Emsian Stage, uppermost of the three standard worldwide divisions of Early Devonian rocks and time. Emsian time spans the interval between 407.6 million and 393.3 million years ago. The Emsian Stage was named for exposures studied in the region of the Ems River in western Germany, where it consists

Emsland, region along the lower Ems River, in Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies on both sides of the river, from the town of Lingen to the Ems estuary. Comprising a belt about 60 miles (100 km) long from south to north and 6–9 miles (10–15 km) wide, it includes three strips

Sir Richard Empson was an English lawyer and minister of King Henry VII, remembered, with Edmund Dudley, for his unpopular administration of the crown revenues. Empson studied law in the Middle Temple and from 1475 held posts in Northamptonshire and then in Lancaster. From March 1486 Henry VII

Lord Emsworth, fictional character, the elderly absentminded ninth proprietor of Blandings Castle, Shropshire, Eng., the setting of many short stories and novels by P.G. Wodehouse—from Something Fresh (1915) to his final, unfinished Sunset at Blandings (1977). Lord Emsworth is almost invariably

Lord Emsworth, fictional character, the elderly absentminded ninth proprietor of Blandings Castle, Shropshire, Eng., the setting of many short stories and novels by P.G. Wodehouse—from Something Fresh (1915) to his final, unfinished Sunset at Blandings (1977). Lord Emsworth is almost invariably

search engine: History: …at McGill University in Montreal—Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan, and Peter Deutsch—created the first search engine, Archie (short for archive). Archie did not seek out Web pages, since the World Wide Web would not exist for another year, but the names of files hosted on FTP (file transfer protocol) servers.…

euro: …included the creation of an economic and monetary union (EMU). The treaty called for a common unit of exchange, the euro, and set strict criteria for conversion to the euro and participation in the EMU. These requirements included annual budget deficits not exceeding 3 percent of gross domestic product (GDP),…

emu, (Dromaius novaehollandiae), flightless bird of Australia that is the second largest living bird: the emu is more than 1.5 metres (5 feet) tall and may weigh more than 45 kg (100 pounds). The emu is the sole living member of the family Dromaiidae (or Dromiceiidae) of the order Casuariiformes,

Burnie, city and port, northern Tasmania, Australia. Burnie is situated on Emu Bay, an inlet of Bass Strait, at the mouth of the Emu River. Established in the late 1820s by the Van Diemen’s Land Company as Emu Bay Settlement, the settlement was renamed to honour a company director, William Burnie,

Emu War, military operation to address the issue of emus, large flightless birds, damaging large amounts of crops in Western Australia. The campaign lasted from November to December 1932. Three members of the Royal Australian Artillery were assigned to cull roughly 20,000 emus using machine guns.

emu-wren, any of the three species of the Australian genus Stipiturus, of the songbird family Maluridae. In these tiny birds the narrow, cocked tail consists of six wispy feathers—in quality, like the feathers of the emu. The most widespread species, the southern emu-wren (S. malachurus), is

emulsifier, in foods, any of numerous chemical additives that encourage the suspension of one liquid in another, as in the mixture of oil and water in margarine, shortening, ice cream, and salad dressing. A number of emulsifiers are derived from algae, among them algin, carrageenan, and agar.

emulsion, in physical chemistry, mixture of two or more liquids in which one is present as droplets, of microscopic or ultramicroscopic size, distributed throughout the other. Emulsions are formed from the component liquids either spontaneously or, more often, by mechanical means, such as

chemistry of industrial polymers: Emulsion polymerization: One of the most widely used methods of manufacturing vinyl polymers, emulsion polymerization involves formation of a stable emulsion (often referred to as a latex) of monomer in water using a soap or detergent as the emulsifying agent. Free-radical initiators, dissolved in the…

man-made fibre: Emulsion spinning: Some nonmelting and insoluble polymers can be ground to a finely divided powder, mixed into a solution of another polymer, and solution-spun to fibres. The soluble polymer can be removed by a solvent or by burning and the residual fibre collected. Such a…

Martin Buber: From mysticism to dialogue.: …by the Hebrew term for trust, emuna, spelling mutual confidence between God and man (I and Thou), and the other called by the Greek term for faith, pistis, spelling the belief in the factuality of crucial events in salvation history—e.g., Paul’s statements about Jesus’ life, death, and Resurrection. Judaism for…

Emydidae, family of hard-shelled turtles native to both the Old and New Worlds, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. The emydid turtles comprise more than 25 genera and 85 living species—roughly one-half of all the genera and one-third of all the species of turtles now living. With the exception

Emydidae, family of hard-shelled turtles native to both the Old and New Worlds, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere. The emydid turtles comprise more than 25 genera and 85 living species—roughly one-half of all the genera and one-third of all the species of turtles now living. With the exception

sea snake: …primitive groups (genera Aipysurus and Emydocephalus) eat only fish eggs; Hydrophis specializes in burrowing eels.

Blanding’s turtle, (Emydoidea blandingii), freshwater turtle, family Emydidae, found in southern Canada and the north-central to northeastern United States. The upper shell (carapace) of Blanding’s turtle averages about 20 cm (8 inches) in length; it is smooth, rounded, and elongate with yellow

pond turtle: …turtle (Clemmys marmorata) and the European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis).

endangered species, any species that is at risk of extinction because of a sudden rapid decrease in its population or a loss of its critical habitat. Biodiverse regions that require protection on the grounds that they host a significant number of endangered species are called hot spots. (Read E.O.

history of Mesopotamia: The Sumerians to the end of the Early Dynastic period: …the ruler’s special title was en. In later periods this word (etymology unknown), which is also found in divine names such as Enlil and Enki, has a predominantly religious connotation that is translated, for want of a better designation, as “en-priest, en-priestess.” En, as the ruler’s title, is encountered in…

endangered species: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: …generation times, or isolated habitats) Endangered (EN), species that possess a very high risk of extinction as a result of rapid population declines of 50 to more than 70 percent over the previous 10 years (or three generations), a current population size of fewer than 250 individuals, or other factors…

Waiting for Godot, tragicomedy in two acts by Irish writer Samuel Beckett, published in 1952 in French as En attendant Godot and first produced in 1953. Waiting for Godot was a true innovation in drama and the Theatre of the Absurd’s first theatrical success. The play consists of conversations

Birgitta Trotzig: Her next novel, En berättelse från kusten (1961; “A Tale from the Coast”), is a legend about human suffering, set in Scania in the 15th century. Her later works include I kejsarens tid: Sagor (1975; “In the Time of the Emperor”); Berättelser (1977; “Stories”); and Dykungens dotter (1985),…

cabochon cut, method of cutting gemstones with a convex, rounded surface that is polished but unfaceted. Opaque, asteriated, iridescent, opalescent, or chatoyant stones are usually cut en cabochon. The back of a normal cabochon-cut stone is flat, but it may be hollowed to lighten the colour.

Ernesto Cardenal: …essays, and En Cuba (1972; In Cuba), recollections of his visit there in 1970, constitute his prose work. Volumes of his poetry have been translated into all the major European languages.

Sigurd Hoel: …En dag i oktober (1931; One Day in October), in which the inhabitants of an Oslo apartment building are deeply affected by the tragic life and death of a fellow lodger. In this novel Hoel made extended use of interior monologues. Hoel was a close friend of the Austrian psychologist…

Daniel François Malherbe: … (1933–37), a biblical trilogy; and En die wawiele rol (1945; “And the Wagon Wheels Roll On”), which describes the Great Trek. He served as professor of literature at the University of Bloemfontein (1922–42).

Carlos Germán Belli: …“Songs and Other Poems”) and En el restante tiempo terrenal (1988; “In the Remaining Time on Earth”), is more reflective and metaphysical in character, though still marked by the poet’s frustrated longing for some unattainable fulfillment.

ʿEn Gedi, oasis, archaeological site, and kibbutz (communal settlement) in southeastern Israel on the west bank of the Dead Sea. Because of its spring in an otherwise totally arid country, the site has been inhabited from remote antiquity. Excavations in the 1960s and early 1970s at an adjoining

Audrey Tautou: ) and En liberte! (2018; The Trouble with You), in which she played the wife of a man wrongfully imprisoned. She played a free-spirited hairdresser in The Jesus Rolls (2019), an adaptation of Les valseuses (1974; Going Places) that was a spin-off of the Coen brothers’ The Big Lebowski (1998).

Emmanuel Macron: Rise to the presidency: …Macron announced the creation of En Marche! (“Forward!”), a popular movement that he characterized as a “democratic revolution” against a sclerotic political system. Echoing the third-way paradigm that had been promoted by Pres. Bill Clinton in the United States and Prime Minister Tony Blair in Britain, Macron proposed a center-left…

conveyor: En masse conveyors use skeletal or solid flights mounted at intervals on a cable or chain power driven within a closely fitting casing. Designed for bulk materials that must be enclosed to prevent leakage or explosion, the conveyors can operate in horizontal, vertical, or inclined…

chess: Pawns: …for another peculiar option, called en passant—that is, in passing—available to a pawn when an enemy pawn on an adjoining file advances two squares on its initial move and could have been captured had it moved only one square. The first pawn can take the advancing pawn en passant, as…

dance criticism: The Enlightenment to Romanticism: …was developed in the 1820s—pointe work, or dancing on the tips of the toes. The exact origins are unknown, but early champions were the pioneering Romantic choreographer Felippo Taglioni and his daughter, the ballerina Marie Taglioni. The advent of pointe work was perfectly matched to the portrayal of the…

en résille, in the decorative arts, technique of enamelwork in which the design is incised on rock crystal or glass paste and the incisions lined first with gold and then with opaque or translucent enamel. After low-temperature firing, the surface is filed and polished. The term résille, French for

en résille, in the decorative arts, technique of enamelwork in which the design is incised on rock crystal or glass paste and the incisions lined first with gold and then with opaque or translucent enamel. After low-temperature firing, the surface is filed and polished. The term résille, French for

Joris-Karl Huysmans: …in Huysmans’s last three novels: En route (1895), an account of Huysmans-Durtal’s religious retreat in the Trappist monastery of Notre-Dame d’Igny and his return to Roman Catholicism; La Cathédrale (1898; The Cathedral), basically a study of Nôtre-Dame de Chartres with a thin story attached; and L’Oblat (1903; The Oblate), set…

André Baillon: …realistic studies of prostitution, while En Sabots (1922; “In Wooden Shoes”), the novel that first drew the attention of the French critics, is based on Baillon’s stay in the Flemish village of Westmalle. Par fil spécial (1924; “By Special Cable”) is a sardonic account of the world of journalism based…

sefirot: …10 stages of emanation from En Sof (the Infinite; the unknowable God), by which God the Creator can be discerned. Each sefira refers to an aspect of God as Creator; the rhythm by which one sefira unfolds to another was believed to represent the rhythm of creation. The mystical nature…

Enabling Act, law passed by the German Reichstag on March 23, 1933, that enabled Chancellor Adolf Hitler to assume dictatorial powers. Deputies from the Nazi Party, the German National People’s Party, and the Centre Party voted in favor of the act, which “enabled” Hitler’s government to issue

Yenakiyeve, city, eastern Ukraine. It lies along the Krynka River. A pig-iron concern began there in 1858 but lasted only eight years; not until the first coal mines opened in the locality in 1883 did industrialization begin. A metallurgical factory established in 1895–97 was later reconstructed.

Enaliarctos, extinct genus of mammals that contains the oldest known member of Pinnipedia, the group that contains living seals, sea lions, and walruses. Enaliarctos is made up of five species, which lived from the late Oligocene Epoch (some 29 million years ago) into the Miocene Epoch (23 million

Enaliarctos: The oldest of the five, E. barnesi and E. tedfordi, were found in rocks of the Yaquina Formation of Oregon that could be as old as 29.3 million years. A third species called E. mealsi, which is also the best-known of the group, is known from rocks in central California…

Enaliarctos: barnesi and E. tedfordi, were found in rocks of the Yaquina Formation of Oregon that could be as old as 29.3 million years. A third species called E. mealsi, which is also the best-known of the group, is known from rocks in central California that are approximately…

bird: Modern birds: …evidence of foot-propelled divers (Enaliornis) and of an early relative of the flamingos (Gallornis) are known from Lower Cretaceous deposits in Europe. Upper Cretaceous deposits have yielded, besides Hesperornis and Ichthyornis and their relatives, diving birds similar to Enaliornis, other early flamingo-like birds, and species in the same suborders…

art conservation and restoration: Glass and other vitreous materials: Glass, glaze, enamel, and faience—the four vitreous products—are manufactured from three basic components: silica, alkali, and small amounts of calcium. Glass, glazes, and enamel (but not faience) contain high amounts of alkali, such as sodium oxide (soda glass) or potassium oxide (potash glass).

enamel, in anatomy, the hardest tissue of the body, covering part or all of the crown of the tooth in mammals. Enamel, when mature, consists predominantly of apatite crystals containing calcium and phosphate. Enamel is not living and contains no nerves. The thickness and density of enamel vary over

Chinese pottery: Song dynasty: The earliest known example of overglaze painting in the history of Chinese pottery bears a date equivalent to 1201. The technique was more widely used for the decoration of Cizhou wares in the 14th century. In both the variety and the vigour of their forms and decoration, Cizhou stonewares present…

enamel miniature, portrait on a small opaque, usually white, enamel surface annealed to gold or copper plate and painted with metallic oxides. Since the pigments used are not vitreous enamels, this is not a true enamelling process. The metallic paints are slightly fused to the enamel surface

tooth germ: Enamel organs, in the form of rounded swellings, develop in the dental lamina; each swelling is the future site of a single tooth. The enamel organ is responsible for mapping out the full size and shape of the crown of the tooth; it also exerts…

enamelwork, technique of decoration whereby metal objects or surfaces are given a vitreous glaze that is fused onto the surface by intense heat to create a brilliantly coloured decorative effect. It is an art form noted for its brilliant, glossy surface, which is hard and long-lasting. Enamels have

glassware: The Roman Empire: …specialties attributed to Alexandria were enamel painting (pigments mixed with a glassy flux were fused to the surface of the glass vessel by a separate firing) and an extraordinary technique of sandwiching a gold leaf etched with a design between two layers of clear glass.

enamelwork, technique of decoration whereby metal objects or surfaces are given a vitreous glaze that is fused onto the surface by intense heat to create a brilliantly coloured decorative effect. It is an art form noted for its brilliant, glossy surface, which is hard and long-lasting. Enamels have

porcelain enamelling, process of fusing a thin layer of glass to a metal object to prevent corrosion and enhance its beauty. Porcelain-enamelled iron is used extensively for such articles as kitchen pots and pans, bathtubs, refrigerators, chemical and food tanks, and equipment for meat markets. In

enamelwork, technique of decoration whereby metal objects or surfaces are given a vitreous glaze that is fused onto the surface by intense heat to create a brilliantly coloured decorative effect. It is an art form noted for its brilliant, glossy surface, which is hard and long-lasting. Enamels have

amine: Oxidation: …amines can be oxidized to enamines (R2C=CHNR2) by a variety of reagents.

Spanish literature: Medieval poetry: Macías El Enamorado (flourished mid-14th century) was the last Galician troubadour; Galicians thereafter wrote in Castilian, and, though there were echoes of their tradition, the Renaissance and Castilian political hegemony finally ended Galician literature until the 19th century.

Magnoliales: Timber: Enantia chlorantha (African whitewood), a yellowwood from Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Cameroon, produces a sulfurous yellow dye; the wood also is used locally to make unpainted furniture and veneers. Cleistopholis patens (otu) yields a soft, light wood from western Africa that finds some of the same uses…

enantiomer, either of a pair of objects related to each other as the right hand is to the left—that is, as mirror images that cannot be reoriented so as to appear identical. An object that has a plane of symmetry cannot be an enantiomer because the object and its mirror image are identical.

enantiomer, either of a pair of objects related to each other as the right hand is to the left—that is, as mirror images that cannot be reoriented so as to appear identical. An object that has a plane of symmetry cannot be an enantiomer because the object and its mirror image are identical.

crustacean: Annotated classification: †Order Enantiopoda Carboniferous; single fossil, Tesnusocaris. Class Maxillopoda Five pairs of head appendages; single, simple, median eye; antennules uniramous; maxillae usually present; up to 11 trunk segments; over 23,000 species. Subclass Thecostraca

allotropy: …stable under all conditions, or enantiotropic, in which case different forms are stable under different conditions and undergo reversible transitions from one to another at characteristic temperatures and pressures.

enarean, member of an ancient group of magicians and soothsayers, most likely eunuchs, who spoke in high-pitched voices and dressed as women. All that is known of them appears in the writings of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (flourished 5th century bce). They claimed that a goddess,

enargite, sulfosalt mineral, copper arsenic sulfide (Cu3AsS4), that is occasionally an important ore of copper. It occurs as heavy, metallic-gray crystals and masses in veins and replacement deposits. Economically valuable deposits have been found in the Balkans; at several places in Peru;

St. Augustine: Sermons: …collection, Enarrationes in Psalmos (392–418; Enarrations on the Psalms). These are perhaps his best work as a homilist, for he finds in the uplifting spiritual poetry of the Hebrews messages that he can apply consistently to his view of austere, hopeful, realistic Christianity; his ordinary congregation in Hippo would have…

St. Augustine: Sermons: …collection, Enarrationes in Psalmos (392–418; Enarrations on the Psalms). These are perhaps his best work as a homilist, for he finds in the uplifting spiritual poetry of the Hebrews messages that he can apply consistently to his view of austere, hopeful, realistic Christianity; his ordinary congregation in Hippo would have…

lower vascular plant: Leaves: …simplest are scalelike emergences, or enations, that are not served by vascular tissue (i.e., they have no veins), found in some extinct groups and in modern whisk ferns (Psilotum). The lycophytes have scalelike, needlelike, or awl-shaped “microphylls” with a single, unbranched vein. The sphenophytes have “sphenophylls”—scalelike leaves with a single…

fern: Evolutionary development: …branching stem systems) and the enation theory (that the leaf arose from simple enations, or outgrowths) are the two most popular. The true story seems to be lost in antiquity and perhaps will never be known. Leaves of most modern ferns, with their characteristic fiddleheads, acropetal growth (i.e., “seeking the…

Ethiopian literature: …converted to Christianity and, as Enbaqom (Habakkuk), became prior of the monastery of Debre Libanos, wrote Anqasʾa amin (“Gate of Faith”) to justify his conversion and to persuade apostates to recant. Other similar works were produced, and several were written to defend the miaphysite branch of the Christian faith. Meanwhile…

psoriasis: …for psoriasis, including infliximab (Remicade), etanercept (Enbrel), and guselkumab (Tremfya).

extinguisher moss, any of the plants of the genus Encalypta (subclass Bryidae), which form large tufts on limestone rocks, ledges, and walls. About 8 of the 34 species in the genus are native to North America. They are usually 1 to 3 cm (0.4 to 1.2 inches) tall, with erect capsules (spore cases)

extinguisher moss: …extends below the capsule; in E. ciliata the calyptra is fringed.

Encamp, village, Andorra, on a headstream of the Valira River. Its agricultural economy is supplemented by tourism, especially skiing. Encamp has a broadcasting transmitter of Radio Andorra. Above the village is Engolasters Lake, accessible by cable car. There are facilities for generating

Galapagos Islands, island group of the eastern Pacific Ocean, administratively a province of Ecuador. The Galapagos consist of 13 major islands (ranging in area from 5.4 to 1,771 square miles [14 to 4,588 square km]), 6 smaller islands, and scores of islets and rocks lying athwart the Equator 600

The Encantadas, ten fictional sketches by Herman Melville, published in 1854 in Putnam’s Monthly Magazine as “The Encantadas, or Enchanted Isles,” under the pseudonym Salvator R. Tarnmoor. Seven of the sketches describe the Galapagos Islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean, which Melville had seen

The Encantadas, ten fictional sketches by Herman Melville, published in 1854 in Putnam’s Monthly Magazine as “The Encantadas, or Enchanted Isles,” under the pseudonym Salvator R. Tarnmoor. Seven of the sketches describe the Galapagos Islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean, which Melville had seen

Lin-Manuel Miranda: …(“Two Caterpillars”) for the film Encanto (“Charm”), and the song earned Miranda another Oscar nomination.

computer science: Programming languages: …the addition of support for data encapsulation, which gave rise to object-oriented languages. The original object-oriented language was called Smalltalk, in which all programs were represented as collections of objects communicating with each other via message-passing. An object is a set of data together with the methods (functions) that can…

Encarnación, city, southeastern Paraguay. The city was founded in 1614 on the west bank of the Upper Paraná River, opposite Posadas, Arg., to which it is linked by a bridge completed in 1987. Severely damaged by a tornado in 1926, it is now a busy commercial, manufacturing, and communications

Encarta, multimedia digital encyclopaedia produced by Microsoft Corporation (1993–2009). Initially a CD-ROM product, the Encarta brand later expanded to include an Internet-based incarnation and was bundled with other Microsoft products. The possibility of a digital encyclopaedia was first

Encarta: …1999 the company debuted the Encarta Africana, an encyclopaedia of black history that was the result of a collaboration with scholars, including Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and published a print and digital dictionary, the Encarta World English Dictionary, called the Encarta Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language in subsequent editions.

encaustic painting, painting technique in which pigments are mixed with hot liquid wax. Artists can change the paint’s consistency by adding resin or oil (the latter for use on canvas) to the wax. After the paint has been applied to the support, which is usually made of wood, plaster, or canvas, a

Mesopotamian art and architecture: Neo-Babylonian period: …and surrounded by a double enceinte, or line of fortification, consisting of towered and moated fortress walls. Inside the city the most grandiose effect was obtained by the disposal of public buildings along a wide processional way, leading through the centre of the town to the temple and ziggurat of…

Enceladus, second nearest of the major regular moons of Saturn and the brightest of all its moons. It was discovered in 1789 by the English astronomer William Herschel and named for one of the Giants (Gigantes) of Greek mythology. Enceladus measures about 500 km (310 miles) in diameter and orbits

Encephalartos, genus of 65 species of palmlike cycads in the family Zamiaceae, native to central and southern Africa. Several species are grown as conservatory and houseplants. The genus includes both tuberous and columnar varieties; they sometimes have spiny foliage. As gymnosperms, the plants

encephalitis, from Greek enkephalos (“brain”) and itis (“inflammation”), inflammation of the brain. Inflammation affecting the brain may also involve adjoining structures; encephalomyelitis is inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, and meningoencephalitis is inflammation of the brain and

encephalitis, from Greek enkephalos (“brain”) and itis (“inflammation”), inflammation of the brain. Inflammation affecting the brain may also involve adjoining structures; encephalomyelitis is inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, and meningoencephalitis is inflammation of the brain and

encephalitis lethargica, form of encephalitis that emerged in the early 20th century. An encephalitis lethargica epidemic occurred from 1915 to 1928. The disease was first described medically in 1917, though numerous possible forerunners dating back to the 16th century have been identified.

encephalitis lethargica: An encephalitis lethargica epidemic occurred from 1915 to 1928. The disease was first described medically in 1917, though numerous possible forerunners dating back to the 16th century have been identified.

equine encephalitis, severe viral disease of horses and mules, transmitted by mosquitoes. It sometimes affects birds, reptiles, and humans. There are multiple different types of equine encephalitis, including Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), and Venezuelan

encephalitis: Epidemics of encephalitis: …most common epidemic forms is Japanese encephalitis, which is caused by a mosquito-borne virus and results in acute illness. Japanese encephalitis is found primarily in Asia. Other viral forms of encephalitis, such as St. Louis encephalitis and La Crosse encephalitis, cause sporadic disease in some areas of the United States.…

nervous system: Encephalization: Early in the evolution of vertebrates, a special sensory system became associated with each major part of the brain: the olfactory organs with the forebrain, the eye with the midbrain, and the ear and related organs with the hindbrain. Each of the three sections,…

neural tube defect: …of open neural tube defect, encephalocele, occurs when a meningeal sac containing brain tissue protrudes from the skull. The outlook for affected individuals depends on the amount of nervous tissue involved.

neural tube defect: …of open neural tube defect, encephalocele, occurs when a meningeal sac containing brain tissue protrudes from the skull. The outlook for affected individuals depends on the amount of nervous tissue involved.

encephalitis: …may also involve adjoining structures; encephalomyelitis is inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, and meningoencephalitis is inflammation of the brain and meninges (the membranes covering the brain).

equine encephalitis, severe viral disease of horses and mules, transmitted by mosquitoes. It sometimes affects birds, reptiles, and humans. There are multiple different types of equine encephalitis, including Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), and Venezuelan

brain, the mass of nerve tissue in the anterior end of an organism. The brain integrates sensory information and directs motor responses; in higher vertebrates it is also the centre of learning. The human brain weighs approximately 1.4 kg (3 pounds) and is made up of billions of cells called