endocrine disruptor, any chemical that mimics or interferes with the normal actions of hormones in the body. Endocrine disruptors may be synthetic or natural (e.g., phytoestrogens) in origin and are used in a wide range of products and materials, from cosmetics and plastics to pesticides and

human digestive system: Production and secretion of peptides: Eighteen different endocrine cells can be identified within the gastrointestinal tract, but it is probable that several of these and their particular peptides are evolutionary vestiges that functioned in other stages of human development, while others may represent different stages of maturation of the same endocrine cell.

endocrine disruptor, any chemical that mimics or interferes with the normal actions of hormones in the body. Endocrine disruptors may be synthetic or natural (e.g., phytoestrogens) in origin and are used in a wide range of products and materials, from cosmetics and plastics to pesticides and

endocrine disruptor, any chemical that mimics or interferes with the normal actions of hormones in the body. Endocrine disruptors may be synthetic or natural (e.g., phytoestrogens) in origin and are used in a wide range of products and materials, from cosmetics and plastics to pesticides and

endocrine system, any of the systems found in animals for the production of hormones, substances that regulate the functioning of the organism. Such a system may range, at its simplest, from the neurosecretory, involving one or more centres in the nervous system, to the complex array of glands

human endocrine system, group of ductless glands that regulate body processes by secreting chemical substances called hormones. Hormones act on nearby tissues or are carried in the bloodstream to act on specific target organs and distant tissues. Diseases of the endocrine system can result from the

endocrine disruptor, any chemical that mimics or interferes with the normal actions of hormones in the body. Endocrine disruptors may be synthetic or natural (e.g., phytoestrogens) in origin and are used in a wide range of products and materials, from cosmetics and plastics to pesticides and

endocrinology, medical discipline dealing with the role of hormones and other biochemical mediators in regulating bodily functions and with the treatment of imbalances of these hormones. Although some endocrine diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, have been known since antiquity, endocrinology

arthropod: The exoskeleton and molting: …outer exocuticle and an inner endocuticle. In the exocuticle there is cross-bonding of the chitin–protein chains (tanning), which provides additional strength to the skeletal material. The hardness of various parts of the exoskeleton in different arthropods is related to the thickness and degree of tanning of the exocuticle. In crustaceans,…

horizontal gene transfer: … bacteria to the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is suspected to have facilitated the latter organism’s adaptation to its animal hosts. Likewise, the exchange of a gene from a human cell to the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae—a transfer that appears to have occurred relatively recently in the bacterium’s evolution—may have enabled the…

endoderm: …used to refer to the gastrodermis, the simple tissue that lines the digestive cavity of cnidarians and ctenophores. Compare ectoderm; mesoderm.

endoderm, the innermost of the three germ layers, or masses of cells (lying within ectoderm and mesoderm), which appears early in the development of an animal embryo. The endoderm subsequently gives rise to the epithelium (tissue that covers, or lines, a structure) of the pharynx, including the

cortex: …a cell layer called the endodermis. The cell walls of the endodermis possess a woody and corky band, called the casparian strip, around all the cell walls except those facing toward the axis and the surface of the root or stem. The endodermis with its casparian strips may function in…

endodontics, in dentistry, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases of the dental pulp and the surrounding tissues. (The dental pulp is soft tissue in the centre of the tooth; it contains the nerve, blood and lymphatic vessels, and connective tissue.) The practice of endodontics is

gastropod: Classification: …mainly in Southern Hemisphere (Endodontidae); slugs (Arionidae and Philomycidae) in the Northern Hemisphere. Superfamily Limacacea Marginal teeth of radula with narrow, lengthened basal plates, usually unicuspid; zonitid snails with smooth shells and many sluglike species, common in wet, tropical areas and in temperate regions; about 12 families,

chemical reaction: Energy considerations: The opposite of endothermic is exothermic; in an exothermic reaction, energy as heat is evolved. The more general terms exoergic (energy evolved) and endoergic (energy required) are used when forms of energy other than heat are involved.

endogamy, custom enjoining one to marry within one’s own group. The penalties for transgressing endogamous restrictions have varied greatly among cultures and have ranged from death to mild disapproval. When marriage to an outside group is mandated, it is referred to as exogamy. Endogamy has been

gold processing: Ores: …at the Earth’s surface) and endogenetic (formed within the Earth). The best-known of the exogenetic ores is alluvial gold. Alluvial gold refers to gold found in riverbeds, streambeds, and floodplains. It is invariably elemental gold and usually made up of very fine particles. Alluvial gold deposits are formed through the…

gold processing: Ores: …at the Earth’s surface) and endogenetic (formed within the Earth). The best-known of the exogenetic ores is alluvial gold. Alluvial gold refers to gold found in riverbeds, streambeds, and floodplains. It is invariably elemental gold and usually made up of very fine particles. Alluvial gold deposits are formed through the…

economics: Growth and development: …the 1990s was labeled “endogenous growth theory” because it attempted to explain technical change as the result of profit-motivated research and development (R&D) expenditure by private firms. This was driven by competition along the lines of what Schumpeter called product innovations (as distinct from process innovations). In contrast to…

psychosis: …into two categories: organic and functional. Organic psychoses are characterized by abnormal brain function that is caused by a known physical abnormality, which in most cases is some organic disease of the brain. However, altered brain function that precipitates hallucinations and delusions is more often associated with specific psychiatric disorders,…

retrovirus: So-called endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are persistent features of the genomes of many animals. ERVs consist of the genetic material of extinct, or “fossil,” viruses, the genomic constitution of which is similar to that of extant retroviruses. Human ERVs (HERVs) have become distributed within human DNA over…

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Endogonales Saprotrophic or mycorrhizal; filamentous; coenocytic mycelium; underground sporocarp; example genera include Endogone, Peridiospora, Sclerogone, and Youngiomyces. Order Mortierellales Parasitic or saprotrophic; fine mycelium, branched (arachnoid); sporangia with 1 or many spores; may form chlamydospores

human ear: Transmission of sound waves in the cochlea: …motion is transmitted to the endolymph inside the cochlear duct. As a result the basilar membrane vibrates, which causes the organ of Corti to move against the tectoral membrane, stimulating generation of nerve impulses to the brain.

sound reception: Sound reception in vertebrates— auditory mechanisms of fishes and amphibians: … and the saccule is the endolymphatic duct, which ends in an endolymphatic sac; this structure probably regulates fluid pressures in the labyrinth and aids in the disposal of waste materials.

Ménière disease, recurrent and generally progressive group of symptoms that include loss of hearing, ringing in the ears, dizziness, and a sense of fullness or pressure in the ears. Ménière disease can affect one or both ears. The disease causes episodic attacks that seldom last longer than 24

endometriosis: …has shown promise involves endometrial biopsy, in which tissue samples are investigated for the presence of abnormal nerve fibres. Clinical trials have indicated that this approach may be useful in the early detection of endometriosis.

uterine cancer, a disease characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in the uterus. Cancers affecting the lining of the uterus (endometrium) are the most common cancers of the female reproductive tract. Other uterine cancers, called uterine sarcomas, develop from underlying muscle or connective

endometriosis, disorder of the female reproductive system characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue (uterine lining) in an abnormal location. Rather than flowing out of the uterus by way of the vagina (during menstruation), some fragments of the endometrium may leave via the fallopian tubes

endometritis, inflammation of the endometrium, the mucous lining of the uterus. Endometritis is most commonly caused by infection with bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, or Streptococcus. It may also be caused by sexually transmitted

human reproductive system: Uterine structure: …is the mucous membrane, or endometrium. It lines the uterine cavity as far as the isthmus of the uterus, where it becomes continuous with the lining of the cervical canal. The endometrium contains numerous uterine glands that open into the uterine cavity and are embedded in the cellular framework or…

fern: Hybridization: …doubling of chromosomes occurs by endomitosis. In these doubled sporangia there are therefore only 8 spore mother cells rather than the usual 16, and they undergo meiosis, producing viable diploid spores. Apogamous ferns are known in a number of genera of higher ferns in various families, including Adiantum, Asplenium, Cheilanthes,…

endomorph, a human somatotype (physical type) tending toward roundness, as determined by the now discredited physique-classification system developed in the 1940s by American psychologist W.H. Sheldon. Sheldon linked endomorphy to certain character traits, including being extroverted, tolerant,

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Endomychidae (handsome fungus beetles) Shiny, usually brightly coloured; feed on fungi (mold); about 600 species; mostly in tropical forests; examples Endomychus, Mycetaea. Family Erotylidae (pleasing fungus beetles) Shiny; found with fungi; more than 3,500 species; many in South America.

murrelet: Most southerly is Xantus’s murrelet (Endomychura hypoleucus), which nests on the hot coast of Baja California and (like some gulls of the region) travels north in winter.

conifer: Roots: …species have vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae, called endomycorrhizae because the fungal hyphae actually penetrate the cells of the roots. All of the Pinaceae, and only the Pinaceae, have the other kind of root symbiosis, called ectomycorrhizal because the fungi sheath the rootlets and hyphae pass between the outer root cells without penetrating…

meat processing: Skeletal muscle structure: …connective tissue sheath called the endomysium. Each of the connective tissue sheaths found throughout skeletal muscle is composed of collagen, a structural protein that provides strength and support to the muscles.

nucleic acid: Nucleases: Endonucleases cleave in the middle of chains, while exonucleases operate selectively by degrading from the end of the chain. Nucleases that act on both single- and double-stranded DNA are known.

Plasmodiophoromycota, phylum of endoparasitic slime molds in the kingdom Chromista. Some scientists assign Plasmodiophoromycota to the kingdom Protista; the taxonomy of the group, however, remains contentious. Several species are economically significant plant pathogens, including Plasmodiophora

braconid wasp: Natural history and parasitism: Braconid larvae are either endoparasitic, living within their hosts, or ectoparasitic, living on their hosts. Endoparasitic adult females lay an egg or eggs in the larvae or eggs of the host (braconid wasps do not typically exploit adult hosts). Many species are egg-larval parasitoids, meaning the wasp eggs are…

proteolytic enzyme: …ends of proteins, and the endopeptidases, which target sites within proteins. Endopeptidases employ various catalytic mechanisms; within this group are the aspartic endopeptidases, cysteine endopeptidases, glutamic endopeptidases, metalloendopeptidases, serine endopeptidases, and threonine endopeptidases. The term oligopeptidase is reserved for those enzymes that act specifically on peptides.

locomotion: Pseudopodial locomotion: …enclosing an inner mass, or endoplasm, of sol (a fluid containing suspended particles; i.e., a colloid). As a pseudopodium, part of the ectoplasmic gel is converted to sol, whereupon endoplasm begins flowing toward this area, the cell wall expands, and the pseudopodium is extended forward. When the endoplasm, which continues…

endoplasmic reticulum (ER), in biology, a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiple functions, being important particularly in the synthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins . All eukaryotic cells

insect: Annotated classification: Superorder Endopterygota (Holometabola) Metamorphosis complex, accompanied by a pupal instar; immature stages differ from adult in structure and habits; wings develop internally during larval stages. Order Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies)

magnetic resonance: Combined electron-spin and nuclear magnetic resonances: …is known as ENDOR (electron-nuclear double resonance), whereas driving an ESR to increase a nuclear magnetization, observed by NMR, is called DNP (dynamic nuclear polarization).

Witch of Endor, in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament; 1 Samuel 28:3–25), a female sorcerer who was visited by Saul, the first king of Israel. Although Saul had banished all sorcerers and conjurers from his kingdom, his concern about the final outcome of Israel’s battle against the Philistines caused

inland water ecosystem: The origin of inland waters: Endorheic regions are considered closed systems because, rather than draining to the sea, surface waters drain to inland termini whence they evaporate or seep away. Typically, the termini are permanent or temporary lakes that become saline as evaporation concentrates dissolved salts that either have been…

endorphin, any of a group of opiate proteins with pain-relieving properties that are found naturally in the brain. The main substances identified as endorphins include the enkephalins, beta-endorphin, and dynorphin, which were discovered in the 1970s by Roger Guillemin and other researchers.

cancer: Diagnostic procedures: …the physician can use an endoscope to inspect the internal cavities and hollow viscera. An endoscope is a flexible optical instrument that makes it possible not only to observe the appearance of the internal linings but also to perform a biopsy, a procedure used to procure a tissue sample from…

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatoscopy, medical procedure in which a flexible fibre-optic scope is used to examine the bile duct and pancreatic ducts for the presence of gallstones, tumours, or inflammation. In this procedure an endoscope is passed through the stomach into the duodenum to

ultrasonics: Therapy and surgery: …of kidney stones, known as endoscopic ultrasonic disintegration, uses a small metal rod inserted through the skin to deliver ultrasound in the 22- to 30-kilohertz frequency region.

endoscopy, medical examination of the interior of the body, usually through a natural body opening, by the insertion of a flexible, lighted optical shaft or open tube. Instruments used include the endoscope, a flexible tube for examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, and the

virus: The cycle of infection: …coated vesicle fuses with cytoplasmic endosomes (membrane-enclosed vesicles) and then with cell organelles called lysosomes, which are membrane-enclosed vesicles containing enzymes. In an acidic environment, the membrane of an enveloped virus fuses with the endosome membrane, and the viral nucleocapsid is released into the cytoplasm. Nonenveloped viruses presumably undergo a…

endosperm, tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the seeds of angiosperms (flowering plants). In some seeds the endosperm is completely absorbed at maturity (e.g., pea and bean), and the fleshy food-storing cotyledons nourish the embryo as it germinates. In others, some of the endosperm

Ferdinand Cohn: …and germination of spores (called endospores) in certain bacteria, particularly in Bacillus subtilis. He was also the first to note endospores’ resistance to high temperatures, and by his observations he was able to refute contemporary experiments that seemed to lend support to the theory of spontaneous generation. Cohn explained the…

arachnid: Support, skeleton, and exoskeleton: …hard internal structure called the endosternite, which anchors muscles.

amphioxus: The endostyle corresponds to the thyroid in vertebrates, since it seems to produce iodinated, tyrosine molecules, which may function as regulatory substances, much like hormones, in amphioxi.

therapeutics: Minimally invasive surgery: Traditional open surgical techniques are being replaced by new technology in which a small incision is made and a rigid or flexible endoscope is inserted, enabling internal video imaging. Endoscopic procedures (endoscopy) are commonly performed on nasal sinuses, intervertebral disks, fallopian tubes,…

algae: Distribution and abundance: …general sense these are called endosymbionts. Specifically, endozoic endosymbionts live in protozoa or animals such as shelled gastropods, whereas endophytic endosymbionts live in fungi, plants, or other algae.

cell: The endosymbiont hypothesis: Mitochondria and chloroplasts are self-dividing; they contain their own DNA and protein-synthesizing machinery, similar to that of prokaryotes. Chloroplasts produce ATP and trap photons by mechanisms that are complex and yet similar to those of certain prokaryotes. These phenomena have led to the…

algae: Distribution and abundance: …general sense these are called endosymbionts. Specifically, endozoic endosymbionts live in protozoa or animals such as shelled gastropods, whereas endophytic endosymbionts live in fungi, plants, or other algae.

arteriosclerosis: …of a blood vessel (the endothelium of the intimal layer) becomes injured. Some factors that cause mechanical damage to the endothelium are high cholesterol and triglycerides (a type of lipid, or fat), high blood pressure, and tobacco smoke. People who have an abnormally large amount of cholesterol or other lipids…

Robert F. Furchgott: The molecule, which he named endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), signals smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls to relax, dilating the vessels. Furchgott’s work would eventually be linked with research done by Murad in 1977, which showed that nitroglycerin and several related heart drugs induce the formation of nitric oxide,…

endotherm, so-called warm-blooded animals; that is, those that maintain a constant body temperature independent of the environment. The endotherms primarily include the birds and mammals; however, some fish are also endothermic. If heat loss exceeds heat generation, metabolism increases to make up

chemical reaction: Energy considerations: The opposite of endothermic is exothermic; in an exothermic reaction, energy as heat is evolved. The more general terms exoergic (energy evolved) and endoergic (energy required) are used when forms of energy other than heat are involved.

liquid: Endothermic and exothermic solutions: When two substances mix to form a solution, heat is either evolved (an exothermic process) or absorbed (an endothermic process); only in the special case of an ideal solution do substances mix without any heat effect. Most simple molecules mix with…

Ascomycota: chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), and apple scab (Venturia inequalis).

Endothyra, extinct genus of Foraminifera, protozoans with a readily preservable shell; found as fossils in Devonian to Triassic marine rocks (between 416 million and about 200 million years old). Endothyra, characterized by a tightly coiled shell, is sometimes found in very large numbers; it is

endotoxin, toxic substance bound to the bacterial cell wall and released when the bacterium ruptures or disintegrates. Endotoxins consist of lipopolysaccharide and lipoprotein complexes. The protein component determines its foreign (antigenic) nature; the polysaccharide component determines the

conifer: Roots: …species have vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae, called endomycorrhizae because the fungal hyphae actually penetrate the cells of the roots. All of the Pinaceae, and only the Pinaceae, have the other kind of root symbiosis, called ectomycorrhizal because the fungi sheath the rootlets and hyphae pass between the outer root cells without penetrating…

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Institutions and practices: Baptism for the dead, endowment (a rite of adult initiation in which blessings and knowledge are imparted to the initiate), and the sealing of husbands, wives, and children (which may also be undertaken by proxy for the dead) are essential ceremonies that take place in the temple. During the…

heredity: Heredity and environment: A notion that was widespread among pioneer biologists in the 18th century was that the fetus, and hence the adult organism that develops from it, is preformed in the sex cells. Some early microscopists even imagined that they saw…

seed: Agents of dispersal: …carried can be emphasized, distinguishing endozoochory, seeds or diaspores carried within an animal; epizoochory, seeds or diaspores accidentally carried on the outside; and synzoochory, seeds or diaspores intentionally carried, mostly in the mouth, as in birds and ants.

John Updike: Endpoint, and Other Poems, published posthumously in 2009, collects poetry Updike had written between 2002 and a few weeks before he died; it takes his own death as its primary subject. Selected Poems (2015) broadly surveys his poetic career. Higher Gossip, a collection of commentaries,…

Hungary: The early kings: …followed on the throne by Andrew (Endre) I, of a collateral branch of the house of Árpád, who was killed in 1060 while fleeing from a battle lost to his brother, Béla I. After Béla’s death there was a further conflict between his sons, Géza and Ladislas (László), and Andrew’s…

aldrin (C12H8Cl6), one of the several isomers (compounds with the same composition but different structures) of hexachlorohexahydrodimethanonaphthalene, a chlorinated hydrocarbon formerly used as an insecticide. Aldrin was first prepared in the late 1940s and is manufactured by the reaction of

decision making: Satisficing and bounded rationality: …missions through what Simon called ends-means chains. Leaders set the organizational mission, find a set of means for achieving the mission, take each of those means as a subgoal, and then find means for the subgoals and so on, until goals exist for every member of the organization. Leaders thus…

Ernest Shackleton: …Pole, but the expedition ship Endurance was trapped in ice off the Caird coast and drifted for 10 months before being crushed in the pack ice. The members of the expedition then drifted on ice floes for another five months and finally escaped in boats to Elephant Island in the…

persistence hunting, a form of hunting in which a hunter drives prey to exhaustion with a combination of walking and running, usually in a hot environment. A number of instances of persistence hunting have been noted among modern hunter-gatherer groups. Some scholars argue that persistence hunting

persistence hunting: Endurance-running hypothesis and persistence hunting: …an important role in the endurance-running hypothesis, which states that the ability of humans to run long distances is an adaptation that originated approximately two million years ago with the emergence of the genus Homo. The hypothesis was first put forward in a 1984 paper authored by American biologist David…

synthetic biology: BioBricks and xeno-nucleic acids: …synthetic biology was American bioengineer Drew Endy, who founded the nonprofit BioBricks Foundation. Endy was developing a catalogue of information needed to synthesize basic biological parts, or “bricks,” from DNA and other molecules. Other scientists and engineers were able to use this information to build whatever biological products they wanted,…

Benjamin Disraeli: Second administration: …his party leadership and finished Endymion (3 vol., 1880), a mellow, nostalgic political novel viewing his early career. His health failed rapidly, and, a few days after his burial in the family vault at Hughenden, Queen Victoria came to lay a wreath upon the tomb of her favourite prime minister.

Endymion, in Greek mythology, a beautiful youth who spent much of his life in perpetual sleep. Endymion’s parentage varies among the different ancient references and stories, but several traditions say that he was originally the king of Elis. According to one tradition, Zeus offered him anything

John Keats: Early works: …Canterbury and began work on Endymion, his first long poem. On his return to London he moved into lodgings in Hampstead with his brothers. Endymion appeared in 1818. This work is divided into four 1,000-line sections, and its verse is composed in loose rhymed couplets. The poem narrates a version…

bluebell: …clusters of English bluebell, or wild hyacinth (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), and Spanish bluebell (H. hispanica) are borne on plants about 30 cm (1 foot) tall. Both species are cultivated as garden ornamentals.

Pierre-Narcisse, Baron Guérin: …for colour and atmosphere, is Enée racontant à Didon les malheurs de la ville de Troie (1817). He was director of the Académie de France in Rome from 1822 to 1828.

Ninazu: …deity, the city god of Enegir, which was located on the Euphrates River between Larsa and Ur in the southern orchard region. Ninazu was also the city god of Eshnunna (modern Tall al-Asmar in eastern Iraq). Ninazu, whose name means “Water Knower,” was primarily an underworld deity, although the exact…

Heinrich von Veldeke: …of Thuringia, Heinrich completed the Eneit, modeled on the French Roman d’Eneas rather than directly on Virgil’s Aeneid. Eneit was written not in Heinrich’s native Flemish but in the Franconian literary language of such works as Eilhart von Oberg’s Tristrant und Isalde. Following its French example, Eneit greatly expands the…

Heinrich von Veldeke: …of Thuringia, Heinrich completed the Eneit, modeled on the French Roman d’Eneas rather than directly on Virgil’s Aeneid. Eneit was written not in Heinrich’s native Flemish but in the Franconian literary language of such works as Eilhart von Oberg’s Tristrant und Isalde. Following its French example, Eneit greatly expands the…

Endesa: …and the Italian energy company Enel. Two years later Enel purchased Acciona’s stake, thereby taking full control of Endesa.

enema, procedure in which water or other fluids are injected via the rectum into the lower intestine. Enemas stimulate defecation and thus are most commonly used to treat occasional constipation. They also may be used to cleanse the colon, to assist in the diagnosis of certain conditions, or to

Paul Mazursky: Films of the 1980s: Mazursky next made Enemies, A Love Story (1989), an adaptation of Isaac Bashevis Singer’s novel about a Holocaust survivor (Ron Silver) who is living in New York City with his wife (Margaret Sophie Stein) while also having an affair with a married woman (Lena Olin). The situation becomes…

José Lezama Lima: Enemigo rumor (1941; “Hostile Murmurs,” or “Enemy Rumour”) reveals, in addition to aesthetic preoccupations about the essence of poetry, the poet’s belief that the act of creation is laden with religious and metaphysical possibilities. In Aventuras sigilosas (1945; “Surreptitious Adventures”), he recreates incidents of his…

Robin Maugham: …is about homosexuals: a play, Enemy (1970), which brings a British and a German soldier into confrontation alone in the desert, charts their doomed friendship; and The Last Encounter (1972), which portrays Charles George (“Chinese”) Gordon of Khartoum as a man as unsure of his destiny as of his sexual…

Johnson v. Eisentrager: …ruled in 1950 that nonresident enemy aliens do not have the legal right to petition U.S. courts for writs of habeas corpus—a prisoner’s petition requesting that the court determine the legality of his or her incarceration. This landmark Supreme Court case was reexamined in 2008 in light of the detention…

enemy combatant, extraordinary legal status developed by the administration of Pres. George W. Bush (2001–09) that permitted U.S. military authorities to detain indefinitely and without charge individuals so designated and to deny them other rights and protections afforded under the international

Oliver La Farge: …set in Central America, while The Enemy Gods (1937) centres on the inability of the Navajo to adapt to white civilization. Long Pennant (1933) and The Copper Pot (1942) have New Englanders as their main characters. La Farge’s short stories were collected in All the Young Men (1935) and A…

Steve McQueen: …of Henrik Ibsen’s stage play An Enemy of the People (1977), a drama about a scientist’s efforts to expose his community’s polluted water system. The film was decidedly a labour of love for the actor, but it was poorly received and barely released theatrically. In 1980 McQueen twice played a…

An Enemy of the People, five-act drama by Henrik Ibsen, published in 1882 as En folkefiende and performed in 1883. An Enemy of the People concerns the actions of Doctor Thomas Stockmann, a medical officer charged with inspecting the public baths on which the prosperity of his native town depends.

English literature: Anglo-American Modernism: Pound, Lewis, Lawrence, and Eliot: His experimental play Enemy of the Stars, published in Blast in 1914, and his experimental novel Tarr (1918) can still surprise with their violent exuberance.