environmental law: Sustainable development: …law of sustainable development is ecotourism. Although tourism poses the threat of environmental harm from pollution and the overuse of natural resources, it also can create economic incentives for the preservation of the environment in developing countries and increase awareness of unique and fragile ecosystems throughout the world. In 1995…

environmental toxicology, field of study in the environmental sciences that is concerned with the assessment of toxic substances in the environment. Although it is based on toxicology, environmental toxicology draws heavily on principles and techniques from other fields, including biochemistry,

ecoterrorism: …of ecoterrorism, often described as environmental warfare, consists of the deliberate and illegal destruction, exploitation, or modification of the environment as a strategy of war or in times of armed conflict (including civil conflict within states). Modification of the environment that occurs during armed conflict and is likely to have…

environmental infrastructure, infrastructure that provides cities and towns with water supply, waste disposal, and pollution control services. They include extensive networks of aqueducts, reservoirs, water distribution pipes, sewer pipes, and pumping stations; treatment systems such as

environmental law: Environmental assessment mandates: Environmental assessment mandates are another significant form of environmental law. Such mandates generally perform three functions: (1) identification of a level or threshold of potential environmental impact at which a contemplated action is significant enough to require the preparation of an assessment,…

environmental law: Environmental assessment mandates: Environmental assessment mandates are another significant form of environmental law. Such mandates generally perform three functions: (1) identification of a level or threshold of potential environmental impact at which a contemplated action is significant enough to require the preparation of an assessment,…

environmentalism, political and ethical movement that seeks to improve and protect the quality of the natural environment through changes to environmentally harmful human activities; through the adoption of forms of political, economic, and social organization that are thought to be necessary for,

conservation, study of the loss of Earth’s biological diversity and the ways this loss can be prevented. Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the variety of life either in a particular place or on the entire planet Earth, including its ecosystems, species, populations, and genes. Conservation

envoi, the usually explanatory or commendatory concluding remarks to a poem, essay, or book. The term is specifically used to mean a short, fixed final stanza of a poem (such as a ballade) pointing the moral and usually addressing the person to whom the poem is written. Although they are most often

ballade: …dedicatory stanza is called the prince (because that is usually its first word), or the envoi. The chant royal is similar to the ballade but has five main stanzas.

diplomacy: Nature and purpose: …negotiation, primarily conducted by accredited envoys (a term derived from the French envoyé, meaning “one who is sent”) and other political leaders. Unlike foreign policy, which generally is enunciated publicly, most diplomacy is conducted in confidence, though both the fact that it is in progress and its results are almost…

diplomacy: The spread of the Italian diplomatic system: …when the title of “envoy extraordinary” gained currency, originally for special ceremonial missions.

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres: Early life and works: Ingres’s prizewinning painting, The Envoys of Agamemnon, demonstrates his mastery of the standard academic pictorial vocabulary of the day, as well as his attraction to certain stylistic archaisms then coming into fashion.

Yury Karlovich Olesha: …published in book form 1928; Envy), the central theme of which is the fate of the intelligentsia in Russia’s postrevolutionary society. Olesha’s obvious enthusiasm for the new state of affairs did not hinder him from seeing and conveying to the reader the dramatic clash between the rational industrial state and…

Jack Black: Superstardom: …Stiller in the dark comedy Envy (2004). He portrayed arrogant film director Carl Dehnam in Peter Jackson’s 2005 remake of the 1933 film King Kong. In 2006 he collaborated with White again, this time in the wrestling comedy film Nacho Libre. White cowrote the film’s screenplay, and Black starred as…

envy, in Roman Catholic theology, one of the seven deadly sins. The theological definition of envy is resentment or sadness at another’s good fortune or excellence, with an often insatiable desire to have it for oneself. Envy is more than simple jealousy because it includes the belief that

Melanie Klein: …of papers and a book, Envy and Gratitude (1957). Her final work, published posthumously in 1961, Narrative of a Child Analysis, was based on detailed notes taken during 1941.

Okwui Enwezor was a Nigerian-born poet, art critic, art historian, and curator who helped bring global attention to African art. Enwezor was raised in Enugu in eastern Nigeria. In the early 1980s he relocated to the United States to attend Jersey City State College (now New Jersey City University),

Okwui Enwezor was a Nigerian-born poet, art critic, art historian, and curator who helped bring global attention to African art. Enwezor was raised in Enugu in eastern Nigeria. In the early 1980s he relocated to the United States to attend Jersey City State College (now New Jersey City University),

Graciosa Island: …metres) at the summit of Enxôfre Caldera, a volcanic crater. Dense vegetation is supported by the volcanic soils, and wine grapes, fruit, cereals, and cattle are raised. They are marketed through the principal settlements, Santa Cruz (north) and Praia. Discovered in 1451, the island may have been named Graciosa because…

Ireland: Music and dance: …the ethereal-voiced New Age singer Enya (Eithne Ní Bhraonáin) gained a huge international following beginning in the late 1980s. Opera is less popular in Ireland, although singers such as Bernadette Greevy and Suzanne Murphy have gained widespread recognition. Among the artists who came to the forefront in the 21st century…

Congo River: Life of the river peoples: The Enya (Wagenia) of Boyoma Falls and the Manyanga living downstream from Malebo Pool attach fish traps to stakes or to dams built in the rapids themselves. Fishing of a very different nature, notably by poison, is conducted in the marshy areas, where the population is…

Ares: …were two lesser war deities: Enyalius, who is virtually identical with Ares himself, and Enyo, a female counterpart.

Ares: …identical with Ares himself, and Enyo, a female counterpart.

Ibibio: …major divisions: Efik, Northern (Enyong), Southern (Eket), Delta (Andoni-Ibeno), Western (Anang), and Eastern (the Ibibio proper).

Bandar-e Anzalī, principal port and resort, northern Iran, on the Caspian Sea, connected with Māzandarān, Azerbaijan, and Tehrān by road. The population includes Russians, Armenians, Caucasians, and Turkmens. Founded in the early 19th century, the town lies on both sides of the entrance to Mordāb

Mike Enzi was an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1996 and began representing Wyoming the following year; he left office in 2021. Enzi grew up in Thermopolis, Wyoming. An avid outdoor enthusiast, he attained Eagle Scout rank in the Boy Scouts. In 1966 he

Mike Enzi was an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1996 and began representing Wyoming the following year; he left office in 2021. Enzi grew up in Thermopolis, Wyoming. An avid outdoor enthusiast, he attained Eagle Scout rank in the Boy Scouts. In 1966 he

Francisco de Enzinas was a Spanish scholar and humanist, one of the most important figures of the abortive Spanish Reformation. While studying at Wittenberg University, Enzinas became a friend and protégé of the Lutheran reformer Philipp Melanchthon. Enzinas’ Spanish translation of the New

Frederick II: Struggle with the papacy of Frederick II: …marriage of Frederick’s natural son Enzio with the Sardinian princess Adelasia and the designation of Enzio as king of Sardinia, in which the papacy claimed suzerainty, led to the final break with the pope. Gregory IX deeply distrusted Frederick both in religious and political matters: Frederick was supposed to have…

Frederick II: Struggle with the papacy of Frederick II: …marriage of Frederick’s natural son Enzio with the Sardinian princess Adelasia and the designation of Enzio as king of Sardinia, in which the papacy claimed suzerainty, led to the final break with the pope. Gregory IX deeply distrusted Frederick both in religious and political matters: Frederick was supposed to have…

animal disease: Role of ecology: …referred to as endemic, or enzootic, diseases, and they usually reflect a relatively stable relationship between the causative agent and the animals affected by it. Diseases that occasionally occur at higher than normal rates in animal populations are referred to as epidemic, or epizootic, diseases, and they generally represent an…

food additive: Antioxidants: …oxidation reactions, collectively known as enzymatic browning, is a dark pigment called melanin. Antioxidants that inhibit enzyme-catalyzed oxidation include agents that bind free oxygen (i.e., reducing agents), such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and agents that inactivate the enzymes, such as citric acid and sulfites.

enzyme, a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process. A brief treatment of enzymes follows. For full treatment, see protein: Enzymes. The biological processes that occur within all living

enzyme analysis, in blood serum, measurement of the activity of specific enzymes in a sample of blood serum, usually for the purpose of identifying a disease. The enzymes normally are concentrated in cells and tissues where they perform their catalytic function; in disease, however, certain enzymes

inhibition, in enzymology, a phenomenon in which a compound, called an inhibitor, in most cases similar in structure to the substance (substrate) upon which an enzyme acts to form a product, interacts with the enzyme so that the resulting complex either cannot undergo the usual reaction or cannot

biochemistry: Applied biochemistry: …have been designed specifically as enzyme inhibitors to interfere with the metabolism of a host or invasive agent. Biochemical advances in the knowledge of the action of natural hormones and antibiotics promise to aid further in the development of specific pharmaceuticals.

Gaucher disease: …disease may be treated by enzyme replacement therapy in which injections of imiglucerase, a synthetic analog of glucocerebrosidase that is made using recombinant DNA technology, are administered on a weekly or biweekly basis. Enzyme replacement therapy is generally ineffective in treating type 2 and type 3 Gaucher disease, because the…

food additive: Antioxidants: …of the hydrocarbon chain) and enzyme-catalyzed oxidation.

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), biochemical procedure in which a signal produced by an enzymatic reaction is used to detect and quantify the amount of a specific substance in a solution. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) typically are used to detect antigens, though they can

Economic Opportunity Act (EOA), federal legislation establishing a variety of social programs aimed at facilitating education, health, employment, and general welfare for impoverished Americans. It was signed into law in August 1964 by U.S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson as one of the landmarks of his War

Piltdown man, (Eoanthropus dawsoni), proposed species of extinct hominin (member of the human lineage) whose fossil remains, discovered in England in 1910–12, were later proved to be fraudulent. Piltdown man, whose fossils were sufficiently convincing to generate a scholarly controversy lasting

Lipalian interval: …the latest Precambrian (sometimes termed Eocambrian) to the earliest Cambrian.

Lipalian interval: …the latest Precambrian (sometimes termed Eocambrian) to the earliest Cambrian.

evolution: Gradual and punctuational evolution: …fossil brachiopods of the genus Eocelia. Results of the analysis of an abundant sample of fossils in Wales from near the beginning of the Devonian Period is shown in the figure. One possible interpretation of the data is that rib strength changed little or not at all from 415 million…

Eocene Epoch, second of three major worldwide divisions of the Paleogene Period (66 million to 23 million years ago) that began 56 million years ago and ended 33.9 million years ago. It follows the Paleocene Epoch and precedes the Oligocene Epoch. The Eocene is often divided into Early (56 million

Eocene Series, second of three main divisions (in ascending order) in the Paleogene System, representing all those rocks on a global basis that were deposited during the Eocene Epoch (55.8–33.9 million years ago). It designates a subdivision proposed in 1833 by the Scottish geologist Charles Lyell

Dagda, in Celtic religion, one of the leaders of a mythological Irish people, the Tuatha Dé Danann (“People of the Goddess Danu”). The Dagda was credited with many powers and possessed a caldron that was never empty, fruit trees that were never barren, and two pigs—one live and the other

echinoderm: Annotated classification: †Class Eocrinoidea Lower Cambrian to Silurian about 430,000,000–570,000,000 years ago; body usually consisting of stem, theca, and feeding brachioles. †Class Blastoidea Silurian to Permian about 280,000,000–430,000,000 years ago; stem, theca with 18–21 plates arranged in 4 rings; numerous feeding brachioles; distinctive infoldings of theca (hydrospires)

echinoderm: Annotated classification: †Class Eocrinoidea Lower Cambrian to Silurian about 430,000,000–570,000,000 years ago; body usually consisting of stem, theca, and feeding brachioles. †Class Blastoidea Silurian to Permian about 280,000,000–430,000,000 years ago; stem, theca with 18–21 plates arranged in 4 rings; numerous feeding brachioles; distinctive infoldings of theca (hydrospires)

improvised explosive device: Tactical use: Engineer Ordnance Disposal (EOD) experts disable or destroy IEDs through a variety of means, including the use of robotic ground vehicles and explosives.

theropod: …theropod is thought to be Eodromaeus, a 1.2-metre- (4-foot-) long dinosaur known from fossils discovered in northwestern Argentina that date to about 230 million years ago.

Donegal: Conall, with his brother Eoghan, conquered northwestern Ulster in approximately 400 ce and founded the kingdom of Ailech; its capital was at the concentric stone fortress known as the Grianan of Ailech on a hill west of Londonderry, Northern Ireland. Eoghan took Tyrone and Inishowen for his share, and…

Munster: …a people known as the Eoghanachta, who were aided by dési, professional fighting men, who were rewarded for their efforts with land that became County Waterford and part of southern County Tipperary. An offshoot group of those dési invaded Connaught and deprived that kingdom of the area that is now…

Eohippus, (genus Hyracotherium), extinct group of mammals that were the first known horses. They flourished in North America and Europe during the early part of the Eocene Epoch (56 million to 33.9 million years ago). Even though these animals are more commonly known as Eohippus, a name given by

EOKA, underground nationalist movement of Greek Cypriots dedicated to ending British colonial rule in Cyprus (achieved in 1960) and to achieving the eventual union (Greek enosis) of Cyprus with Greece. EOKA was organized by Col. Georgios Grivas, an officer in the Greek army, with the support of

cave: Sea caves, eolian caves, rock shelters, and talus caves: Eolian caves are chambers scoured by wind action. They are common in desert areas where they are formed in massive sandstone cliffs. Wind sweeping around such a cavity erodes the walls, floor, and ceiling, resulting in a bottle-shaped chamber usually of greater diameter than the…

English literature: Blake, Wordsworth, and Coleridge: …and the mind in “The Eolian Harp” (1796), he devoted himself to more-public concerns in poems of political and social prophecy, such as “Religious Musings” and “The Destiny of Nations.” Becoming disillusioned in 1798 with his earlier politics, however, and encouraged by Wordsworth, he turned back to the relationship…

placer deposit: Eolian placers may form in arid areas where wind, not water, acts as the concentrating agent, removing fine particles of the lighter dross. The gold deposits of some parts of the Australian desert are examples.

Kalahari Desert: Physiography and geology: …greater part of them were wind-formed. The sheets occupy the eastern part of the Kalahari. Their surface elevation varies only slightly, with relief measured in tens of feet per mile. The depth of the sand there generally exceeds 200 feet. In many areas the sand is red, the result of…

Takla Makan Desert: Physiography: These eolian sand dunes were formed through the weathering of the alluvial and colluvial deposits of the Tarim Basin and of the foothill plains of the Kunluns and eastern Tien Shan. The size of the larger sand-dune chains is considerable: they range from 100 to 500…

eolian sound, sound produced by wind when it encounters an obstacle. Fixed objects, such as buildings and wires, cause humming or other constant sounds called eolian tones; moving objects, such as twigs and leaves, cause irregular sounds. A wind that flows over a cylinder or stretched wire produces

Eolie Islands, volcanic island group in the Tyrrhenian Sea (of the Mediterranean) off the north coast of Sicily, Italy. The group, with a total land area of 34 square miles (88 square km), consists of seven major islands and several islets lying in a general “Y” shape. The base of the Y is formed

hand tool: Eoliths: The first act of the drama of tools is hazy. There are what have been called eoliths, “tools from the dawn of the Stone Age.” Such stones with sharp fractures, found in great quantities in layers from the geological epochs before the Pleistocene, were…

cockatoo: …species is the 35-cm (14-inch) galah (Eolophus roseicapillus). It is pink with gray wings and sweeps through Australian skies in noisy, gregarious flocks. Galahs, also known as roseate cockatoos, pair for life and defend nest hollows together against intruders. They also cooperate to incubate and feed their two–six young. Newly…

poppy: Other poppies: …their large cut leaves; the snow poppy (Eomecon chionantha), a perennial from China, with white cuplike flowers in sprays; and the flaming poppy (Stylomecon heterophylla), with purple-centred brick-red flowers on an annual plant from western North America. The genus Meconopsis includes the Welsh poppy.

aeon, (Greek: “age,” or “lifetime”), in Gnosticism and Manichaeism, one of the orders of spirits, or spheres of being, that emanated from the Godhead and were attributes of the nature of the absolute; an important element in the cosmology that developed around the central concept of Gnostic

eon, Long span of geologic time. In formal usage, eons are the longest portions of geologic time (eras are the second-longest). Three eons are recognized: the Phanerozoic Eon (dating from the present back to the beginning of the Cambrian Period), the Proterozoic Eon, and the Archean Eon. Less

Eleaticism: Monistic theory of Being: The only true reality is eōn—pure, eternal, immutable, and indestructible Being, without any other qualification. Its characterizations can be only negative, expressions of exclusions, with no pretense of attributing some special quality to the reality of which one speaks.

Charles, chevalier d’Éon de Beaumont was a French secret agent from whose name the term “eonism,” denoting the tendency to adopt the costume and manners of the opposite sex, is derived. His first mission was to the Russian empress Elizabeth in 1755, on which he seems to have disguised himself as a

Charles, chevalier d’Éon de Beaumont was a French secret agent from whose name the term “eonism,” denoting the tendency to adopt the costume and manners of the opposite sex, is derived. His first mission was to the Russian empress Elizabeth in 1755, on which he seems to have disguised himself as a

Melchior de Hondecoeter was a Baroque painter of the Dutch school who specialized in bird studies. Hondecoeter was the grandson of Gilles and the son of Gijsbrecht de Hondecoeter, as well as the nephew by marriage of Jan Baptist Weenix, all of whom were painters of animals and still lifes.

transvestism, practice of wearing the clothes of the opposite sex. The term transvestism came into use following the publication in 1910 of Die Transvestiten (The Transvestites), a work by German physician Magnus Hirschfeld. The term originally was applied to cross-dressing associated with

protozoan: Annotated classification: Eopharyngia Lack typical mitochondria; possess a single kinetid and nucleus. Diplomonadida Binucleate with a duplicated flagellar apparatus; descendants are mononucleate and possess a single flagellar apparatus. Retortamonadida Contain 2 genera that are unique

snake: The oldest known fossil snake, Eophis underwoodi, was a small snake that lived in southern England about 167 million years ago.

petroleum production: Enhanced recovery: Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is designed to accelerate the production of oil from a well. Waterflooding, injecting water to increase the pressure of the reservoir, is one EOR method. Although waterflooding greatly increases recovery from a particular reservoir, it typically leaves up to one-third of…

dinosaur: Dinosaur ancestors: …South American forms such as Eoraptor and Herrerasaurus are particularly dinosaurian in appearance and are sometimes considered dinosaurs.

Paul Sereno: …dinosaur, which Sereno later named Eoraptor lunensis. He determined that Eoraptor, found in the Ischigualasto Formation, was the most primitive because it had not developed any of the specialized features found in later dinosaurs. He said that it definitely confirmed the theory that all dinosaurs stemmed from small carnivorous bipedal…

Eadbald: …as king by his son Eorcenberht.

Ermanaric was the king of the Ostrogoths, the ruler of a vast empire in Ukraine. Although the exact limits of his territory are obscure, it evidently stretched south of the Pripet Marshes between the Don and Dniester rivers. The only certain facts about Ermanaric are that his great deeds caused him

asteroid: Main-belt asteroid families: …main asteroid belt are named Eos, Koronis, and Themis. Each family has been determined to be compositionally homogeneous; that is, all the members of a family appear to have the same basic chemical makeup. If the asteroids belonging to each family are considered to be fragments of a single parent…

Eos, in Greco-Roman mythology, the personification of the dawn. According to the Greek poet Hesiod’s Theogony, she was the daughter of the Titan Hyperion and the Titaness Theia and sister of Helios, the sun god, and Selene, the moon goddess. By the Titan Astraeus she was the mother of the winds

apterygote: Annotated classification: Suborder Eosentomata Tracheal system present; claw of middle and posterior legs claw-shaped; 8th abdominal segment with striate band; lids to gland openings small, unornamented. 2 families. Suborder Acerentomata Tracheal system absent; claw of middle and hindlegs broadly boat-shaped; lids to gland openings large and with or…

primate: Eocene: Eosimias, a tiny fossil known mainly by jaws and a few foot bones, has features that are plausibly argued to be those expected in the earliest ancestors of the Simiiformes. From slightly later, in Burma, come remains of further early simiiforms, Pondaungia and Amphipithecus. These…

dye: Xanthene and related dyes: Tetrabromofluorescein, or eosin, is a red dye used for paper, inks, and cosmetics; its tetraiodo analog, erythrosine, is a red food dye (see below Food dyes).

eosinophil, type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that is characterized histologically by its ability to be stained by acidic dyes (e.g., eosin) and functionally by its role in mediating certain types of allergic reactions. Eosinophils, along with basophils and neutrophils, constitute a group of

blood disease: Leukocytosis: Eosinophilic leukocytosis, an increase in the number of eosinophilic leukocytes, is encountered in many allergic reactions and parasitic infections. It is especially characteristic of trichinosis—a disorder resulting from infestation by trichina larvae, which are ingested when poorly cooked infected pork is eaten.

respiratory disease: Eosinophilic granuloma: Also known as pulmonary histiocytosis X, this disease causes granulomas associated with eosinophil cells, a subgroup of the white blood cells. It sometimes also causes lesions in bone. Eosinophilic granuloma is a lung condition that may spontaneously “burn out,” leaving the lung with some…

Eospermatopteris, genus of extinct plants known from fossil stumps discovered in the 1870s near Gilboa, New York, U.S. Eospermatopteris trunks were discovered upright, as they would have grown in life, and occurred in dense stands in the marshy lowlands near an ancient inland sea. However, only the

Lucifer, in classical mythology, the morning star (i.e., the planet Venus at dawn); personified as a male figure bearing a torch, Lucifer had almost no legend, but in poetry he was often herald of the dawn. In Christian times Lucifer came to be regarded as the name of Satan before his fall. It was

Eospirifer, genus of extinct brachiopods, or lamp shells, found as fossils in Middle Silurian to Lower Devonian marine rocks (the Silurian Period ended and the following Devonian Period began about 416 million years ago). The genus Eospirifer is closely related to other genera included in the

Permian Period: Emergence of important reptiles: …are thought to have evolved; eosuchians, early ancestors of the snakes and lizards; early anapsids, ancestors of turtles; early archosaurs, ancestors of the large ruling reptiles of the Mesozoic; and synapsids, a common and varied group of mammal-like reptiles that eventually gave rise to mammals in the Mesozoic.

Permian Period: Emergence of important reptiles: …are thought to have evolved; eosuchians, early ancestors of the snakes and lizards; early anapsids, ancestors of turtles; early archosaurs, ancestors of the large ruling reptiles of the Mesozoic; and synapsids, a common and varied group of mammal-like reptiles that eventually gave rise to mammals in the Mesozoic.

bovid: Evolution and diversification: Eotragus was a small, solitary forest and bush dweller dependent on cover. Africa’s duikers and dwarf antelopes are considered closest to this ancestral type. The subsequent radiation of bovid species followed the spread of grasses, which in turn followed a change from a subtropical to…

Károly Eötvös was a Hungarian writer, lawyer, and politician best known as the defense counsel in a notorious case related to anti-Semitism. After studying law in Budapest, Eötvös became a notary in Veszprém, where he founded a weekly newspaper that attracted the attention of Hungarian statesman

József, Baron Eötvös, was a novelist, essayist, educator, and statesman, whose life and writings were devoted to the creation of a modern Hungarian literature and to the establishment of a modern democratic Hungary. During his studies in Buda (1826–31), Eötvös became inspired with liberalism and

Károly Eötvös was a Hungarian writer, lawyer, and politician best known as the defense counsel in a notorious case related to anti-Semitism. After studying law in Budapest, Eötvös became a notary in Veszprém, where he founded a weekly newspaper that attracted the attention of Hungarian statesman

Roland, baron von Eötvös was a Hungarian physicist who introduced the concept of molecular surface tension. His study of the Earth’s gravitational field—which led to his development of the Eötvös torsion balance, long unsurpassed in precision—resulted in proof that inertial mass and gravitational

Roland, baron von Eötvös was a Hungarian physicist who introduced the concept of molecular surface tension. His study of the Earth’s gravitational field—which led to his development of the Eötvös torsion balance, long unsurpassed in precision—resulted in proof that inertial mass and gravitational

dead reckoning: …through the water, and the estimated position, which is the dead-reckoning position corrected for effects of current, wind, and other factors. Because the uncertainty of dead reckoning increases over time and maybe over distance, celestial observations are taken intermittently to determine a more reliable position (called a fix), from which…