Radiohead: …Godrich, on a solo album, The Eraser.

David Lynch: …on his first feature film, Eraserhead (1977). Shot over a period of a few years, the hallucinatory film baffled and repelled critics and many viewers, but it eventually became a cult favourite on the midnight movie circuit.

Alain Robbe-Grillet: …first work, Les Gommes (1953; The Erasers), deals with a murder committed by the man who has come to investigate it. Le Voyeur (1955; The Voyeur) deals with the murder of a young girl by a passing stranger. In La Jalousie (1957; Jealousy), a jealous husband views the actions of…

Erasistratus Of Ceos was a Greek anatomist and physician in Alexandria, regarded by some as the founder of physiology. Known especially for his studies of the circulatory and nervous systems, Erasistratus noted the difference between sensory and motor nerves, but thought that the nerves were hollow

Spain: The conversos: …was among the conversos that Erasmianism (named after the famous humanist Desiderius Erasmus), a more intellectual form of spiritualized Christianity, had its greatest successes in Spain. The Erasmians had powerful supporters at court in the early years of Charles I as emperor, when his policy was directed toward the healing…

Gattamelata, bronze statue of the Venetian condottiere Erasmo da Narni (popularly known as Gattamelata, meaning “honeyed cat”) by the 15th-century Italian Renaissance sculptor Donatello. It was completed between 1447 and 1450 but was not installed on its pedestal in the Piazza del Santo in front of

Erasmus was a Dutch humanist who was the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance, the first editor of the New Testament, and also an important figure in patristics and classical literature. Using the philological methods pioneered by Italian humanists, Erasmus helped lay the groundwork for the

Johan Huizinga: …as is also true of Erasmus (1924), a sympathetic study of a central intellectual figure of the 16th century. Huizinga’s other chief works are In de schaduwen van Morgen (1935; In the Shadow of Tomorrow), “a diagnosis of the spiritual distemper of our time,” and Homo Ludens (1938), a study…

Erasmus was a Dutch humanist who was the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance, the first editor of the New Testament, and also an important figure in patristics and classical literature. Using the philological methods pioneered by Italian humanists, Erasmus helped lay the groundwork for the

St. Erasmus ; feast day June 2) was an early Christian bishop and martyr. He is one of the patron saints of sailors and is associated with Saint Elmo’s fire (the glow accompanying the brushlike discharges of atmospheric electricity that appears as a tip of light on the masts of ships during stormy

Erastianism, doctrine that the state is superior to the church in ecclesiastical matters. It is named after the 16th-century Swiss physician and Zwinglian theologian Thomas Erastus, who never held such a doctrine. He opposed excommunication as unscriptural, advocating in its stead punishment by

Thomas Erastus was a Swiss physician and religious controversialist whose name is preserved in Erastianism, a doctrine of church-state relationship that he himself never taught. A student of philosophy and medicine for nine years, Erastus was invited in 1557 by the elector Otto Heinrich of the

era: …corresponds to “era” is “erathem.”

Erato, in Greek religion, one of the nine Muses, the patron of lyric and erotic poetry or hymns. She is often depicted playing a lyre. See also

Eratosthenes was a Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. At Syene (now Aswān), some 800 km (500 miles) southeast of Alexandria in Egypt, the Sun’s rays fall vertically at noon at the summer solstice.

Eratosthenes was a Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. At Syene (now Aswān), some 800 km (500 miles) southeast of Alexandria in Egypt, the Sun’s rays fall vertically at noon at the summer solstice.

sieve of Eratosthenes, systematic procedure for finding prime numbers that begins by arranging all of the natural numbers (1, 2, 3, …) in numerical order. After striking out the number 1, simply strike out every second number following the number 2, every third number following the number 3, and

Budapest: Early settlement and the emergence of medieval Buda: …was established by the Celtic Eravisci. This became Aquincum when the Romans established a military camp and civilian town there at the end of the 1st century ce. Becoming the seat of the province Pannonia Inferior (c. 106) and then acquiring the status of a municipium (124) and finally a…

Italian literature: Poetry after World War II: …edited by Pietro Chiara and Luciano Erba—include Erba himself and the poet and filmmaker Nelo Risi, both of them Milanese, as well as the Italian Swiss Giorgio Orelli. All three are from northern Italy and, along with Roberto Rebora and others, have been seen as the continuers of a hypothetical…

Necmettin Erbakan was a Turkish politician whose tenure as the first Islamist prime minister of Turkey (1996–97) ended abruptly amid accusations that he was attempting to undermine Turkey’s secular constitution. Erbakan was the son of one of the last Islamic judges of the Ottoman Empire, whose

magazine: …ones was a German publication, Erbauliche Monaths-Unterredungen (“Edifying Monthly Discussions”), which was issued periodically from 1663 to 1668. Other learned journals soon appeared in France, England, and Italy, and in the early 1670s lighter and more entertaining magazines began to appear, beginning with Le Mercure Galant (1672; later renamed Mercure…

René Schickele: …known work, the novel trilogy Das Erbe am Rhein (“The Inheritance on the Rhine”)—comprising Maria Capponi (1925), Blick auf die Vogesen (1927; Heart of Alsace), and Der Wolf in der Hürde (1931; “The Wolf in the Pen”)—Schickele suggests that the ideal meeting ground for the creation of the supernational European…

Oskar Maria Graf: …in particular his utopian novel, Die Eroberung der Welt (1949; “The Conquest of the World”), reissued as Die Erben des Untergangs (1959; “The Heirs of the Ruins”).

Czech Republic: Literature of the Czech Republic: …by Karel Hynek Mácha and Karel Jaromír Erben. In Bohemia the Romantic movement gave way in the 1840s to a more descriptive and pragmatic approach to literature. Božena Němcová’s novel Babička (1855; The Grandmother, also translated as Granny) became a lasting favourite with Czech readers, while the journalist and poet…

Hendrick Zwaardecroon: …of the so-called conspiracy of Pieter Erberfelt, who, it was claimed (probably falsely), was plotting to expel the Dutch from the Indies.

Erbil, city, capital of Erbil muḥāfaẓah (governorate), northern Iraq. The city is also the capital of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq and is among the largest cities in that country. It is one of the most ancient cities in the world, dating back at least to 2300 bce. Erbil has long

pancreatic cancer: Treatment: …drugs such as cetuximab (Erbitux), a monoclonal antibody that binds to EGFR and thus prevents kinase activation and cell division, are being developed and tested in clinical trials for pancreatic cancer.

erbium (Er), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Pure erbium is a silvery white metal that is relatively stable in air. It slowly reacts with water and quickly dissolves in diluted acids, except hydrofluoric acid (HF) because of formation of the

Eduard Gans: Gans’s major work is Das Erbrecht in weltgeschichtlicher Entwicklung, 4 vol. (1824–35; “Historical Development of Inheritance Law”); his decision to write a historical work may have been influenced by the number of historical works in Hegel’s corpus. Gans’s treatise is valuable not only for its extensive survey of facts…

Thomas The Rhymer was a Scottish poet and prophet who was likely the author of the metrical romance Sir Tristrem, a version of the widely diffused Tristan legend. The romance was first printed in 1804 by Sir Walter Scott from a manuscript of about 1300. Thomas is now probably best known through the

Clovis II: …successively by Aega and by Erchinoald, Neustrian mayors of the palace. In about 648 he married Balthild, who played a dominant role in his administration thereafter.

Orchomenus, ancient Boeotian town on a promontory on the north of the Copiac plain. The northernmost Mycenaean fortified town, it was a seat of the Minyae dynastic family and controlled a large part of Boeotia. In the Archaic period, Orchomenus was a member of the Calaurian League, but political

Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga was a Spanish poet, known as the author of La Araucana (1569–89), the most celebrated Renaissance epic poem written in Castilian. Ercilla received a rigorous literary education before going to the New World in 1555. He distinguished himself as a soldier in Chile during

Van earthquake of 2011: …struck near the cities of Erciş and Van in eastern Turkey on October 23, 2011. More than 570 people were killed, and thousands of structures in Erciş, Van, and other nearby towns were destroyed. The earthquake was felt as far away as Jordan and southern Russia.

Van earthquake of 2011, severe earthquake that struck near the cities of Erciş and Van in eastern Turkey on October 23, 2011. More than 570 people were killed, and thousands of structures in Erciş, Van, and other nearby towns were destroyed. The earthquake was felt as far away as Jordan and

Van earthquake of 2011, severe earthquake that struck near the cities of Erciş and Van in eastern Turkey on October 23, 2011. More than 570 people were killed, and thousands of structures in Erciş, Van, and other nearby towns were destroyed. The earthquake was felt as far away as Jordan and

Turkey: The central massif: …including the volcanic peaks of Erciyes (12,848 feet [3,916 meters]) and Hasan (10,686 feet [3,257 meters]).

Lazarus Ercker was an important German writer on early metallurgy. Ercker studied at the University of Wittenberg (1547–48) and in 1554 was appointed assayer at Dresden, the first of many such positions he held in the state bureaucracy of Saxony. After 1567 he became control tester of coins at

Erckmann-Chatrian: …were two of the first French regionalist novelists in the 19th century.

Erckmann-Chatrian were two of the first French regionalist novelists in the 19th century. The two men were close friends and decided to collaborate in writing novels that are essentially patriotic and popular in character. They chose as their heroes the people of their native province, Alsace, and

Ercles vein, a rousing, somewhat bombastic manner of public speaking or writing. In William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Act I, scene 2), “Ercles’ vein” is Bottom’s expression for the style of speech he considers appropriate to the character of “Ercles,” i.e.,

Ercolano, town, Campania regione, southern Italy. It lies at the western foot of Mount Vesuvius, on the Gulf of Naples, just southeast of the city of Naples. The medieval town of Resina was built on the lava stream left by the eruption of Vesuvius (ad 79) that destroyed the ancient city of

Giambattista Giraldi: In his poem Ercole (1557; “Hercules”) he tried to reconcile the Aristotelian rules with modern taste. In his Discorso delle comedie e delle tragedie (1543; “Discourse on Comedy and Tragedy”) he reacted against the austerity of the classical tragedies. In his own tragedies—Orbecche (1541), his only strictly Senecan…

house of Este: Ercole I: …of Leonello’s and Borso’s half-brother Ercole I (1471–1505) marked one of the most important periods for the history of the house of Este and of Ferrara. He succeeded in obtaining considerable political support with his marriage to Leonora, the daughter of the king of Naples. These were troubled times, however.…

house of Este: Ercole I: …of Leonello’s and Borso’s half-brother Ercole I (1471–1505) marked one of the most important periods for the history of the house of Este and of Ferrara. He succeeded in obtaining considerable political support with his marriage to Leonora, the daughter of the king of Naples. These were troubled times, however.…

house of Este: Ercole II and Alfonso II: …of Alfonso’s son and successor Ercole II (1534–59), the military events proved less interesting (though the wars of 1557–58 were difficult) than the personal ones. Ercole married Renée, daughter of King Louis XII of France, and in Ferrara she came to embrace the Lutheran religion, becoming its ardent defender and…

house of Este: Ercole II and Alfonso II: …of Alfonso’s son and successor Ercole II (1534–59), the military events proved less interesting (though the wars of 1557–58 were difficult) than the personal ones. Ercole married Renée, daughter of King Louis XII of France, and in Ferrara she came to embrace the Lutheran religion, becoming its ardent defender and…

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatoscopy, medical procedure in which a flexible fibre-optic scope is used to examine the bile duct and pancreatic ducts for the presence of gallstones, tumours, or inflammation. In this procedure an endoscope is passed through the stomach into the duodenum to

Ardabīl, city, capital of Ardabīl province, northwestern Iran, 38 miles (61 km) from the Caspian Sea. It stands on an open plain 4,500 feet (1,400 metres) above sea level, just east of Mount Sabalān (15,784 feet [4,811 metres]), where cold spells occur until late spring. Persian historians have

Erdenet, city, northern Mongolia. It lies in a valley between the Selenga (Selenge) and Orhon (Orkhon) rivers about 150 miles (240 km) northwest of Ulaanbaatar. Erdenet is a major industrial centre that was organized in 1973 and built in the mid-1970s as a joint Soviet-Mongolian venture. Founded

Nurhachi: …a Manchu nobleman and scholar, Erdeni, created a Manchu system of writing that laid the foundation for a Manchu national literature. This was the year also in which the first of the Juchen rivals was defeated and incorporated into the Nurhachi state. In 1601 Nurhachi established what was to become…

Karakorum: The Buddhist monastery of Erdeni Dzu (built 1585), which today remains only as a museum, was built on the city site.

Earth Spirit, drama in four acts by Frank Wedekind, published in 1895 as Der Erdgeist after his publisher refused the complete manuscript of Die Büchse der Pandora: Eine Monstretragödie (“Pandora’s Box: A Monster Tragedy”). Erdgeist was first performed in 1898. Together with Die Büchse der Pandora

Adair v. United States: …in direct violation of the Erdman Act of 1898, which prohibited railroads engaged in interstate commerce from requiring workers to refrain from union membership as a condition of employment. The Supreme Court decided in a 6-to-2 vote that the Erdman Act was unconstitutional. The court held that the act represented…

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is the two-decade-long ruler of Turkey (Türkiye), who served first as prime minister (2003–14) and later as president (2014– ), during which time he successfully pushed constitutional reform for a presidential system. Although Erdoğan came to power as a liberalizer seeking to

Paul Erdős was a Hungarian “freelance” mathematician known for his work in number theory and combinatorics, and a legendary eccentric who was arguably the most prolific mathematician of the 20th century, in terms of both the number of problems he solved and the number of problems he convinced

Hungarian literature: Renaissance and Reformation: Benedek Komjáti, Gábor Pesti, and János Sylvester, all of whom were disciples of the humanist Erasmus, translated parts of the Bible with philological accuracy. Pesti made a very readable translation of Aesop’s fables and published a Latin–Hungarian dictionary. Sylvester published the first Hungarian grammar and, to show the adaptability of…

Louise Erdrich is an American author whose principal subject is the Ojibwe people of the northern Midwest. Among her acclaimed novels are The Round House (2012; winner of the National Book Award) and The Night Watchman (2020; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for fiction). Erdrich’s novels are noted for

Louise Erdrich is an American author whose principal subject is the Ojibwe people of the northern Midwest. Among her acclaimed novels are The Round House (2012; winner of the National Book Award) and The Night Watchman (2020; winner of the Pulitzer Prize for fiction). Erdrich’s novels are noted for

Konstantinos Karamanlis: …also his own party, the National Radical Union (ERE), which in parliamentary elections in February 1956 obtained 161 seats out of 300. He retained a parliamentary majority in elections held in 1958 and 1961. As prime minister, Karamanlis helped Greece make a dramatic economic recovery from the devastation of World…

Erebus, in Greek religion, the god of a dark region of the underworld and the personification of darkness. Erebus is one of the primordial beings in the Greek creation myth. He is the son of Chaos, who is also the mother of Erebus’s wife, Nyx, the personification of night. The standard cosmology of

Erebuni, ancient Urartian palace-fortress probably built by King Argishti I in the first quarter of the 8th century bc; it was located on the hill of Arin Berd, near modern Yerevan in Armenia. Excavations at Erebuni have centred on the palace and temple; both buildings contained important wall

Franklin expedition: …and officers of the HMS Erebus and HMS Terror perished under mysterious circumstances. The British navy launched the most extensive search effort in its history but recovered few bodies and found no trace of the ships. It took nearly 170 years before the Erebus and Terror were finally located in…

Erebus, in Greek religion, the god of a dark region of the underworld and the personification of darkness. Erebus is one of the primordial beings in the Greek creation myth. He is the son of Chaos, who is also the mother of Erebus’s wife, Nyx, the personification of night. The standard cosmology of

Mount Erebus, the world’s southernmost active volcano, located on the western half of Ross Island, off the coast of Antarctica in the Ross Sea. Its summit is 12,448 feet (3,794 meters) above sea level, making it the second tallest volcano in Antarctica, after Mount Sidley. Mount Erebus is also one

Erec, Middle High German epic poem by Hartmann von Aue, written about 1180–85 and considered the first Arthurian romance in German. This poem of some 10,000 lines is a loose translation of a work by Chrétien de Troyes about one of the knights of the Round Table. The story concerns the duties and

Chrétien de Troyes: …author of five Arthurian romances: Erec; Cligès; Lancelot, ou Le Chevalier à la charrette; Yvain, ou Le Chevalier au lion; and Perceval, ou Le Conte du Graal. The non-Arthurian tale Guillaume d’Angleterre, based on the legend of St. Eustace, may also have been written by Chrétien.

Chrétien de Troyes: …author of five Arthurian romances: Erec; Cligès; Lancelot, ou Le Chevalier à la charrette; Yvain, ou Le Chevalier au lion; and Perceval, ou Le Conte du Graal. The non-Arthurian tale Guillaume d’Angleterre, based on the legend of St. Eustace, may also have been written by Chrétien.

Erech, ancient Mesopotamian city located northwest of Ur (Tall Al-Muqayyar) in southeastern Iraq. The site has been excavated from 1928 onward by the German Oriental Society and the German Archeological Institute. Erech was one of the greatest cities of Sumer and was enclosed by brickwork walls

Mesopotamian art and architecture: Architecture: …architectural design during this so-called Protoliterate period (c. 3400–c. 2900 bce) are recognizable in the construction of religious buildings. There is, however, one temple, at Abū Shahrayn (ancient Eridu), that is no more than a final rebuilding of a shrine the original foundation of which dates back to the beginning…

Erechtheum, ionic temple of Athena, built during 421–405 bc on the Acropolis at Athens, famous largely for its complexity and for the exquisite perfection of its details. The temple’s Ionic capitals are the most beautiful that Greece produced, and its distinctive porch, supported by caryatid

Erechtheus: In his lost play Erechtheus, Euripides gave that king three daughters, one of whom was appropriately named Chthonia. At war with neighbouring Eleusis and its ally King Eumolpus, Erechtheus learned from the god Apollo that Athens would win if he sacrificed his daughter. He sacrificed Chthonia, and her sisters…

Erechtheus, legendary king and probably also a divinity of Athens. According to the Iliad, he was born from the corn land and raised by the goddess Athena, who established him in her temple at Athens. In later times only a great snake was thought to share the temple with Athena, and there is

primate: Bipedalism: All primates sit upright. Many stand upright without supporting their body weight by their arms, and some, especially the apes, actually walk upright for short periods. The view that the possession of uprightness is a solely human attribute is untenable; humans are merely the one species of the…

erect-crested penguin, (Eudyptes sclateri), species of crested penguin (genus Eudyptes, order Sphenisciformes) characterized by plumes of yellow feathers extending from the bill to the back of the head, running above each eye (the superciliary stripe); the plumes often stand fully upright at the

Erechtheum, ionic temple of Athena, built during 421–405 bc on the Acropolis at Athens, famous largely for its complexity and for the exquisite perfection of its details. The temple’s Ionic capitals are the most beautiful that Greece produced, and its distinctive porch, supported by caryatid

impotence, in general, the inability of a man to achieve or maintain penile erection and hence the inability to participate fully in sexual intercourse. In its broadest sense the term impotence refers to the inability to become sexually aroused; in this sense it can apply to women as well as to

impotence, in general, the inability of a man to achieve or maintain penile erection and hence the inability to participate fully in sexual intercourse. In its broadest sense the term impotence refers to the inability to become sexually aroused; in this sense it can apply to women as well as to

erection, enlargement, hardening, and elevation of the male reproductive organ, the penis. Internally, the penis has three long masses of cylindrical tissue, known as erectile tissue, that are bound together by fibrous tissue. The two identical areas running along the sides of the penis are termed

Charles Bukowski: …newspaper column of that name, Erections, Ejaculations, Exhibitions, and General Tales of Ordinary Madness (1972), and Hot Water Music (1983). His later novels include Post Office (1971), Factotum (1975), and Ham on Rye (1982). Hollywood (1989), also a novel, took as its subject the filming of the 1987

erector spinae, a deep muscle of the back; it arises from a tendon attached to the crest along the centre of the sacrum (the part of the backbone at the level of the pelvis, formed of five vertebrae fused together). When it reaches the level of the small of the back, the erector divides into three

Ereğli, town, northern Turkey. It is situated on the Black Sea coast about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Zonguldak. The town was founded about 560 bce as Heraclea Pontica by a colony of Megarians who soon subjected the native Mariandynians and extended their control over most of the coast. In 74

Ereğli, town, south-central Turkey. It stands near the foot of the central Taurus Mountains on the northern approach to the Cilician Gates, a major pass. A frontier fortification of the Byzantine Empire, then known as Heraclea Cybistra, the town lay in the way of invading armies and was captured by

Georgia: Turkish and Persian domination: When Tʿeimuraz died, his son Erekle II reunited the kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti and made a brave attempt at erecting a Caucasian multinational state based on Georgia. Imereti under King Solomon I (1752–84) succeeded in finally throwing off the domination of the declining Ottoman Empire.

Australia: Vegetation: The Eremian Zone covers the whole of central Australia through to the west-central coast; its climate is arid.

golden mole: Natural history: Grant’s golden mole (Eremitalpa granti) of southern Africa is a sand-dune inhabitant. It does not live in burrows but travels at night on the dune surface or just below, employing its front limbs and muzzle to “swim” through the sand. During the day it buries…

Andrea Mantegna: Formative years in Padua: …the Ovetari Chapel in the Eremitani Church in Padua. The figures of Saints Peter, Paul, and Christopher in the apse, his earliest frescoes in this chapel, show to what extent he had already absorbed the monumental figure style of Tuscany. In the St. James Led to Martyrdom in the lowest…

hermit, one who retires from society, primarily for religious reasons, and lives in solitude. In Christianity the word (from Greek erēmitēs, “living in the desert”) is used interchangeably with anchorite, although the two were originally distinguished on the basis of location: an anchorite selected

idiorrhythmic monasticism, the original form of monastic life in Christianity, as exemplified by St. Anthony of Egypt (c. 250–355). It consisted of a total withdrawal from society, normally in the desert, and the constant practice of mental prayer. The contemplative and mystical trend of eremitic

Sven Delblanc: His first novel, Eremitkräftan (1962; “The Hermit Crab”), was an allegorical exploration of the roles of freedom, love, and mysticism in human existence. He continued to pursue those themes in such novels as Prästkappan (1963; “The Cassock”), set in late 18th-century Germany, and Kastrater (1975; The Castrati), set…

lark: …horned, or shore, lark (Eremophila alpestris) is native to the New World. The bill is quite variable: it may be small and narrowly conical or long and downward-curving; and the hind claw is long and sometimes straight. Plumage is plain or streaked (sexes usually alike) in a colour closely…

Tien Shan: Physiography: …the eastern Tien Shan: the Eren Habirga Mountains, which reach elevations of 18,200 feet (5,550 metres). The ridge has considerable glacial development, as well as numerous forms of relief that indicate the area was the site of ancient glaciation.

Erenhot, city, north-central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. It is located in the Gobi (desert) near the border with Mongolia, on the Trans-Mongolian railway. A railway was built southward in 1954 from a location called Eren Station. Around this was constructed a complex of buildings that

Bulgaria: Political divisions under Alexander of Battenberg: Casimir Erenroth, a Finn in Russian service who had earlier been charged with setting up the Bulgarian army. Erenroth used rigged elections to select the Grand National Assembly, which agreed in 1881 to suspend the constitution and invest the prince with absolute power for seven…

Nissaba: …Sumerian deity, city goddess of Eresh on the ancient Euphrates River near Uruk in the farming regions; she was goddess of the grasses in general, including the reeds and the cereals. As goddess of the reeds and provider of the reed stylus used by the scribes, she became the patroness…

Ereshkigal, in Mesopotamian religion, goddess in the Sumero-Akkadian pantheon who was Lady of the Great Place (i.e., the abode of the dead) and in texts of the 3rd millennium bc wife of the god Ninazu (elsewhere accounted her son); in later texts she was the wife of Nergal. Ereshkigal’s sister was

porcupine: New World porcupines (family Erethizontidae): The North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) is the largest in the family, usually weighing less than 7 kg (15.4 pounds), though males occasionally grow significantly larger. Its body is up to 80 cm (31 inches) long, with a tail up to 30 cm (12 inches). Both…

porcupine: …embedded in clusters, whereas in New World porcupines (Erethizontidae) single quills are interspersed with bristles, underfur, and hair. No porcupine can throw its quills, but they detach easily and will remain embedded in an attacker. Base coloration ranges from grayish brown through dark brown to blackish, but this colouring is…

sea turtle: Physical features and feeding habits: The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is largely tropical and common in coral reef habitats, where it feeds on sponges and a variety of other invertebrates. The flatback sea turtle (Natator depressa) occurs in the seas between Australia and New Guinea; it also feeds on a…

Eretna dynasty: The dynasty’s founder, Eretna, was an officer of Uyghur origin in the service of Demirtaş, the Il-Khanid governor of Anatolia, who revolted (1326) against the Il-Khanid ruler Abū Saʿīd and escaped to Egypt. Eretna then became governor of Anatolia under the suzerainty of Ḥasan the Elder, ruler of…