nuclear power: Proliferation: …nuclear fuel cycle (including uranium enrichment and spent-fuel reprocessing) can also serve as pathways to weapons development. However, the history of nuclear weapons development does not support the notion of a necessary connection between weapons proliferation and commercial nuclear power.

separation and purification: Separations based on equilibria: …coefficients, α (sometimes called the separation factor):in which K1 and K2 are the respective distribution coefficients of components 1 and 2. In the above example, α = 10,000. In many other cases, α can be extremely small, close to unity (α is defined such that it is always unity or…

Emilio Segrè: … (1953), Nuclei and Particles (1964), Enrico Fermi: Physicist (1970), and two books on the history of physics, From X-rays to Quarks: Modern Physicists and Their Discoveries (1980) and From Falling Bodies to Radio Waves (1984). His autobiography, A Mind Always in Motion, was published posthumously, in 1993.

Enrico IV, a tragedy in three acts by Luigi Pirandello, produced and published in 1922; it is sometimes translated as Henry IV. The theme of Enrico IV is madness, which lies just under the skin of ordinary life and is, perhaps, superior to ordinary life in its construction of a satisfying reality.

D.J. Enright was a British poet, novelist, and teacher. After receiving a master’s degree at the University of Cambridge, Enright began a prolonged period of academic wandering, teaching English in Egypt (1947–50), Birmingham, England (1950–53), Japan (1953–56), Berlin (1956–57), Bangkok (1957–59),

D.J. Enright was a British poet, novelist, and teacher. After receiving a master’s degree at the University of Cambridge, Enright began a prolonged period of academic wandering, teaching English in Egypt (1947–50), Birmingham, England (1950–53), Japan (1953–56), Berlin (1956–57), Bangkok (1957–59),

children’s literature: Contemporary times: …(1941–43) and Ginger Pye (1951); Elizabeth Enright, with her Melendy family (1941–44); and Robert McCloskey, with Homer Price (1943)—to name only three unfailingly popular writers. Text-and-picture books for the very young posed an obdurate challenge: to create literature out of absolutely simple materials. That challenge, first successfully met by Beatrix…

Ray Enright was an American film director who made more than 70 films in a variety of genres. Enright was a former editor for Mack Sennett. He directed his first film, a comedy short, Verse or Worse, in 1921. He directed his first feature, the Rin-Tin-Tin adventure Tracked by the Police, in 1927

Henry II was the king of Castile from 1369, founder of the house of Trastámara, which lasted until 1504. The illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile, Henry rebelled against his younger half brother, Peter I (Peter the Cruel), invaded Castile with French aid in 1366, and was crowned king at

Henry II was the king of Castile from 1369, founder of the house of Trastámara, which lasted until 1504. The illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile, Henry rebelled against his younger half brother, Peter I (Peter the Cruel), invaded Castile with French aid in 1366, and was crowned king at

Henry III was the king of Castile from 1390 to 1406. Though unable to take the field because of illness, he jealously preserved royal power through the royal council, the Audiencia (supreme court), and the corregidores (magistrates). During his minority, the anti-Jewish riots of Sevilla (Seville)

Henry II was the king of Castile from 1369, founder of the house of Trastámara, which lasted until 1504. The illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile, Henry rebelled against his younger half brother, Peter I (Peter the Cruel), invaded Castile with French aid in 1366, and was crowned king at

Henry I was the king of Navarre (1270–74) and count (as Henry III) of Champagne. Henry was the youngest son of Theobald I of Navarre by Margaret of Foix. He succeeded his eldest brother, Theobald II (Thibaut V), in both kingdom and countship in December 1270. By his marriage (1269) to Blanche,

Henry IV was the king of Castile from 1454 to 1474, whose reign, though at first promising, became chaotic. Henry’s weak father, John II, was entirely under the control of his constable, Álvaro de Luna, who gave the young Henry a separate court at Segovia, hoping to control him. Instead, Henry

Henry IV was the king of Castile from 1454 to 1474, whose reign, though at first promising, became chaotic. Henry’s weak father, John II, was entirely under the control of his constable, Álvaro de Luna, who gave the young Henry a separate court at Segovia, hoping to control him. Instead, Henry

Admiral carpet: …arms of members of the Enríquez family, hereditary admirals of Castile, and others show the arms of Maria of Castile, queen of Aragon. Other Admiral carpets display merely the diapered ground without shields. The borders are complex, the outermost stripe usually a deformation of Kūfic script interspersed with tiny stylized…

Dominican Republic: Relief, drainage, and soils: …and partly inland, to saline Lake Enriquillo. Enriquillo is the country’s largest natural lake, about 23 miles (37 km) long and up to 11 miles (18 km) wide; the lake’s surface is also the lowest point in the West Indies, at 144 feet (44 metres) below sea level. The Dominican…

2010 Haiti earthquake: The earthquake: …tectonic plate eastward along the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden (EPG) strike-slip fault system. However, when no surface deformation was observed, the rupturing of the main strand of the fault system was ruled out as a cause. The EPG fault system makes up a transform boundary that separates the Gonâve microplate—the fragment of…

cocoa: Chocolate-type coatings: Confectionery coatings are made in the same manner as similar chocolate types, but some or all of the chocolate liquor is replaced with equivalent amounts of cocoa powder, and instead of added cocoa butter, with a melting point of about 32–33 °C (90–92 °F),…

Bounty System: With the passage of the Enrollment Act (March 3, 1863), three-year enlistees received $300 and five-year recruits got $400, but these sums were divided up and paid in monthly installments with the soldiers’ regular compensation.

Enron scandal: energy, commodities, and services company Enron Corporation in 2001 and the dissolution of Arthur Andersen LLP, which had been one of the largest auditing and accounting companies in the world. The collapse of Enron, which held more than $60 billion in assets, involved one of the biggest bankruptcy filings in…

Houston Astros: …play in Enron Field (later Daikin Park). In 2004 the Astros advanced to the NLCS, where they lost a seven-game series to the St. Louis Cardinals. The team finally met with a modest amount of playoff luck the following year as it defeated the Cardinals in an NLCS rematch to…

Enron scandal, series of events that resulted in the bankruptcy of the U.S. energy, commodities, and services company Enron Corporation in 2001 and the dissolution of Arthur Andersen LLP, which had been one of the largest auditing and accounting companies in the world. The collapse of Enron, which

Portuguese literature: After 1974: Blindness), one of the greatest allegories in 20th-century world literature, is a chilling and macabre moral tale of iniquity and goodness.

Madrid: Development under the Bourbon kings: Somewhat earlier, in 1860, the Plan Castro—also referred to as the Ensanche (“Widening”)—had further expanded and modernized the city, adding convenience and meeting the economic and commercial needs of the time. It was the first comprehensive, forward-looking modern plan for Madrid. However, it was to be frustrated by population growth,…

Roberto Fernández Retamar: Ensayo de otro mundo (1967; “Examination of Another World”) redefines Modernismo by emphasizing its ideological content and its relationship to the writers of the Spanish Generation of 1898, the time of the earlier Cuban revolution. Modernismo, especially in its rebellious prose, is often interpreted as…

René Marqués: A collection of his essays, Ensayos (1966; some included in El puertorriqueño dócil [1967; The Docile Puerto Rican]), is also concerned with the problem of national identity in relation to the language, literature, and prevailing social conditions of Puerto Rico.

Enschede, gemeente (municipality), eastern Netherlands, on the Twente Canal, near the German border, comprising the villages of Lonneker, Glanerbrug, and Boekelo and the town of Enschede. Chartered in 1325, it was a small village until the industrial development of the Twente district in the 19th

Jean-Joseph Jacotot: …unusually diverse experience, Jacotot wrote Enseignement universel (1823; “Universal Teaching Method”), in which he advanced an egalitarian view of humanity in such maxims as “All human beings are equally capable of learning” and “Everybody can be proficient in anything to which he turns his attention.” He also maintained that all…

theatrical production: Performing the piece: Gradually, the idea of ensemble arose, stressing harmony of ideal and craft among what was usually a small group of actors in order to achieve a unity of effect. These ideas necessitated the careful orchestration of all elements of production. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, the dominant…

chamber music: …music, music composed for small ensembles of instrumentalists. In its original sense, chamber music referred to music composed for the home, as opposed to that written for the theatre or church. Since the “home”—whether it be drawing room, reception hall, or palace chamber—may be assumed to be of limited size,…

Ensenada, city, northwestern Baja California estado (state), Mexico. The city is situated on Todos Santos Bay of the Pacific Ocean. Ensenada was a minor port during the Spanish colonial era. Local settlement did not expand significantly until 1870, when gold was discovered in the inland mountains.

Ensenada, city, northwestern Baja California estado (state), Mexico. The city is situated on Todos Santos Bay of the Pacific Ocean. Ensenada was a minor port during the Spanish colonial era. Local settlement did not expand significantly until 1870, when gold was discovered in the inland mountains.

Zenón de Somodevilla y Bengoechea marquis de la Ensenada was a Spanish statesman who, as prime minister from 1743 to 1754, pursued a vigorous reform policy that succeeded in advancing internal prosperity and promoting military strength. Ensenada owed his early advancement to the chief minister of

Sordello: …lines of a didactic poem, L’Ensenhamen d’onor, and 42 lyrical pieces, mostly love songs and satires. He was made the type of patriotic pride in Dante’s Purgatorio, and he is the subject of a poem by Robert Browning.

Musaceae: …of 2 genera, Musa and Ensete, with about 50 species native to Africa, Asia, and Australia. The common banana (M. sapientum) is a subspecies of the plantain (M. paradisiaca). Both are important food plants.

Gurage: …Ethiopian, or false, banana (Ensete ventricosum), prized not for its “false” (or inedible) fruit but for its roots.

history of Mesopotamia: Emergent city-states: …themselves by the title of ensi, of as yet undetermined derivation; “city ruler,” or “prince,” are only approximate translations. Only seldom do they call themselves lugal, or “king,” the title given the rulers of Umma in their own inscriptions. In all likelihood, these were local titles that were eventually converted,…

ensi rug, floor covering, usually about 1.4 × 1.5 metres (4.5 feet × 5 feet), of a type apparently woven by all Turkmen tribes, with enough similarity in format to suggest that they are all descended from the same basic design. The field is usually quartered, with a thick band up the middle, at

hummingbird: …quite short, but in the sword-billed hummingbird (Ensifera ensifera), it is unusually long, contributing more than half of the bird’s 21-cm length. The bill is slightly downcurved in many species, strongly so in the sicklebills (Eutoxeres); it is turned up at the tip in the awlbill (Avocettula) and avocetbill (Opisthoprora).

armorial ensign, heraldic symbol carried on a flag or shield. The term is much misunderstood because of the popular use of ensign as a generic term for flag. A grant of arms or a matriculation (registration of armorial bearings) may in its text use the term ensigns armorial to mean the heraldic

ensign, a flag, especially the national flag. The term is most often applied to the flag flown at the stern by naval vessels in commission or by merchant vessels. The U.S. Navy’s ensign is the same as the national flag, but many other navies have distinctive naval ensigns which are "worn" by their

ensign, junior officer, generally the lowest commissioned rank in military services where such a rank exists. In the U.S. Navy, ensign has been the lowest commissioned rank since 1862, when it replaced “passed midshipman.” The Continental Army had a grade of ensign during the American Revolution,

Joshua Logan: Films and plays of the 1960s: …directed, and cowritten by Logan, Ensign Pulver (1964) was less likable than its predecessor, Mister Roberts (1955), the screenplay for which Logan had cowritten.

ensign wasp, (family Evaniidae), any of a group of solitary wasps known for parasitizing the eggs of cockroaches. The wasps are so named because the small, oval abdomen is held high like an ensign, or flag. Around 400 species of this widely distributed family have been described, and many more are

Dean Heller: Senate to replace John Ensign, who had resigned. The following year Heller was narrowly elected to a full term in the body.

silage, forage plants such as corn (maize), legumes, and grasses that have been chopped and stored in tower silos, pits, or trenches for use as animal feed. Since protein content decreases and fibre content increases as the crop matures, forage, like hay, should be harvested in early maturity. The

bivalve: Size range and diversity of structure: …efficient burrowers, the razor clams Ensis and Solen, are laterally compressed, smooth, and elongated. Surface-burrowing species may have an external shell sculpture of radial ribs and concentric lines, with projections that strengthen the shell against predators and damage.

Ensisheim meteorite, meteorite whose descent from the sky onto a wheat field in Alsace (now part of France) in 1492 is one of the earliest instances of a meteorite fall on record. Maximilian I, who was proclaimed Holy Roman emperor soon afterward, assembled his council to determine the significance

gas: Thermal diffusion: …was predicted in 1911–12 by David Enskog in Sweden and independently in 1917 by Sydney Chapman in England, but the validity of their theoretical results was questioned until Chapman (who was an applied mathematician) enlisted the aid of the chemist F.W. Dootson to verify it experimentally.

feminism: Manifestations: …honesty, humour, and horror of Eve Ensler’s play (and later book) The Vagina Monologues, an exploration of women’s feelings about sexuality that included vagina-centred topics as diverse as orgasm, birth, and rape; the righteous anger of punk rock’s riot grrrls movement; and the playfulness, seriousness, and subversion of the Guerrilla…

El Niño, in oceanography and climatology, the anomalous appearance, every few years, of unusually warm ocean conditions along the tropical west coast of South America. This event is associated with adverse effects on fishing, agriculture, and local weather from Ecuador to Chile and with far-field

Southern Oscillation, in oceanography and climatology, a coherent interannual fluctuation of atmospheric pressure over the tropical Indo-Pacific region. The Southern Oscillation is the atmospheric component of a single large-scale coupled interaction called the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

Australia: Climate: …negative phases are related to El Niño episodes in the South Pacific, and most of Australia’s major droughts have been related to those episodes. Prolonged positive SOI phases (during La Niña) normally bring above-average rainfall and floods to eastern and northern Australia. In each case, however, the correlations are not…

James, Baron Ensor was a Belgian painter and printmaker whose works are known for their bizarre fantasy and sardonic social commentary. Ensor was an acknowledged master by the time he was 20 years old. After a youthful infatuation with the art of Rembrandt and Peter Paul Rubens, he adopted the

James, Baron Ensor was a Belgian painter and printmaker whose works are known for their bizarre fantasy and sardonic social commentary. Ensor was an acknowledged master by the time he was 20 years old. After a youthful infatuation with the art of Rembrandt and Peter Paul Rubens, he adopted the

enstatite, common silicate mineral in the pyroxene family. It is the stable form of magnesium silicate (MgSiO3, often with up to 10 percent iron) at low temperatures. See orthopyroxene. The other forms of magnesium silicate are protoenstatite, which occurs at very high temperatures, and

meteorite: Achondrites: …asteroidal achondrite groups are the aubrites, the howardite-eucrite-diogenite association, and the ureilites. Aubrites are also known as enstatite achondrites. Like the enstatite class of chondrites, the aubrites derive from parent bodies that formed under highly chemically reducing conditions. As a result, they contain elements in the form of less-common compounds—for…

chondrite: chondrites, ordinary chondrites, and enstatite chondrites.

Ensuhkeshdanna, legendary ruler of the ancient Sumerian city-state of Aratta and rival of the king of Uruk (Erech),

Ensuhkeshdanna, legendary ruler of the ancient Sumerian city-state of Aratta and rival of the king of Uruk (Erech),

entablature, in architecture, assemblage of horizontal moldings and bands supported by and located immediately above the columns of Classical buildings or similar structural supports in non-Classical buildings. The entablature is usually divided into three main sections: the lowest band, or

Parkinson disease: Treatment: A drug known as entacapone, which slows the metabolism of levodopa, may be given with levodopa and carbidopa.

entail, in feudal English law, an interest in land bound up inalienably in the grantee and then forever to his direct descendants. A basic condition of entail was that if the grantee died without direct descendants the land reverted to the grantor. The concept, feudal in origin, supported a landed

metalogic: Characterizations of the first-order logic: …of the relation of logical entailment or implication between a possibly infinite set X of sentences and a single sentence p that holds if and only if p is true in every model of X. In particular, p is valid if the empty set, defined as having no members, logically…

Entamoeba, protozoan genus of the rhizopodian order Amoebida. Most species are parasitic in the intestines of many vertebrates, including humans; E. histolytica is the cause of human amebic dysentery. The cell nucleus, which is distinctive for the genus, contains a central body, the endosome, and a

Entamoeba: gingivalis, is found around the gum margins, especially in unhealthy or pyorrheic mouths. It has not, however, been shown to cause disease.

Entamoeba: …and the smaller, nonpathogenic form, E. hartmanni.

dysentery: …is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. This form of dysentery, which traditionally occurs in the tropics, is usually much more chronic and insidious than the bacillary disease and is more difficult to treat because the causative organism occurs in two forms, a motile one and a cyst, each of…

opalinid: …itself parasitized by another protozoan, Entamoeba paulista.

protozoan: Annotated classification: Entamoebida Lack flagella, centrioles, mitochondria, hydrogenosomes, and peroxisomes. Mitosis is closed. Possess reduced Golgi dictyosomes. Mastigamoebidae Possess several pseudopodia and a single anterior flagellum; some life stages lack flagella. Some taxa are multinucleate. Mitochondria absent.

Meliaceae: >Entandrophragma, and Cedrela (especially the Spanish cedar, C. odorata) are economically important timber trees and are valued as a source of mahogany wood. The neem tree, also called the margosa tree (Azadirachta indica), is grown throughout the Old World tropics, notably in India and Southeast

net: …on the seabed—capture fish by entangling them. Gill and trammel nets are used principally to catch herring and salmon and are the most common drift nets. In commercial fishing, a long fleet of drift nets, often several miles in length, is suspended vertically with a line of corks or other…

degenerate art, term used by the Nazi Party in Germany to describe art that did not support the ideals of Nazism. It was also the title of a propagandistically designed Nazi exhibition of modern art held in Munich in 1937. With Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in 1933, the systematic suppression of

degenerate art: …of these exhibits was “Entartete Kunst,” which opened in Munich in July 1937 and was advertised as “culture documents of the decadent work of Bolsheviks and Jews.” The works on exhibit included only a small segment of the almost 16,000 works of modern art confiscated from German museums on…

entasis, in architecture, the convex curve given to a column, spire, or similar upright member, in an attempt to correct the optical illusion of hollowness or weakness that would arise from normal tapering. Entasis is almost universal in Classical columns. Exaggerated in Greek archaic Doric work,

Christian Konrad Sprengel: …his observations and thoughts in Das entdeckte Geheimnis der Natur im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Blumen (1793; “The Newly Revealed Mystery of Nature in the Structure and Fertilization of Flowers”). When his book was not well received, Sprengel became depressed and did not publish the results of his…

Flumendosa River: The Ente Autonomo del Flumendosa, a dam and irrigation project, was established in 1946 to develop the resources of the Flumendosa River basin.

Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), largest railway system of Italy. FS operates lines on the mainland and also on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, which are linked to the mainland by train ferries. The Italian railway system was nationalized in 1905. In 1986 its status was changed from a government

Kamala Das: …and finally in English as My Story (1976). A shockingly intimate work, it came to be regarded as a classic. In later life Das said that parts of the book were fictional.

Eni, Italian energy company operating primarily in petroleum, natural gas, and petrochemicals. Established in 1953, it is one of Europe’s largest oil companies in terms of sales. Eni has operations in more than 70 countries. Its headquarters are in Rome. Eni is an outgrowth of Agip (Azienda

Endesa: …and the Italian energy company Enel. Two years later Enel purchased Acciona’s stake, thereby taking full control of Endesa.

Italy: Theater: …activity in Italy are the Italian Theatre Board (Ente Teatrale Italiano; ETI), the Institute for Italian Drama (Istituto Dramma Italiano; IDI), concerned with promoting Italian repertory, and the National Institute for Ancient Drama (Istituto Nazionale del Dramma Antico; INDA). In 1990 the government tightened its legislation on eligibility for funding,…

Entebbe, city located in south-central Uganda. Entebbe is situated 21 miles (34 km) south of Kampala, at the end of a peninsula that juts into Lake Victoria. It was founded as a garrison post in 1893 and served as the British administrative centre of Uganda until 1958. Its elevation (3,760 feet

Entebbe raid, (July 3–4, 1976), rescue by an Israeli commando squad of 103 hostages from a French jet airliner hijacked en route from Israel to France. After stopping at Athens, the airliner was hijacked on June 27 by members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and the Red Army

entelechy, (from Greek entelecheia), in philosophy, that which realizes or makes actual what is otherwise merely potential. The concept is intimately connected with Aristotle’s distinction between matter and form, or the potential and the actual. He analyzed each thing into the stuff or elements of

entelodont, (family Entelodontidae), any member of the extinct family Entelodontidae, a group of large mammals related to living pigs. Entelodonts were contemporaries of oreodonts, a unique mammalian group thought to be related to camels but sheeplike in appearance. Fossil evidence points to their

entelodont, (family Entelodontidae), any member of the extinct family Entelodontidae, a group of large mammals related to living pigs. Entelodonts were contemporaries of oreodonts, a unique mammalian group thought to be related to camels but sheeplike in appearance. Fossil evidence points to their

Lagash: …engraved silver vase of King Entemena, a successor of Eannatum. Control of Lagash finally fell to Sargon of Akkad (reigned c. 2334–2279 bce), but about 150 years later Lagash enjoyed a revival. It prospered most brilliantly under Gudea, who was probably a governor rather than an independent king and was…

Søren Kierkegaard: Stages on life’s way: …one of the essays of Either/Or, the aesthete sees boredom as the root of all evil and is preoccupied with making life interesting; and the famous seducer in the same volume seems less concerned with sex than with the fascinating spectacle of watching himself seduce his victim.

African music: Membranophones: …drums is usually rhythmic, the entenga drum chime in Uganda, comprising a set of tuned drums, plays vocally derived melodies.

Entente Cordiale, (April 8, 1904), Anglo-French agreement that, by settling a number of controversial matters, ended antagonisms between Great Britain and France and paved the way for their diplomatic cooperation against German pressures in the decade preceding World War I (1914–18). The agreement

Allied powers, coalition of countries that opposed the Central Powers (primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) during World War I. The Allies’ original members of greatest import were the British Empire, France, and Russia. Later the United States and Italy joined the Allied

Conseil de l’Entente, (French: “Entente Council”), French West African organization founded in 1959 and designed to promote the economic development of the region by raising funds, guaranteeing loans, and encouraging trade and investment. It operates through the Mutual Aid and Loan Guarantee Fund

Tom Stoppard: His first play, A Walk on the Water (1960), was televised in 1963; the stage version, with some additions and the new title Enter a Free Man, reached London in 1968.

Carl Reiner: Film directing: …debut with the feature film Enter Laughing, an adaptation of his semiautobiographical novel (1958), which had earlier been made into a Broadway play (1963–64). He then worked with Van Dyke on The Comic (1969), an intermittently successful homage to the silent-screen comics. Better was Where’s Poppa? (1970), a daring black…

Bernard Kops: …much of his work, including Enter Solly Gold (1961), in which a con artist convinces a Jewish millionaire that he is the Messiah in order to steal his money, the surrealistic drama Ezra (produced 1981), based on the personality of the American poet Ezra Pound, and Dreams of Anne Frank…

Bruce Lee: Lee’s following film, Enter the Dragon (1973), was the first joint venture between Hong Kong- and U.S.-based production companies, and it became a worldwide hit, thrusting Lee into international movie stardom. Tragically, he died six days before the film’s Hong Kong release. The mysterious circumstances of his death…

Wu-Tang Clan: Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) (1993): Wu-Tang released its first album, Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers), in 1993. The album is gritty, with a brash style recalling such old-school rappers as Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five and is laced with snippets from kung fu movies and soul songs. Pitchfork, in its review of the album,…

drug: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination: …given by two general methods: enteral and parenteral administration. Enteral administration involves the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). Methods of administration include oral, sublingual (dissolving the drug under the tongue), and rectal. Parenteral routes, which do not involve the gastrointestinal