Victoria Woodhull: Presidential election of 1872 and controversies: …for the presidency by the Equal Rights Party. Her running mate was Frederick Douglass, though it is uncertain if he accepted the nomination. The ticket received no electoral college votes.

Japan: Muromachi government structure: This was called the equal tax division, or hanzei. Many shugo succeeded to their domains by inheritance, and in cases such as that of the Yamana family a single shugo sometimes held a number of provinces. If the primary agent of the Kamakura bakufu had been the jitō, the…

equal temperament, in music, a tuning system in which the octave is divided into 12 semitones of equal size. Because it enables keyboard instruments to play in all keys with minimal flaws in intonation, equal temperament replaced earlier tuning systems that were based on acoustically pure

equal-field system, official institution of land distribution and tax collection in traditional China and Japan. The system originated in China in 485 ce by order of the emperor Xiaowendi of the Bei (Northern) Wei dynasty (386–534/535 ce). It provided for the assignment of agricultural lands to all

sound: Dynamic range of the ear: …of equal-loudness curves, sometimes called Fletcher-Munson curves after the investigators, the Americans Harvey Fletcher and W.A. Munson, who first measured them. The curves show the varying absolute intensities of a pure tone that has the same loudness to the ear at various frequencies. The determination of each curve, labeled by…

equality, Generally, an ideal of uniformity in treatment or status by those in a position to affect either. Acknowledgment of the right to equality often must be coerced from the advantaged by the disadvantaged. Equality of opportunity was the founding creed of U.S. society, but equality among all

metalogic: Characterizations of the first-order logic: …F is a sentence containing equality, a sentence G can be adjoined to it that embodies the special properties of identity relevant to the sentence F. The conjunction of F and G can then be treated as a sentence not containing equality (i.e., “=” can be treated as an arbitrary…

rule of law: …notion is the idea of equality before the law, which holds that no “legal” person shall enjoy privileges that are not extended to all and that no person shall be immune from legal sanctions. In addition, the application and adjudication of legal rules by various governing officials are to be…

equal opportunity, in political theory, the idea that people ought to be able to compete on equal terms, or on a “level playing field,” for advantaged offices and positions. Proponents of equal opportunity believe that the principle is compatible with, and indeed may justify, inequalities of

Wyoming, constituent state of the United States of America. Wyoming became the 44th state of the union on July 10, 1890. It ranks 10th among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area. It shares boundaries with six other Great Plains and Mountain states: Montana to the north and northwest, South

Harmony, borough (town), Butler county, western Pennsylvania, U.S., on Connoquenessing Creek, 25 miles (40 km) north of Pittsburgh. It is known as the first settlement in America of the Harmonist Society (Rappites) led by George Rapp, an immigrant from Württemberg, Germany, who held

sound recording: The phonograph disc: …reversed in a process called equalization, providing the listener with a linear and realistic sound.

sound recording: The audiotape: Known as equalization bias, this signal has the effect of linearizing an inherently nonlinear magnetic medium, largely eliminating distortion.

Melissa Leo: …The Equalizer (2014) and its sequel (2018) as well as Oliver Stone’s Snowden (2016), a biopic about an American intelligence contractor who revealed secret information-gathering programs conducted by the National Security Agency (NSA).

Queen Latifah: …hoping to become superstars, and The Equalizer (2021– ), in which she starred as a former CIA agent who becomes a vigilante. She also was cast in the special The Little Mermaid Live! (2019), and she played Hattie McDaniel in the miniseries Hollywood (2020). During this time Queen Latifah continued…

Melissa Leo: …films included the action thriller The Equalizer (2014) and its sequel (2018) as well as Oliver Stone’s Snowden (2016), a biopic about an American intelligence contractor who revealed secret information-gathering programs conducted by the National Security Agency (NSA).

Nicholas Hoult: Skins, the X-Men franchise, and Mad Max: Fury Road: …starred with Kristen Stewart in Equals, about a young couple who begin a furtive romance in a futuristic society in which the development of feelings signals deadly disease and banishment.

meprobamate, drug used in the treatment of anxiety. A central nervous system depressant, meprobamate acts selectively upon the spinal cord and the higher centres in the brain. Physical dependence may be produced after utilization of high doses for prolonged periods. Possible side effects include

Ptolemaic system: …point that he called the equant. The centre of the deferent was located midway between the equant and Earth, as can be seen in the figure.

Ptolemaic system: …point that he called the equant. The centre of the deferent was located midway between the equant and Earth, as can be seen in the figure.

equation, statement of equality between two expressions consisting of variables and/or numbers. In essence, equations are questions, and the development of mathematics has been driven by attempts to find answers to those questions in a systematic way. Equations vary in complexity from simple

elementary algebra: Solving systems of algebraic equations: An extension of the study of single equations involves multiple equations that are solved simultaneously—so-called systems of equations. For example, the intersection of two straight lines, ax + by = c and Ax + By = C, can be found algebraically…

East Asian mathematics: Square and cube roots: The theory of equations developed in China within that framework until the 13th century. The solution by radicals that Babylonian mathematicians had already explored has not been found in the Chinese texts that survive. However, the specific approach to equations that developed in China occurs from…

Equator, great circle around Earth that is everywhere equidistant from the geographic poles and lies in a plane perpendicular to Earth’s axis. This geographic, or terrestrial, Equator divides Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres and forms the imaginary reference line on Earth’s surface

Equator: celestial equator is the great circle in which the plane of the terrestrial Equator intersects the celestial sphere; it consequently is equidistant from the celestial poles. When the Sun lies in its plane, day and night are everywhere of equal length, a twice-per-year occurrence (about…

Congo River: Climate: From the pluviometric equator (an imaginary east-west line indicating the region of heaviest rainfall), which is situated slightly to the north of the geographic equator, the amount of rainfall decreases regularly in proportion to latitude. The northernmost points of the basin, situated in the Central African Republic,…

Sudan: Ismāʿīl Pasha and the growth of European influence: …establish Egyptian hegemony over the equatorial regions of central Africa and to curtail the slave trade on the upper Nile. Baker remained in equatorial Africa until 1873, where he established the Equatoria province as part of the Egyptian Sudan. He had extended Egyptian power and curbed the slave traders on…

air mass: The continental Tropical (cT) air mass originates in arid or desert regions in the middle or lower latitudes, principally during the summer season. It is strongly heated in general, but its moisture content is so low that the intense dry convection normally fails to reach the condensation level.…

mechanics: Spinning tops and gyroscopes: Earth bulges slightly at the Equator. As indicated in Figure 25, the effect of the Sun’s gravity on the near bulge (larger than it is on the far bulge) results in a net torque about the centre of Earth. When Earth is on the other side…

doldrums, equatorial regions of light ocean currents and winds within the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a belt of converging winds and rising air encircling Earth near the Equator. The northeast and southeast trade winds meet there; this meeting causes air uplift and often produces

intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), belt of converging trade winds and rising air that encircles Earth’s lower atmosphere near the Equator. The rising air produces high cloudiness, frequent thunderstorms, and heavy rainfall; the doldrums, oceanic regions of calm surface air, also occur within

star: Basic measurements: …in the equatorial system (the coordinates of which are called right ascension [α, or RA] and declination [δ, or DEC] and are given for some epoch—for example, 1950.0 or, currently, 2000.0). Positions of fainter stars are measured by using electronic imaging devices (e.g., a charge-coupled device, or CCD) with respect…

star: Basic measurements: …measured very accurately in the equatorial system (the coordinates of which are called right ascension [α, or RA] and declination [δ, or DEC] and are given for some epoch—for example, 1950.0 or, currently, 2000.0). Positions of fainter stars are measured by using electronic imaging devices (e.g., a charge-coupled device, or…

equatorial countercurrent, current phenomenon noted near the equator, an eastward flow of oceanic water in opposition to and flanked by the westward equatorial currents of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Lying primarily between latitude 3° and 10° N, the countercurrents shift south during

equatorial current, ocean current flowing westward near the equator, predominantly controlled by the winds. Characteristically, equatorial-current systems consist of two westward-flowing currents approximately 600 miles (1,000 km) wide (North and South equatorial currents) separated by an

equatorial front, zone near the Equator in which the trade winds of the two hemispheres meet. The designation (about 1933) of this zone as a front was inspired by the close resemblance of its wind and weather patterns to those found along fronts in middle latitudes. Typically, the passage of a

Equatorial Guinea, country located on the west coast of Africa. It consists of Río Muni (also known as Continental Equatorial Guinea), on the continent, and five islands (known collectively as insular Equatorial Guinea): Bioko (formerly Fernando Po), Corisco, Great Elobey (Elobey Grande), Little

national flag consisting of horizontal stripes of green, white, and red, with a blue triangle at the hoist and the national coat of arms in the centre. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is approximately 2 to 3.The coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea contains the silk-cotton tree, also known as

history of Equatorial Guinea, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Equatorial Guinea, from the 15th century ce to the present day. Equatorial Guinea is located on the Atlantic coast of western Africa. The country comprises Río Muni (also known as Continental Equatorial Guinea),

Equatorial Guinea, country located on the west coast of Africa. It consists of Río Muni (also known as Continental Equatorial Guinea), on the continent, and five islands (known collectively as insular Equatorial Guinea): Bioko (formerly Fernando Po), Corisco, Great Elobey (Elobey Grande), Little

telescope: Light gathering and resolution: …in use at observatories have equatorial mountings. The mounting describes the orientation of the physical bearings and structure that permits a telescope to be pointed at a celestial object for viewing. In the equatorial mounting, the polar axis of the telescope is constructed parallel to Earth’s axis. The polar axis…

Benin: Plant and animal life: The original rain forest, which covered most of the southern part of the country, has now largely been cleared, except near the rivers. In its place, many oil palms and rônier palms have been planted and food crops are cultivated. North of Abomey the vegetation is an…

spitting cobra: Species, range, and conservation status: The ringhals is found in shrubland and grassland regions of South Africa, Eswatini, and Lesotho and is listed as a species of…

hydrocarbon: Cycloalkanes: …bonds are referred to as equatorial (e) because they lie in a region corresponding to the approximate “equator” of the molecule. The shortest distances between nonbonded atoms are those involving axial hydrogens on the same side of the molecule.

star: Basic measurements: …measured very accurately in the equatorial system (the coordinates of which are called right ascension [α, or RA] and declination [δ, or DEC] and are given for some epoch—for example, 1950.0 or, currently, 2000.0). Positions of fainter stars are measured by using electronic imaging devices (e.g., a charge-coupled device, or…

atmosphere: Convection, circulation, and deflection of air: …in an area called the equatorial trough). As the diverted air in the troposphere moves toward the poles, it tends to retain the angular momentum of the near-equatorial region, which is large as a result of Earth’s rotation. As a result, the poleward-moving air is deflected toward the right in…

ocean current: Equatorial currents: This is called the Equatorial Undercurrent. It attains speeds of more than 1 metre per second at a depth of nearly 100 metres. It is driven by higher sea level in the western margins of the tropical ocean, producing a pressure gradient, which in the absence of a horizontal…

equatorial front, zone near the Equator in which the trade winds of the two hemispheres meet. The designation (about 1933) of this zone as a front was inspired by the close resemblance of its wind and weather patterns to those found along fronts in middle latitudes. Typically, the passage of a

eques, in ancient Rome, a knight, originally a member of the cavalry and later of a political and administrative class as well as of the equestrian order. In early Rome the equites were drawn from the senatorial class and were called equites equo publico (“horsemen whose mounts were provided for by

circus: Equestrian acts: Continuing traditions from the days of Astley, scenic riding remained extremely popular in the 19th century, before the purely acrobatic style supplanted it. In scenic riding the equestrian, appropriately costumed, acted out a pantomime on horseback. The greatest exponent of this artistic mode…

horsemanship, the art of riding, handling, and training horses. Good horsemanship requires that a rider control the animal’s direction, gait, and speed with maximum effectiveness and minimum efforts. Horsemanship evolved, of necessity, as the art of riding with maximum discernment and a minimum of

African music: Equi-tonal systems: Two varieties are found: (1) equi-pentatonic (for example, in southern Uganda) and (2) equi-heptatonic (for example, in the lower Zambezi valley and in eastern Angola). These tone systems, with either five or seven notes per octave, differ radically from the two Western equal-interval…

spiral: The logarithmic, or equiangular, spiral was discovered by the French scientist René Descartes in 1638. In 1692 the Swiss mathematician Jakob Bernoulli named it spira mirabilis (“miracle spiral”) for its mathematical properties; it is carved on his tomb. The general equation of the logarithmic spiral is…

Olaudah Equiano was an abolitionist and writer whose autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano; or, Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself (1789), became the first internationally popular slave narrative. In it, Equiano expresses a strong abolitionist stance

horse: Evolution of the horse: …history of the horse family, Equidae, began during the Eocene Epoch, which lasted from about 56 million to 33.9 million years ago. During the early Eocene there appeared the first ancestral horse, a hoofed, browsing mammal designated correctly as Hyracotherium but more commonly called Eohippus, the “dawn horse.” Fossils of…

number game: Geometric dissections: …to a comprehensive theory of equidecomposable figures that was outlined in detail about 1960, two polygons are said to be equidecomposable if it is possible to dissect, or decompose, one of them into a finite number of pieces that can then be rearranged to form the second polygon. Obviously, the…

ocean current: Pressure gradients: …along a horizontal plane or geopotential surface, a surface perpendicular to the direction of the gravity acceleration. Horizontal gradients of pressure, though much smaller than vertical changes in pressure, give rise to ocean currents.

igneous rock: Fabric: Even-grained, or equigranular, rocks are characterized by essential minerals that all exhibit the same order of grain size, but this implied equality need not be taken too literally. For such rocks the combination terms panidiomorphic-granular, hypidiomorphic-granular, and allotriomorphic-granular are applied according to the occurrence of…

bridge: Stone arch bridges: ogival arch by concealing the angle at the crown and by starting the curves of the arches vertically in their springings from the piers. This elliptical shape of arch, in which the rise-to-span ratio was as low as 1:7, became known as basket-handled and has…

mechanics: Statics: This force is called the equilibrant. An example is shown in Figure 18.

Antoni Gaudí: Life: …has come to be called equilibrated—that is, a structure designed to stand on its own without internal bracing, external buttressing, and the like—or, as Gaudí observed, as a tree stands. Among the primary elements of his system were piers and columns that tilt to transmit diagonal thrusts, and thin-shell, laminated…

international payment and exchange: Equilibrating short-term capital movements: Commercial banks and other corporations involved in dealings across currency frontiers are usually able to see some (but not necessarily all) of their needs in advance. Their foreign exchange experts will watch the course of the exchanges closely and, if a…

thermodynamics: Thermodynamic equilibrium: A particularly important concept is thermodynamic equilibrium, in which there is no tendency for the state of a system to change spontaneously. For example, the gas in a cylinder with a movable piston will be at equilibrium if the temperature and pressure inside are…

proprioception, the perception by an animal of stimuli relating to its own position, posture, equilibrium, or internal condition. The coordination of movements requires continuous awareness of the position of each limb. The receptors in the skeletal (striated) muscles and on the surfaces of tendons

equilibrium, in physics, the condition of a system when neither its state of motion nor its internal energy state tends to change with time. A simple mechanical body is said to be in equilibrium if it experiences neither linear acceleration nor angular acceleration; unless it is disturbed by an

chemical equilibrium, condition in the course of a reversible chemical reaction in which no net change in the amounts of reactants and products occurs. A reversible chemical reaction is one in which the products, as soon as they are formed, react to produce the original reactants. At equilibrium,

acid–base reaction: Acid–base equilibria: The equilibrium constant (also called ionization constant, Ks′) for this reaction (the mathematical quantity that expresses the relationships between the concentrations of the various species present at equilibrium) would normally be given by the equation Ks′ = [SH2+] [S−]/[SH]2, in which the square brackets denote the…

Arctic: Present-day glaciation: …equal is known as the equilibrium line and is roughly equivalent to the snow line. It frequently varies greatly over short distances and from year to year on a specific glacier. On Baffin Island the equilibrium line is a little more than 2,000 feet above sea level in the extreme…

industrial glass: The glass transformation range: … which is known as the equilibrium liquid line. (Not shown in Figure 1 is the glass transition temperature, or Tg; this would be located at the lower end of the transformation range.) In crystallization, on the other hand, the transition from liquid to solid takes place with essentially a discontinuous…

patch dynamics: History of patch dynamics: …in ecology, having supplanted the equilibrium paradigm, which had been increasingly questioned. (The equilibrium paradigm posited that an ecosystem perturbed by a disturbance would eventually return to its undisturbed state, provided that the disturbance was not too strong or too damaging.) Patch dynamics is also conceptually linked with the theory…

nervous system: Ions: …difference is then called the equilibrium potential. (It is also called the Nernst potential, after Walther Nernst, a German physical chemist who, in the late 19th century, developed equations for calculating the electrical potential at which there is no longer a net flux of a specific ion across a membrane.)

supply and demand: …is referred to as the equilibrium price and represents an agreement between producers and consumers of the good. In equilibrium the quantity of a good supplied by producers equals the quantity demanded by consumers.

separation and purification: Separations based on equilibria: All equilibrium methods considered in this section involve the distribution of substances between two phases that are insoluble in one another. As an example, consider the two immiscible liquids benzene and water. If a colored compound is placed in the water…

Jeff Koons: …floor polishers in vitrines; his Equilibrium series (1985) consisted of cast bronze flotation devices and basketballs suspended in fluid; and his Made in Heaven series (1990–91) was a group of erotic paintings and sculptures of Koons and his former wife, Italian porn star Cicciolina (Ilona Staller). Koons was an early…

thermodynamics: Thermodynamic equilibrium: A particularly important concept is thermodynamic equilibrium, in which there is no tendency for the state of a system to change spontaneously. For example, the gas in a cylinder with a movable piston will be at equilibrium if the temperature and pressure inside are…

Christopher A. Pissarides: …and policy, and his book Equilibrium Unemployment Theory (1990; 2nd ed. 2000) became a standard text in the field.

economics: Theory of allocation: …particular examples of the “equimarginal principle,” a tool that can be applied to any decision that involves alternative courses of action. It is not only at the core of the theory of the firm and the theory of consumer behaviour, but it also underlies the theory of money, of…

gas: Diffusion: This method, called equimolar countercurrent diffusion, is the usual manner in which gaseous diffusion measurements are now carried out.

equine, one of the mammal family of Equidae (order Perissodactyla) that includes the modern horses, zebras, and asses, as well as more than 60 species known only from fossils. All six modern members of the family are placed in the genus Equus. Only the races of E. caballus (including the myriad

equine, one of the mammal family of Equidae (order Perissodactyla) that includes the modern horses, zebras, and asses, as well as more than 60 species known only from fossils. All six modern members of the family are placed in the genus Equus. Only the races of E. caballus (including the myriad

equine encephalitis, severe viral disease of horses and mules, transmitted by mosquitoes. It sometimes affects birds, reptiles, and humans. There are multiple different types of equine encephalitis, including Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), and Venezuelan

equine infectious anemia (EIA), disease of horses that is caused by a non-oncogenic (non-cancer-causing) retrovirus. Bloodsucking insects, especially horseflies, transmit the disease. Signs, which appear about two weeks after exposure, include fever, progressive weakness, weight loss, edema, and

African horse sickness (AHS), disease of Equidae (horses, mules, donkeys, and zebras) caused by an orbivirus called AHSV (family Reoviridae) that is transmitted by arthropods, notably biting midges (Culicoides imicola). The disease, which is not usually fatal to indigenous zebra herds, is often

equine respiratory disease, a complex of infections of viral origin, including equine viral rhinopneumonitis (viral abortion), equine viral arteritis, equine influenza and parainfluenza, and equine rhinovirus infection. The diseases are clinically indistinguishable. All cause fever, coughing, and

dourine, venereal disease of horses, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma equiperdum. The disease, which involves paralysis, is incurable. Serum tests have largely eradicated it in advanced countries, where a positive test requires the destruction of the animal. Trypanosomiasis, also caused by

climate change: The last great cooling: …of Earth’s orbital geometry: the equinoctial precession cycle (23,000 years) and the axial-tilt cycle (41,000 years). Although the third parameter of Earth’s orbit, eccentricity, varies on a 100,000-year cycle, its magnitude is insufficient to explain the 100,000-year cycles of glacial and interglacial periods of the past 900,000 years. The origin…

equinox, either of the two moments in the year when the Sun is exactly above the Equator and day and night are of equal length; also, either of the two points in the sky where the ecliptic (the Sun’s annual pathway) and the celestial equator intersect. The vernal equinox, marking the beginning of

Eva Figes: Equinox (1966) examines the breakup of a marriage and the protagonist’s subsequent struggle to rebuild her world. It was published about the time of the author’s own divorce from George Figes. Winter Journey (1967) relates a day in the life of an isolated old man.…

Manchester: Mount Equinox (3,816 feet [1,163 metres]) is to the west. Hildene, the summer home of Robert Todd Lincoln, Abraham Lincoln’s son, has been preserved. Summer film and art festivals are held at the town’s Southern Vermont Art Center. Area 42 square miles (109 square km).…

precession of the equinoxes, motion of the equinoxes along the ecliptic (the plane of Earth’s orbit) caused by the cyclic precession of Earth’s axis of rotation. In compiling his famous star catalog (completed in 129 bce), the Greek astronomer Hipparchus noticed that the positions of the stars were

Albert Camus: Camus’s literary career: …(Workers’ Theatre, later named the Théâtre de l’Équipe), which aimed to bring outstanding plays to working-class audiences. He maintained a deep love of the theatre until his death. Ironically, his plays are the least-admired part of his literary output, although Le Malentendu (Cross Purpose) and Caligula, first produced in 1944…

principles of physical science: Potential: An example of equipotentials is shown in Figure 8. Each is determined by the equation 3/r1 − 1/r2 = constant, with a different constant value for each, as shown. For any two charges of opposite sign, the equipotential surface, ϕ = 0, is a sphere, as no other…

Earth exploration: Electrical and electromagnetic methods: Equipotential methods entail mapping equipotential lines that result from a current. Distortions from a systematic pattern indicate the presence of a body of different resistivity. The mise-a-la-masse method involves putting one current electrode in an ore body in order to map its shape and location.

electricity: Electric potential: …this example is called an equipotential surface. When equation (5), which defines the potential difference between two points, is combined with Coulomb’s law, it yields the following expression for the potential difference VA − VB between points A and B:

Karl Lashley: Equipotentiality, associated chiefly with sensory systems such as vision, relates to the finding that some parts of a system take over the functions of other parts that have been damaged.

probabilism: …century before the formulation of equiprobabilism (either of two equally probable opinions may be followed) by the moral theologian Alfonso Maria de’ Liguori, a doctor of the Roman Catholic church.

fern: Annotated classification: Equisetaceae Stems with whorled branches, longitudinally ridged, hollow between the nodes, with characteristic rings of longitudinal canals; leaves whorled, reduced to a ring of small scalelike structures, these with a single vein, often papery and not green; sporangia eusporangiate, positioned under small umbrella-shaped branchlets that…

Equisetopsida: Annotated classification: Order Equisetales Two families: Calamitaceae, extinct tree horsetails; and Equisetaceae, herbaceous living horsetails and fossil allies with needlelike leaves in whorls along the stem; 15 extant species in the genus Equisetum and several extinct species in the genus Equisetites.

Equisetopsida, (division Pteridophyta), class of primitive spore-bearing vascular plants. Most members of the group are extinct and known only from their fossilized remains. The sole living genus, Equisetum, order Equisetales, is made up of 15 species of very ancient herbaceous plants, the

Equisetopsida, (division Pteridophyta), class of primitive spore-bearing vascular plants. Most members of the group are extinct and known only from their fossilized remains. The sole living genus, Equisetum, order Equisetales, is made up of 15 species of very ancient herbaceous plants, the