Gene Hackman: …films include Get Shorty (1995), Enemy of the State (1998), The Royal Tenenbaums (2001), Runaway Jury (2003), and Welcome to Mooseport (2004).

Copper Age, early phase of the Bronze Age

R. Buckminster Fuller: Life: …geometry that he called “Energetic-Synergetic geometry.” The basic unit of this system is the tetrahedron (a pyramid shape with four sides, including the base), which, in combination with octahedrons (eight-sided shapes), forms the most economic space-filling structures. The architectural consequence of the use of this geometry by Fuller was…

Wilhelm Ostwald: Other notable activities of Wilhelm Ostwald: …world that he named “energetics.” Second, he asserted a form of positivism in the sense of rejecting theoretical concepts that are not strictly founded on empirical grounds. Although energetics found few adherents, the latter position found many contemporary proponents, such as the physicist-philosophers Ernst Mach in Austria and Pierre…

Energia, Russian aerospace company that is a major producer of spacecraft, launch vehicles, rocket stages, and missiles. It built the world’s first intercontinental ballistic missile and the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, and pioneered the development and operation of Soviet space stations

Energia, Soviet heavy-lift launch vehicle. In 1976 approval was given for development of Energia (named for the design bureau that developed it) and its primary mission, the space shuttle Buran. Energia could lift 100,000 kg (220,000 pounds) to low Earth orbit, slightly more than the American

reproduction: Multiple fission: …metabolism, which he called an energid. Cell reproduction, therefore, might be considered a special case of energid reproduction.

energy, in physics, the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms. There are, moreover, heat and work—i.e., energy in the process of transfer from one body to another. After it has been transferred, energy is always

band theory, in solid-state physics, theoretical model describing the states of electrons, in solid materials, that can have values of energy only within certain specific ranges. The behaviour of an electron in a solid (and hence its energy) is related to the behaviour of all other particles around

climate: The biosphere and Earth’s energy budget: Biogenic gases in the atmosphere play a role in the dynamics of Earth’s planetary radiation budget, the thermodynamics of the planet’s moist atmosphere, and, indirectly, the mechanics of the fluid flows that are Earth’s planetary wind systems. In addition, human cultural and economic…

cogeneration, in power systems, use of steam for both power generation and heating. High-temperature, high-pressure steam from a boiler and superheater first passes through a turbine to produce power (see steam engine). It then exhausts at a temperature and pressure suitable for heating purposes,

solar cell: …based on the world’s projected energy consumption by 2030 suggest that global energy demands would be fulfilled by solar panels operating at 20 percent efficiency and covering only about 496,805 square km (191,817 square miles) of Earth’s surface. The material requirements would be enormous but feasible, as silicon is the…

energy conversion, the transformation of energy from forms provided by nature to forms that can be used by humans. Over the centuries a wide array of devices and systems has been developed for this purpose. Some of these energy converters are quite simple. The early windmills, for example,

magnetism: Magnetization effects in matter: The energy density in a magnetic field is given in the absence of matter by 12B2/μ0; it is measured in units of joules per cubic metre. The total magnetic energy can be obtained by integrating the energy density over all space. The direction of the magnetic…

energy drink, any beverage that contains high levels of a stimulant ingredient, usually caffeine, as well as sugar and often supplements, such as vitamins or carnitine, and that is promoted as a product capable of enhancing mental alertness and physical performance. Energy drinks are distinguished

biosphere: The flow of energy: Life on Earth depends on the harnessing of solar energy by the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic plants convert solar energy into the chemical energy of living tissue, and that stored chemical energy flows into herbivores, predators, parasites,

band gap, in solid-state physics, a range of energy levels within a given crystal that are impossible for an electron to possess. Generally, a material will have several band gaps throughout its band structure (the continuum of allowed and forbidden electron energy levels), with large band gaps

biofuel: Economic and environmental considerations: In the United States the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 mandated the use of 136 billion litres (36 billion gallons) of biofuels annually by 2022, more than a sixfold increase over 2006 production levels. The legislation also requires, with certain stipulations, that 79 billion litres (21 billion gallons)…

nuclear power: World nuclear power: The Energy Information Administration (EIA), a statistical arm of the U.S. Department of Energy, has projected that world electricity generation between 2005 and 2035 will roughly double (from more than 15,000 terawatt-hours to 35,000 terawatt-hours) and that generation from all energy sources except petroleum will continue…

military intelligence: Energy: Energy intelligence specifically addresses the location and size of foreign energy resources; how these resources are used and allocated; foreign governments’ energy policies, plans, and programs; new or improved foreign energy technologies; and the economic and security aspects of foreign energy supply, demand, production, distribution,…

energy level, in physics, any discrete value from a set of values of total energy for a subatomic particle confined by a force to a limited space or for a system of such particles, such as an atom or a nucleus. A particular hydrogen atom, for example, may exist in any of several configurations,

energy level, in physics, any discrete value from a set of values of total energy for a subatomic particle confined by a force to a limited space or for a system of such particles, such as an atom or a nucleus. A particular hydrogen atom, for example, may exist in any of several configurations,

microgeneration: Net metering: …United States, under the 2005 Energy Policy Act, all public electric utilities are required to make net metering available to customers on request. The process of net metering credits the bills of nonutility net energy producers when they add electricity to the grid, which reduces the amount they pay for…

trophic pyramid, the basic structure of interaction in all biological communities characterized by the manner in which food energy is passed from one trophic level to the next along the food chain. The base of the pyramid is composed of species called autotrophs, the primary producers of the

Atomic Energy Commission: government under the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 disbanded the AEC and divided its functions between two new agencies: the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (q.v.), which regulates the nuclear-power industry; and the Energy Research and Development Administration, which was disbanded in 1977 when the Department of Energy was created.

radiation measurement: Scintillators: One consequence is that the energy resolution of scintillators is rather poor owing to the statistical fluctuations in the number of carriers actually obtained. For example, the best energy resolution from a scintillator for 0.662 MeV gamma rays (a common standard) is about 5 to 6 percent. By comparison, the…

Energy powers our world, but the energy sector itself is one of the smaller of the 11 Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) sectors in the stock market. It’s smaller because of its narrow focus on the traditional fossil fuel energy industry—you won’t find any alternative energy stocks in

geology: Oil and natural gas: …yet make them attractive alternative energy resources.

Environmental Protection Agency: …Policy Act (1982) and the Energy Star program (1992); the latter was implemented to rate the usage costs and energy efficiency of household appliances and other electronic devices. This period also saw the development of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), which allowed local communities to know the…

biosphere: The flow of energy: Life on Earth depends on the harnessing of solar energy by the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic plants convert solar energy into the chemical energy of living tissue, and that stored chemical energy flows into herbivores, predators, parasites,

energy transfer, the change of energy from one form to another. According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy can be neither created nor destroyed; in other words, the total energy of the universe remains constant. For example, when a block slides down a slope, the potential energy of the

conservation of energy, principle of physics according to which the energy of interacting bodies or particles in a closed system remains constant. The first kind of energy to be recognized was kinetic energy, or energy of motion. In certain particle collisions, called elastic, the sum of the

radiation measurement: Modes of operation: …a certain amount of charge Q as a result of depositing its energy in the detector material. For example, in a gas, Q represents the total positive charge carried by the many positive ions that are produced along the track of the particle. (An equal charge of opposite sign is…

equipartition of energy, law of statistical mechanics stating that in a system in thermal equilibrium, on the average, an equal amount of energy will be associated with each degree of freedom. (A particle moving through space has three degrees of freedom because three coordinates are needed to

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), executive division of the U.S. federal government responsible for administering national energy policy. Established in 1977, it promotes energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy. Its national security programs serve to develop and oversee nuclear-energy

automobile: Safety systems: Interior-impact energy-absorbing devices augment restraint systems by absorbing energy from the occupant while minimizing injuries. The energy-absorbing steering column, introduced in 1967, is a good example of such a device. Instrument panels, windshield glass, and other surfaces that may be struck by an unrestrained occupant may…

George Enesco was a Romanian violinist and composer, known for his interpretations of Bach and his eclectic compositions. At age seven Enesco went to the Vienna Conservatory, where he studied violin. In 1894 he became acquainted with Johannes Brahms, whose formal symphonic developments he later

George Enesco was a Romanian violinist and composer, known for his interpretations of Bach and his eclectic compositions. At age seven Enesco went to the Vienna Conservatory, where he studied violin. In 1894 he became acquainted with Johannes Brahms, whose formal symphonic developments he later

Enets, an indigenous Arctic people who traditionally resided on the east bank of the lower Yenisey River of Russia. They numbered about 300 in the Russian census of 2002. The Enets live in the Arctic tundra, a region of permafrost, and are divided into two major groups, the so-called Tundra Enets

Enets, an indigenous Arctic people who traditionally resided on the east bank of the lower Yenisey River of Russia. They numbered about 300 in the Russian census of 2002. The Enets live in the Arctic tundra, a region of permafrost, and are divided into two major groups, the so-called Tundra Enets

Samoyedic languages: …subgroup consists of Nenets (Yurak), Enets (Yenisey), and Nganasan (Tavgi). The South Samoyedic subgroup comprises Selkup and the practically extinct Kamas language. None of these languages was written before 1930, and they are currently used only occasionally for educational purposes in some elementary schools.

Enewetak, atoll, northwestern end of the Ralik chain, Republic of the Marshall Islands, in the western Pacific Ocean. Circular in shape (50 miles [80 km] in circumference), it comprises 40 islets around a lagoon 23 miles (37 km) in diameter. During World War II it was captured from the Japanese by

Ukraine: Literature: In his work Eneyida (1798), he transformed the heroes of Virgil’s Aeneid into Ukrainian Cossacks. Classicist prose appeared only with Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko’s novel Marusya (1834).

Belle-Île-en-Mer, island off the south coast of Brittany, western France, 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Presqu’Île de Quiberon and administratively part of Morbihan département, Bretagne région. As an outpost of the mainland ports of Saint-Nazaire and Lorient, a citadel on the island was

oratorio: Oratorio after 1750: …oratorio of major importance is L’Enfance du Christ (1854) by Hector Berlioz, a series of theatrical tableaus.

Tahar Ben Jelloun: …until L’Enfant de sable (1985; The Sand Child), an imaginative, richly drawn novel that critiques gender roles in Arab society through the tale of a girl raised as a boy, that Ben Jelloun was accorded widespread praise and recognition. Its sequel, La Nuit sacrée (1987; The Sacred Night), won France’s…

French literature: Romanticism: …terms mal du siècle and enfant du siècle (literally “child of the century”) capture their distress. Alfred de Musset took the latter phrase for his autobiography, La Confession d’un enfant du siècle (1836; The Confession of a Child of the Century). Most French Romantics, whether they adopted a liberal or…

Maurice Ravel: …of his best known opera, L’Enfant et les sortilèges. The latter work gave Ravel an opportunity of doing ingenious and amusing things with the animals and inanimate objects that come to life in this tale of bewitchment and magic in which a naughty child is involved. His only other operatic…

Camara Laye: …autobiographical novel L’Enfant noir (1953; The Dark Child) recreates nostalgically his childhood days in Guinea in a flowing, poetic prose. The life he depicts in a traditional African town is an idyllic one in which human values are paramount and the inevitable alienation from the land that accompanies Western technology…

Dardenne brothers: In 2005, with L’Enfant (The Child), the brothers for the second time in six years won the Palme d’Or. Only filmmakers Emir Kusturica and Imamura Shohei had previously won twice. L’Enfant explores life in a poverty-stricken, gritty, industrial region of French-speaking southern Belgium. Its protagonist, Bruno, is a 20-year-old…

Pierre Charles L’Enfant was a French-born American engineer, architect, and urban designer who designed the basic plan for Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States. L’Enfant studied art under his father at the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture from 1771 until he enlisted in

Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin was an eccentric French social, political, and economic theorist who was a leading member of the St. Simonian movement. After studies at the École Polytechnique, Enfantin traveled widely and frequented secret societies in Paris. When introduced to the social reformer

Philibert Berthelier: …a league of patriots, the Enfants de Genève, to resist the Bishop’s encroachments on citizen’s rights. Further opposition to the Bishop and his Savoyard connection led to Berthelier’s arraignment on a charge of lèse-majesté (March 16, 1518); and, although acquitted by the citizens’ committees (syndics), he was nonetheless summarily arrested…

Assia Djebar: …Enfants du nouveau monde (1962; Children of the New World) and its sequel, Les Alouettes naïves (1967; “The Naive Larks”), chronicle the growth of Algerian feminism and describe the contributions of Algerian women to the war for independence (1954–62) from France. Djebar collaborated with Walid Garn, then her husband, on…

Marcel Carné: Les Enfants du paradis (1945; Children of Paradise), a fictionalized portrait of the mime Jean-Gaspard Deburau, paints a rich and powerfully evocative picture of 19th-century French theatrical society and is regarded as Carné’s masterpiece.

Anne Hébert: Les Enfants du sabbat (1975; Children of the Black Sabbath), which won Hébert a second Governor General’s Award, is a tale of witchcraft and sorcery. The supernatural was a theme to which she would return. In Héloïse (1980; Eng. trans. Heloise), for example, the protagonist is a vampire. In Les…

Enfants sans Souci, (French: Carefree Children), one of the largest of the sociétés joyeuses of medieval France, an association of the merchants, craftsmen, and students of Paris, founded for the purpose of staging theatrical entertainments and other amusements. Such societies are thought to be

Jean Cocteau: Influence of Radiguet: The novel Les Enfants terribles, written in the space of three weeks in March 1929, is the study of the inviolability of the character of two adolescents, the brother and sister Paul and Elisabeth. In 1950 Cocteau prepared the screenplay for a film of this work, and…

feoffment, in English law, the granting of a free inheritance of land (fee simple) to a man and his heirs. The delivery of possession (livery of seisin) was done on the site of the land and was made by the feoffor to the feoffee in the presence of witnesses. Written conveyances were often customary

French literature: Poetry: …his allegorical satire on justice, L’Enfer (“Hell”), in 1526 after his brief imprisonment on charges of violating Lenten regulations, and he fled into exile in 1534 to avoid persecution after the Affaire des Placards (in which placards attacking the Mass appeared in several cities and on the king’s bedchamber door).…

Enfield, outer borough of London, England, on the northern perimeter of the metropolis. It is in the historic county of Middlesex. The eastern part of the borough lies in the valley of the River Lea. The western part is higher and includes the undulating farmland and parkland of Enfield Chase in

Enfield, town (township), Hartford county, northern Connecticut, U.S., on the Connecticut River at the Massachusetts border. It includes the industrial subdivisions of Thompsonville and Hazardville. The area was settled by a group from Salem, Massachusetts, in 1680 and was named for Enfield,

Windsor Locks, urban town (township), Hartford county, north-central Connecticut, U.S., on the Connecticut River. Originally settled as part of Windsor in 1663, it was known as Pine Meadow and Enfield Falls (for the rapids on its east side). Commercial development began after 1829 with the

Enfield: …Arms Factory that produced the Enfield series of rifles closed in 1988. The borough is well connected to central London by suburban rail lines and the London Underground (subway).

essential oil: Methods of production: …extraction with cold fat (enfleurage) or hot fat (maceration) is chiefly of historical importance.

Frank Nitti was an American gangster in Chicago who was Al Capone’s chief enforcer and inherited Capone’s criminal empire when Capone went to prison in 1931. Starting as a barber, Nitti became a fence for stolen goods and about 1920 joined Capone’s gang. He was sent to prison for 18 months after

John Stuart Mill: Public life and writing of John Stuart Mill: …the essay on the “Enfranchisement of Women” (Dissertations, vol. 2). Nevertheless, Mill’s relations with her have always been something of a puzzle.

Enga, province, west-central Papua New Guinea, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It was separated from the Western Highlands district in 1973 and created as a province in 1978. Located north and east of the Southern Highlands province, Enga comprises the western half of the central plateaus. It is

Papuan languages: The complexity of the language group: …most commonly spoken Papuan language, Enga, has some 165,000 speakers, many Papuan languages have fewer than 100 speakers and some fewer than 50.

Engadin, Swiss portion of the upper Inn (Romansh En) River valley, in Graubünden canton, extending about 60 mi (100 km) from the Inn’s source near the Maloja Pass (5,955 ft [1,815 m]) northeast to Finstermünz (3,621 ft), near the Austrian border. It is bounded on the south by the Bernina Alps and

Engadin, Swiss portion of the upper Inn (Romansh En) River valley, in Graubünden canton, extending about 60 mi (100 km) from the Inn’s source near the Maloja Pass (5,955 ft [1,815 m]) northeast to Finstermünz (3,621 ft), near the Austrian border. It is bounded on the south by the Bernina Alps and

Engadin, Swiss portion of the upper Inn (Romansh En) River valley, in Graubünden canton, extending about 60 mi (100 km) from the Inn’s source near the Maloja Pass (5,955 ft [1,815 m]) northeast to Finstermünz (3,621 ft), near the Austrian border. It is bounded on the south by the Bernina Alps and

Rhaetian dialects: Other Rhaetian dialects are Engadine, Ladin, and Friulian.

Buddhism: Trends since the 19th century: …been the development of so-called Engaged Buddhism. Those who identify with this cause include Asian Buddhists, such as the Vietnamese-born monk and writer Thich Nhat Hanh, and Western converts who have developed understandings of Buddhist teachings and practice that focus on the implementation of progressive social, political, and economic activity.…

Western architecture: The Archaic period (c. 750–500 bce): …not freestanding but were half-columns engaged against (that is, partially attached to) a continuous solid wall. An earlier Sicilian variant of this use of the plastically molded wall mass with the orders applied decoratively can be seen in the columnar curtain walls of Temple F at Selinus, begun about 560…

betrothal, promise that a marriage will take place. In societies in which premarital sexual relations are condoned or in which consensual union is common, betrothal may be unimportant. In other societies, however, betrothal is a formal part of the marriage process. In such cases a change of

John Maitland, duke of Lauderdale: …secret agreement, known as the Engagement, by which Charles promised to impose Presbyterianism on England in exchange for aid against the rebels. Maitland helped the Scottish Engagers mount their ill-fated invasion of England in 1648, and in 1651 he was captured while fighting with Charles II (the late Charles I’s…

ring: …custom of betrothal rings, or engagement rings, symbolizing a promise of marriage to a member of the opposite sex.

Enggano Island, island in the Indian Ocean, off the southwestern coast of Sumatra, Bengkulu provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. Enggano lies about 110 miles (177 km) south of Bengkulu city. It is about 22 miles (35 km) long east-west and 10 miles (16 km) wide north-south and covers an area of 171

eastern Africa: The spread of ironworking and the Bantu migrations: At Engaruka, for example, in that same region of the Rift Valley in northern Tanzania, a major Iron Age site, which was both an important and concentrated agricultural settlement using irrigation, seems to have been occupied for over a thousand years. Significantly, its styles of pottery…

Ernst Engel: …for the “Engel curve,” or Engel’s law, which states that the lower a family’s income, the greater is the proportion of it spent on food. His conclusion was based on a budget study of 153 Belgian families and was later verified by a number of other statistical inquiries into consumer…

Engel v. Vitale, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on June 25, 1962, that voluntary prayer in public schools violated the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment prohibition of a state establishment of religion. New York state’s Board of Regents wrote and authorized a voluntary

Ernst Engel: …for the “Engel curve,” or Engel’s law, which states that the lower a family’s income, the greater is the proportion of it spent on food. His conclusion was based on a budget study of 153 Belgian families and was later verified by a number of other statistical inquiries into consumer…

Helsinki: History: …the German-born architect Carl Ludvig Engel, who designed a number of impressive public buildings in the Neoclassical style during the period 1816–40. These include the state council building, the main building of Helsinki University, and the Lutheran cathedral, known as the Great Church, completed in 1852. All of these structures…

Ernst Engel was a German statistician remembered for the “Engel curve,” or Engel’s law, which states that the lower a family’s income, the greater is the proportion of it spent on food. His conclusion was based on a budget study of 153 Belgian families and was later verified by a number of other

theatre music: Stage musicals: Lehman Engel, a leading conductor of stage musicals in the United States, has defined five types of song basic to the stage musical: ballad—usually but not exclusively romantic in feeling; rhythm song—varied in emotional character but primarily propelled by a prominent musical beat; comedy song—enhancing…

Douglas Engelbart was an American inventor whose work beginning in the 1950s led to his patent for the computer mouse, the development of the basic graphical user interface (GUI), and groupware. Engelbart won the 1997 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for his “inspiring

Conrad Ferdinand Meyer: The narrative poem Engelberg (1872) was followed by his 11 Novellen, or prose narratives, among which are Das Amulett (1873), Der Heilige (1880; The Saint), Das Leiden eines Knaben (1883), Die Hochzeit des Mönchs (1884; The Monk’s Wedding), Die Versuchung des Pescara (1887), and Angela Borgia (1891). His…

Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson was a Swedish national hero who led a 15th-century rebellion against Erik of Pomerania, king of the united realms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Of German origin, Engelbrektsson was a mine owner of the petty nobility from the Bergslagen area of Sweden. When, in the summer

Sweden: The Kalmar Union: …Sweden, and led to a revolt by Bergslagen peasants and miners in 1434. The rebel leader, Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, formed a coalition with the national council; in 1435 a national meeting in Arboga named Engelbrekt captain of the realm. Erik agreed to change his policies and was again acknowledged as king…

Norway: The 16th and 17th centuries: Olaf Engelbrektsson, the last Norwegian archbishop and head of the council, left Norway in early 1537 for the Netherlands, taking with him the shrine of St. Olaf.

prickly pear: Two of the best-known species, Engelmann prickly pear (O. engelmannii) and the beaver tail cactus (O. basilaris), commonly occur in the southwestern United States.

spruce: Major species: Engelmann spruce (P. engelmannii) of western North America is an important timber source. The blue spruce, or Colorado spruce (P. pungens), has a similar range and is used as an ornamental because of its bluish leaves and symmetrical growth habit. The Norway spruce (P. abies),…

dysplasia: Progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (Engelmann syndrome) is a not-uncommon hereditary (autosomal recessive) disorder that begins in childhood. The shafts of the long bones and the skull vault become thickened; individuals with the disorder may have bone pain, weak muscles, fatigue, and a stiff, waddling gait.

George Engelmann was a U.S. botanist, physician, and meteorologist who is known primarily for his botanical monographs, especially one on the cactus and also A Monography of North American Cuscutinae (1842). Engelmann studied at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin and received his M.D. degree

Engels, city, Saratov oblast (province), western Russia. The city is situated on the left bank of the Volga River, opposite Saratov, to which it is connected by a highway bridge (completed 1965). Founded in 1747 as Pokrovskaya sloboda (military settlement), the city was the capital of the former

Friedrich Engels was a German socialist philosopher, the closest collaborator of Karl Marx in the foundation of modern communism. They coauthored The Communist Manifesto (1848), and Engels edited the second and third volumes of Das Kapital after Marx’s death. (Read Leon Trotsky’s 1926 Britannica

Anglo-Dutch Wars, four 17th- and 18th-century naval conflicts between England and the Dutch Republic. The first three wars, stemming from commercial rivalry, established England’s naval might, and the last, arising from Dutch interference in the American Revolution, spelled the end of the

Sweden: Royalist reaction: …the Francophile Swedish foreign minister, Lars Engeström, managed to persuade the Diet to set aside the Danish alternative and to name Bernadotte as crown prince of Sweden in August 1810.

Enggano Island, island in the Indian Ocean, off the southwestern coast of Sumatra, Bengkulu provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. Enggano lies about 110 miles (177 km) south of Bengkulu city. It is about 22 miles (35 km) long east-west and 10 miles (16 km) wide north-south and covers an area of 171