their recordings, the British Department for Culture, Media, and Sport declared the recording complex a historic landmark. EMI subsequently announced that it would retain ownership of the iconic…

Mount Koussi, highest summit (11,204 feet [3,415 m]) in the Sahara, situated 109 miles (176 km) north-northwest of Faya in the Tibesti massif, northwestern Chad. It is an extinct volcano with a crater approximately 12 miles (19 km) wide and 4,000 feet (1,200 m)

Burkina Faso: Finance: …on international aid and on remittances from migrants to help offset its current account deficit.

José Maria Ferreira de Castro: Two novels—Emigrantes (1928; “Emigrants”) and A selva (1930; “The Jungle,” translated into more than a dozen languages)—launched Ferreira de Castro’s literary career and offered an almost photographic portrayal of an exotic region and its human tensions and high drama.

Honoré Daumier: Impressionist techniques of Honoré Daumier: …crowd in 1789, and his Emigrants of 1857 is an allusion to the authoritarian empire of Napoleon III, a painting that echoes the words of the proscribed Victor Hugo: “It is not I who am proscribed, it is liberty; it is not I who am exiled, it is France.”

George Lamming: …in his succeeding three novels: The Emigrants (1954), a despairing, fragmentary work about Caribbean immigrants in post-World War II England; Of Age and Innocence (1958), a microcosmic look at the problems of political independence; and Season of Adventure (1960), in which a West Indian woman discovers her African heritage. The…

Swedish literature: The modern novel: …immigrate to North America—Utvandrarna (1949–59; The Emigrants), Invandrarna (1952; Unto a Good Land), Nybyggarna (1956; The Settlers), and Sista brevet till Sverige (1959; “The Last Letter Home”; the last two vol. also published in part in English translation as The Last Letter Home). The development of the Swedish autobiographical novel…

Johan Bojer: …immigrants, Vor egen stamme (1924; The Emigrants). Bojer’s international popularity survived into the 1940s.

Liv Ullmann: …the historical drama Utvandrarna (1971; The Emigrants), which was directed by Jan Troell.

emigration, the departure from a country for life or residence in another. See human

émigré, any of the Frenchmen, at first mostly aristocrats, who fled France in the years following the French Revolution of 1789. From their places of exile in other countries, many émigrés plotted against the Revolutionary government, seeking foreign help in their goal of restoring the old regime.

Hebrew literature: Émigré and Palestinian literature: The writers of this generation were known as the émigré writers. Their work was pessimistic, as the rootlessness without hope of Uri Nissan Gnessin and Joseph Ḥayyim Brenner exemplified. The majority of writers active in Palestine before 1939 were born in…

Erich Kästner: …Emil und die Detektive (1929; Emil and the Detectives), was several times dramatized and filmed. Prevented by the Nazis from publishing in Germany (1933–45), he printed his works in Switzerland. After the war, Kästner became magazine editor of Die Neue Zeitung of Munich and subsequently founded a children’s paper. From…

Astrid Lindgren: …in Emil i Lönneberga (1963; Emil in the Soup Tureen), which was followed by a sequel in 1970. Emil is another uninhibited child of nature depicted in a setting from Lindgren’s home province around the turn of the century. Other well-known characters include the children from Bullerbyn, portrayed in three…

Astrid Lindgren: …in Emil i Lönneberga (1963; Emil in the Soup Tureen), which was followed by a sequel in 1970. Emil is another uninhibited child of nature depicted in a setting from Lindgren’s home province around the turn of the century. Other well-known characters include the children from Bullerbyn, portrayed in three…

Erich Kästner: …Emil und die Detektive (1929; Emil and the Detectives), was several times dramatized and filmed. Prevented by the Nazis from publishing in Germany (1933–45), he printed his works in Switzerland. After the war, Kästner became magazine editor of Die Neue Zeitung of Munich and subsequently founded a children’s paper. From…

Emil Zátopek, known as the “bouncing Czech,” didn’t look like the picture of Olympic grace. Although he set a new standard for distance running, his contorted running methods and facial grimaces made observers believe he was about to collapse. Instead, he used his unorthodox style to build a

Émile, work on the philosophy of education by the Swiss-born French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78), written in a form that combined a novel with a didactic essay. Although Rousseau described Émile; ou, de l’education (1762; Émile; or, On Education) as a treatise on education, it is not

Émile, work on the philosophy of education by the Swiss-born French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78), written in a form that combined a novel with a didactic essay. Although Rousseau described Émile; ou, de l’education (1762; Émile; or, On Education) as a treatise on education, it is not

Émile, work on the philosophy of education by the Swiss-born French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78), written in a form that combined a novel with a didactic essay. Although Rousseau described Émile; ou, de l’education (1762; Émile; or, On Education) as a treatise on education, it is not

The Comedy of Errors: …priory’s abbess as their mother, Emilia. The play ends happily with Egeon’s ransom paid, true identities revealed, and the family reunited.

Othello: With the unwitting aid of Emilia, his wife, and the willing help of Roderigo, a fellow malcontent, Iago carries out his plan.

The Two Noble Kinsmen: …Amazons, accompanied by her sister, Emilia, and his friend, Pirithous, when he is called upon to wage war on the corrupt Theban king, Creon. Palamon and Arcite, two noble nephews of Creon, are captured. As they languish in prison, their protestations of eternal friendship stop the instant they glimpse Emilia…

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: Final years at Wolfenbüttel. of Gotthold Ephraim Lessing: His tragedy Emilia Galotti was performed in 1772. Written in intense and incisive prose, this brilliantly constructed play deals with a conflict of conscience at the court of an Italian prince. Lessing became involved in perhaps the most bitter controversy of his career when he also published…

George Meredith: Beginnings as poet and novelist.: …Emilia in England (later renamed Sandra Belloni), was the contrast between a simple but passionate girl and some sentimental English social climbers—an excellent theme for Meredithian comedy. Its publication in 1864 was made the occasion of the first general consideration of all his works up to this point in an…

Jacques Audiard: In 2024 Audiard released Emilia Pérez, which starred Zoe Saldaña as a lawyer helping a Mexican drug cartel boss (Karla Sofía Gascón) obtain gender-affirming surgery. He received three Oscar nominations—for adapted screenplay, directing, and original song—for the film.

Emilia-Romagna, regione, north-central Italy. It comprises the provincie of Bologna, Ferrara, Forlì, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Ravenna, Reggio nell’Emilia, and Rimini. The region extends from the Adriatic Sea (east) almost across the peninsula between the Po River (north) and the Ligurian and Tuscan

algae: Annotated classification: known; includes Chrysochromulina, Emiliania, Phaeocystis, and Prymnesium. Class Raphidophyceae (Chloromonadophyceae) Flagellates with mucocysts (mucilage-releasing bodies) occasionally found in freshwater or marine environments; fewer than 50 species; includes Chattonella, Gonyostomum, Heterosigma

Emily, fictional character, the childhood playmate and first love of David Copperfield in Charles Dickens’s novel David Copperfield

Aubrey Plaza: Emily the Criminal and The White Lotus: …played the titular role in Emily the Criminal (2022), about a young woman who turns to scamming to pay off her debts after failing to secure a job.

EMILY’s List, American political program and donor network dedicated to identifying and helping to elect to political office Democratic women candidates who favour the right of women to choose to have an abortion. The organization, founded in 1985, works with both state and federal candidates.

Ottoman Empire: Classical Ottoman society and administration: …emanet (“trusteeship”), held by the emin (“trustee” or “agent”). In contrast to the timar holder, the emin turned all his proceeds over to the treasury and was compensated entirely by salary, thus being the closest Ottoman equivalent to the modern government official. The legal rationale for that arrangement was that…

East African lakes: Physiography: …shores the Speke, Mwanza, and Emin Pasha gulfs lie amid rocky granitic hills. Ukerewe, situated in the southeast, is the largest island in the lake; in the northwest the Sese Islands constitute a major archipelago. At the entrance to the channel leading to Jinja, Uganda, lies Buvuma Island. There are…

Mehmed Emin Pasha was a physician, explorer, and governor of the Equatorial province of Egyptian Sudan who contributed vastly to the knowledge of African geography, natural history, ethnology, and languages. In 1865 Schnitzer became a medical officer in the Turkish army and used his leisure to

Islamic arts: Turkish literatures: …foundations of Turkish nationalism; and Mehmed Emin, a fisherman’s son, sang artless Turkish verses of his pride in being a Turk, throwing out the heavy rhetorical ballast of Arabo-Persian prosody and instead turning to the language of the people, unadulterated by any foreign vocabulary. The stirrings of social criticism could…

Tracey Emin is a British artist noted for using a wide range of media—including drawing, video, and installation art, as well as sculpture and painting—and her own life as the subject of her art. Her works are confessional, provocative, and transgressive, often portraying sexual acts and

Tracey Emin is a British artist noted for using a wide range of media—including drawing, video, and installation art, as well as sculpture and painting—and her own life as the subject of her art. Her works are confessional, provocative, and transgressive, often portraying sexual acts and

Eminem is an American rapper, record producer, and actor who is known as one of the most-controversial and best-selling artists of the early 21st century. He was the first recording artist to have 10 consecutive albums debut at number one on the Billboard album chart. Born Marshall Mathers, he had

Eminem: The Eminem Show and 8 Mile: Eminem returned in 2002 with The Eminem Show, which proved to be nearly as popular as The Marshall Mathers LP and produced the hit single “Without Me.” Also that year he made his acting debut in the semiautobiographical 8 Mile, directed by Curtis Hanson. The gritty film was a critical…

Father Joseph was a French mystic and religious reformer whose collaboration with Cardinal de Richelieu (the “Red Eminence”) gave him powers akin to those of a foreign minister, especially during Richelieu’s ambitious campaign to finance France’s participation in what became known as the Thirty

Cardinal Richelieu was the chief minister to King Louis XIII of France from 1624 to 1642. His major goals, which he largely accomplished, were the establishment of royal absolutism in France and the end of Spanish-Habsburg hegemony in Europe. The family du Plessis de Richelieu was of insignificant

eminent domain, power of government to take private property for public use without the owner’s consent. Constitutional provisions in most countries require the payment of compensation to the owner. In countries with unwritten constitutions, such as the United Kingdom, the supremacy of Parliament

Eminent Victorians, collection of short biographical sketches by Lytton Strachey, published in 1918. Strachey’s portraits of Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Thomas Arnold, and General Charles “Chinese” Gordon revolutionized English biography. Until Strachey, biographers had kept an

Mihail Eminescu was a poet who transformed both the form and content of Romanian poetry, creating a school of poetry that strongly influenced Romanian writers and poets in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Eminescu was educated in the Germano-Romanian cultural centre of Cernăuƫi (now

Mihail Eminescu was a poet who transformed both the form and content of Romanian poetry, creating a school of poetry that strongly influenced Romanian writers and poets in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Eminescu was educated in the Germano-Romanian cultural centre of Cernăuƫi (now

Mihail Eminescu was a poet who transformed both the form and content of Romanian poetry, creating a school of poetry that strongly influenced Romanian writers and poets in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Eminescu was educated in the Germano-Romanian cultural centre of Cernăuƫi (now

emir, (“commander,” or “prince”), in the Muslim Middle East, a military commander, governor of a province, or a high military official. Under the Umayyads, the emir exercised administrative and financial powers, somewhat diminished under the ʿAbbāsids, who introduced a separate financial officer.

Mīrzā Taqī Khān was the prime minister of Iran in 1848–51, who initiated reforms that marked the effective beginning of the Westernization of his country. At an early age Mīrzā Taqī learned to read and write despite his humble origins. He joined the provincial bureaucracy as a scribe and, by his

Uzbekistan: The early Uzbeks: …fortunes under the leadership of Emir Maʿsum (also known as Shah Murād; reigned 1785–1800), a remarkable dervish emir who forwent wealth, comfort, and pomp. In the khanate of Khiva, the Qonghirat tribe succeeded the Ashtarkhanid dynasty and prevailed until 1920, leaving Khiva a museum capital of architectural, cultural, and literary…

Dubai: City site and layout: Notable among these are the Emirates Towers, which were built in the late 1990s and early 2000s and which house a hotel and government offices. Close to Sheikh Zayed Road is the Dubai International Financial Centre, housed in a futuristic arch-shaped building, and the Burj Khalifa, which at the time…

United Arab Emirates: Labor and taxation: …foreign employees—in a program called Emiratization—by providing incentives for businesses to hire Emirati nationals.

instant messaging: …IM as part of the Emergency Management Information Systems and Reference Index (EMISARI) for the Office of Emergency Preparedness. Its original purpose was to help exchange information which would aid the U.S. government during emergencies. One of EMISARI’s first uses was to facilitate communication among government officials to assist the…

Japan: Changes in ritsuryō government: …large conscript armies against the Ezo (Emishi), a nonsubject tribal group in the northern districts of Honshu who were regarded as aliens. The Ezo eventually were pacified, although the northern border was never fully brought under the control of the central government. Those Ezo who submitted to government forces were…

light: Emission and absorption processes: That materials, when heated in flames or put in electrical discharges, emit light at well-defined and characteristic frequencies was known by the mid-19th century. The study of the emission and absorption spectra of atoms was crucial to the development…

emission control system, in automobiles, means employed to limit the discharge of noxious gases from the internal-combustion engine and other components. There are three main sources of these gases: the engine exhaust, the crankcase, and the fuel tank and carburetor. The exhaust pipe discharges

forbidden lines: …lines, in astronomical spectroscopy, bright emission lines in the spectra of certain nebulae (H II regions), not observed in the laboratory spectra of the same gases, because on Earth the gases cannot be rarefied sufficiently. The term forbidden is misleading; a more accurate description would be “highly improbable.” The emissions…

emission nebula, in astronomy, a bright, diffuse light sometimes associated with stars whose temperatures exceed 20,000 K. The excitation process necessary to provide observed optical and radio energies in such gaseous regions was long an astronomical puzzle. It was found that ultraviolet light

environmental law: Historical development: …included the sale of “emission reduction units,” which are earned when a developed country reduces its emissions below its commitment level, to developed countries that have failed to achieve their emission targets. Developed countries could earn additional emission reduction units by financing energy-efficient projects (e.g., clean-development mechanisms) in developing…

spectroscopy: General methods of spectroscopy: …second main type of spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, uses some means to excite the sample of interest. After the atoms or molecules are excited, they will relax to lower energy levels, emitting radiation corresponding to the energy differences, ΔE = hν = hc/λ, between the various energy levels of the quantum…

chemical element: Stars and gas clouds: …a pattern is called an emission, or bright-line, spectrum. When light passes through a gas or cloud at a lower temperature than the light source, the gas absorbs at its identifying wavelengths, and a dark-line, or absorption, spectrum will be formed.

muffler: exhaust gases from an internal-combustion engine are passed to attenuate (reduce) the airborne noise of the engine. To be efficient as a sound reducer, a muffler must decrease the velocity of the exhaust gases and either absorb sound waves or cancel them by interference with…

emissions trading, an environmental policy that seeks to reduce air pollution efficiently by putting a limit on emissions, giving polluters a certain number of allowances consistent with those limits, and then permitting the polluters to buy and sell the allowances. The trading of a finite number

Sir Isaac Shoenberg: …kind of camera tube (the Emitron) and a relatively efficient hard-vacuum cathode-ray tube for the television receiver. Until 1964 the BBC adhered to the technical standards he had proposed: 405 scanning lines and 25 flickerless pictures a second. Shoenberg was knighted in 1962. His youngest son, David Shoenberg, became a…

semiconductor device: Bipolar transistors: …p+ region is called the emitter, the narrow central n region is the base, and the p region is the collector. The circuit arrangement in Figure 4B is known as a common-base configuration. The arrows indicate the directions of current flow under normal operating conditions—namely, the emitter-base junction is forward-biased…

Amitabha, in Mahayana Buddhism, and particularly in the so-called Pure Land sects, the great saviour buddha. As related in the Sukhavati-vyuha-sutras (the fundamental scriptures of the Pure Land sects), many ages ago a monk named Dharmakara made a number of vows, the 18th of which promised that, on

Péter Nádas: …famous novel, Emlékiratok könyve (A Book of Memories), a massive Proustian work of intertwining narratives centring on an expatriate Hungarian living in East Berlin in the 1970s. The book, which took him over a decade to write, was not approved by Hungarian censors for publication until 1986.

Thomas Emlyn was an English Presbyterian minister and writer who first publicly adopted the name Unitarian to designate a liberal, rational approach to God as a single person (as opposed to Christian belief in the Trinity). Emlyn began preaching before he was 20. He served as a private chaplain to

Emma, fourth novel by Jane Austen, published in three volumes in 1815. Set in Highbury, England, in the early 19th century, the novel centres on Emma Woodhouse, a precocious young woman whose misplaced confidence in her matchmaking abilities occasions several romantic misadventures. Emma’s

Charlotte Brontë: Life: She began another book, Emma, of which some pages remain. Her pregnancy, however, was accompanied by exhausting sickness, and she died in 1855.

Clarence Brown: The 1930s: Emma was a melodrama of the first order, with Marie Dressler as the lower-class housekeeper who falls in love with, and eventually marries, her employer (Jean Hersholt), despite opposition from his spoiled children. Letty Lynton starred Crawford as a woman unjustly accused of murder, and…

Jane Austen: Austen’s accomplishments and legacy: …starring Gwyneth Paltrow, and a 2020 movie starring Anya Taylor-Joy. In addition, Bridget Jones’s Diary (2001) was based on Pride and Prejudice, and Clueless (1995) was inspired by Emma.