Eretna dynasty, dynasty that succeeded the Mongol Il-Khanid rulers in central Anatolia and ruled there from c. 1343 to 1380. The dynasty’s founder, Eretna, was an officer of Uyghur origin in the service of Demirtaş, the Il-Khanid governor of Anatolia, who revolted (1326) against the Il-Khanid ruler

Eretria, ancient Greek coastal town of the island of Euboea. Jointly with its neighbour Chalcis, it founded Cumae in Italy (c. 750 bce), the first of the Greek colonies in the west; it then established colonies of its own in Chalcidice and Macedonia. Inter-city cooperation became competition, then

Palestine, area of the eastern Mediterranean region comprising parts of modern Israel and the Palestinian territories of the Gaza Strip (along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea) and the West Bank (west of the Jordan River). The term Palestine has been associated variously and sometimes

scorpaeniform: Annotated classification: Family Ereuniidae 4 lower pectoral fin rays free (as in family Triglidae); vertebrae 35–39. Maximum length 30 cm (12 inches). Marine, deepwater, western North Pacific. 2 genera with 3 species. Family Abyssocottidae Postcleithra reduced or absent; pelvic fin with 1 spine and 2–4 soft rays; vertebrae…

Yerevan, capital of Armenia. It is situated on the Hrazdan River, 14 miles (23 km) from the Turkish frontier. Though first historically recorded in 607 ce, Yerevan dates by archaeological evidence to a settlement on the site in the 6th–3rd millennia bce and subsequently to the fortress of Erebuni

Erewash, borough (district), administrative and historic county of Derbyshire, England. Its eastern boundary is the River Erewash, from which the borough takes its name. It is bounded on the south by the Rivers Trent and Derwent, and to the west it extends as far as Derby and the River Derwent at

Erewhon, satirical novel by Samuel Butler, first published anonymously in 1872. During Butler’s lifetime, his reputation rested on the success of Erewhon, which he claimed as his own when it met with immediate approval. It was the only work from which Butler earned a profit. The name of the realm

Erewhon, satirical novel by Samuel Butler, first published anonymously in 1872. During Butler’s lifetime, his reputation rested on the success of Erewhon, which he claimed as his own when it met with immediate approval. It was the only work from which Butler earned a profit. The name of the realm

history of Europe: The impact of the slump: …some industrialists, and the so-called Erfüllungspolitik, or “policy of fulfillment,” advocated by Rathenau and Stresemann. They proposed to meet initial demands for reparations so as to reestablish trust and then negotiate for better terms. This was the policy adopted by the Weimar Republic.

Erfurt, city, capital of Thuringia Land (state), central Germany. It is located in the Thuringian Basin, on the Gera River, 200 miles (320 km) southwest of Berlin. It was first mentioned in 724 as Erpesfurt, the site of an abbey and a royal residence at a ford (Furt) on the Gera (originally named

Karl Kautsky: …the Social Democrats adopted his Erfurt Program, which committed the party to an evolutionary form of Marxism that rejected both the radicalism of Rosa Luxemburg and the evolutionary socialist doctrines of Bernstein. Kautsky served as the German Social Democrats’ authority on Marxism until World War I, when he joined the…

Erfurt Union Parliament, (March 20–April 29, 1850), conference called by Prussia to form a union of German states headed jointly by Prussia and Austria. Opposed by Austria, the plan failed to win the adherence of the other large German states and had to be renounced by Prussia in the Punctation of

Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, prince de Bénévent: Between empire and restoration: …congress of European sovereigns at Erfurt, Prussia. There Talleyrand had secret talks with Tsar Alexander I, urging him to oppose Napoleon, and thereafter conducted a clandestine correspondence with both Russia and Austria. This treasonable activity did not, in fact, involve Talleyrand in great risk, since it was approved by Fouché,…

Erfurt Union Parliament, (March 20–April 29, 1850), conference called by Prussia to form a union of German states headed jointly by Prussia and Austria. Opposed by Austria, the plan failed to win the adherence of the other large German states and had to be renounced by Prussia in the Punctation of

Hugo Erfurth was a German photographer noted mainly for his portraits of artists, intellectuals, and celebrities of the 1920s. Erfurth studied art at the Academy of Arts in Dresden, Germany, from 1892 to 1896. He worked as a portrait photographer in Dresden from 1896 until about 1925. Many artists,

erg, in a desert region, area of large accumulation of sand, generally in the bottom of a huge basin in which a former river piled up alluvium. Ergs are areas of actively shifting dunes, “fossilized” dunes, or extensive sand sheets. The sand is generally loose and is extremely difficult to cross.

human eye: Bleaching of rhodopsin: Thus, the electroretinogram (ERG) is the record of changes in potential between an electrode placed on the surface of the cornea and an electrode placed on another part of the body, caused by illumination of the eye.

erg, unit of energy or work in the centimetre-gram-second system of physical units used in physics; to lift a pound weight one foot requires 1.356 × 107 ergs. It equals the work done by a force of one dyne acting through a distance of one centimetre and is equal to 10-7 joule, the standard unit of

international law: Hierarchies of sources and norms: …has established a category of erga omnes (Latin: “toward all”) obligations, which apply to all states. Whereas in ordinary obligations the defaulting state bears responsibility toward particular interested states (e.g., other parties to the treaty that has been breached), in the breach of erga omnes obligations, all states have an…

ergativity, Tendency of a language to pair the subject, or agent, of an intransitive verb with the object, or patient, of a transitive verb. This contrasts with the situation in nominative-accusative languages such as Latin or English, in which the subjects of both transitive and intransitive verbs

vitamin D: …plants and better known as ergocalciferol (or calciferol), and vitamin D3, found in animal tissues and often referred to as cholecalciferol. Both of these compounds are inactive precursors of potent metabolites and therefore fall into the category of prohormones. This is true not only for cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol obtained from…

George David Birkhoff: …20th century, who formulated the ergodic theorem.

Elon Lindenstrauss: His work involved ergodic theory (a branch of mathematics that arose from statistical physics), which he used to make significant progress on problems in number theory, such as the Littlewood conjecture about approximations to irrational numbers, and in quantum chaos, such as the quantum unique ergodicity conjecture.

human-factors engineering, science dealing with the application of information on physical and psychological characteristics to the design of devices and systems for human use. The term human-factors engineering is used to designate equally a body of knowledge, a process, and a profession. As a

drug: Drugs that affect smooth muscle: …constituents of ergot, ergotamine and ergonovine are the most important. The main effect of ergotamine is to constrict blood vessels, sometimes so severely as to cause gangrene of fingers and toes. Dihydroergotamine, a derivative, can be used in treating migraine. Ergonovine has much less effect on blood vessels but a…

ergosterol, a white crystalline organic solid of the molecular formula C28H44O belonging to the steroid family. It is found only in fungi (e.g, Saccharomyces and other yeasts and Claviceps purpurea, the cause of ergot, a fungal disease of cereal grasses) and is chemically related to cholesterol.

ergot, fungal disease of cereal grasses, especially rye, caused by species of the ascomycete fungus Claviceps. The disease decreases the production of viable grains by infected plants and can contaminate harvests. Ergot is commonly associated with rye infected by C. purpurea, but other economically

Ascomycota: >C. purpurea, the cause of ergot of rye and ergotism in humans and domestic animals.

drug: Drugs that affect smooth muscle: …biologically active constituents of ergot, ergotamine and ergonovine are the most important. The main effect of ergotamine is to constrict blood vessels, sometimes so severely as to cause gangrene of fingers and toes. Dihydroergotamine, a derivative, can be used in treating migraine. Ergonovine has much less effect on blood vessels…

semen: …ampulla secretes a yellowish fluid, ergothioneine, a substance that reduces (removes oxygen from) chemical compounds, and the ampulla also secretes fructose, a sugar that nourishes the sperm.

Kleitias: The vase is signed “Ergotimos epoiēsen; Kleitias egraphsen” (“Ergotimos made [me]; Kleitias painted [me]”).

St. Anthony of Egypt: Anthony’s fire (or ergotism). The black-robed Hospitallers, ringing small bells as they collected alms, were a common sight in many parts of western Europe. The bells of the Hospitallers, as well as their pigs—allowed by special privilege to run free in medieval streets—became part of the later iconography…

Argun River, river rising in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, on the western slope of the Greater Khingan Range, where it is known as the Hailar River. Its length is 1,007 miles (1,620 km), of which about 600 miles (965 km) form the boundary between China and Russia. Near Luoguhe, the

Lake Er, lake in western Yunnan province, China. It lies in a deep basin at the eastern foot of the snow-covered Diancang range (also called Cang Shan) between the upper waters of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), there called the Jinsha River, and the Mekong River. Lake Er is the last remnant of a

erhu, bowed, two-stringed Chinese vertical fiddle, the most popular of this class of instruments. The strings of the erhu, commonly tuned a fifth apart, are stretched over a wooden drumlike resonator covered by a snakeskin membrane. Like the banhu, the erhu has no fingerboard. The strings are

Erenhot, city, north-central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. It is located in the Gobi (desert) near the border with Mongolia, on the Trans-Mongolian railway. A railway was built southward in 1954 from a location called Eren Station. Around this was constructed a complex of buildings that

Erya, an early Chinese lexicon that is considered a classic work of Chinese literature and is sometimes ranked with the Wujing (“Five Classics”) in importance and influence. The Erya, possibly assembled in the Qin (221–207 bce) or early Han (206 bce–220 ce) dynasty, is a compilation of words found

Tanzania: Early exploration: It was a fellow missionary, Jakob Erhardt, whose famous “slug” map (showing, on Arab information, a vast shapeless inland lake) helped stimulate the interest of the British explorers Richard Burton and John Hanning Speke. They traveled from Bagamoyo to Lake Tanganyika in 1857–58, and Speke also saw Lake Victoria. This…

Ludwig Erhard was an economist and statesman who, as economics minister (1949–63), was the chief architect of West Germany’s post-World War II economic recovery. He served as German chancellor from 1963 to 1966. Following World War I, Erhard studied economics, eventually joining an economics

erhu, bowed, two-stringed Chinese vertical fiddle, the most popular of this class of instruments. The strings of the erhu, commonly tuned a fifth apart, are stretched over a wooden drumlike resonator covered by a snakeskin membrane. Like the banhu, the erhu has no fingerboard. The strings are

Chinese music: Jingxi (Peking opera): …two prototypes called xipi and erhuang. Within each of these general types there are several well-known tunes, but the word prototype has been used to define them, as each opera and each situation is capable of varying the basic melody greatly. The two basic identifying factors are the mode of…

Oceanic literature: The influence of oral traditions: For example, Vincent Eri in his first novel, The Crocodile (1970), tried to give a sense of the spiritual world of the precontact society of Papua New Guinea, and he used traditional myths, legends, and tales of magic to express the life of a village where the…

plume grass, (genus Saccharum), genus of about 20 species of grasses in the family Poaceae, native to warm regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The genus comprises the sugarcanes (notably Saccharum officinarum) and several ornamental species, including Ravenna grass (S. ravennae).

Michael Shannon: Directorial debut: …Shannon directed his first film, Eric Larue, a drama about the mother (Judy Greer) of a school shooter. It received generally favorable reviews. The following year Shannon returned to Red Orchid to act in the world premiere of Turret, a play by Levi Holloway about two men hiding in an…

Frederic William Farrar: …sentimental novel of school life, Eric; or, Little by Little (1858).

heath, (genus Erica), genus of about 800 species of low evergreen shrubs of the family Ericaceae. Most heath species are indigenous to South Africa, where they are especially diverse in the southwestern Cape region. Some also occur in the Mediterranean region and in northern Europe, and species

heath: The white, or tree, heath, or giant heather (E. arborea), found in the Mediterranean region and parts of Africa, is the source of briar root, used for making briarwood pipes. Some southern African species (e.g., E. melanthera, E. verticillata, and E. ventricosa) are cultivated in cool…

heath: The purple, or Scotch, heath, or bell heather (Erica cinerea), is common in Great Britain and western Europe. Its minute flowers yield much nectar. Other British species are cross-leaved heath, or bog heather (E. tetralix); Cornish heath (E. vagans), found also in western Europe; and fringed,…

heath: …outdoors in southwestern North America; E. verticillata is considered extinct in the wild. See also heather.

Ericaceae, the heath family of flowering plants (order Ericales), comprising 126 genera and some 4,000 species. Ericaceae is made up mostly of shrubs and small trees, and its members are widely distributed, extending into the subarctic and along mountain chains through the tropics. A large

Ericales, rhododendron order of flowering plants, containing 22 families, 346 genera, and more than 12,000 species. The relationships of the order are unclear. Together with Cornales, it is placed as a basal asterid in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV) botanical classification system (see

Erice, town, northwestern Sicily, Italy; it lies at 2,464 feet (751 m) above sea level on the top of Monte San Giuliano (also called Monte Erice), just northeast of Trapani city. The town originated as a settlement of the Elyrir (an ancient Sicilian tribe) and was fortified by the Phoenicians and

homopteran: Glandular secretions: …producers are males of the Chinese wax scale Ericerus pe-la that secrete large amounts of pure white wax useful in making candles. The Indian wax scale Ceroplastes ceriferus secretes a wax that is used for medicinal purposes.

Arthur Erickson was a Canadian architect. He first earned wide recognition with his plan for Simon Fraser University (1963–65), designed with Geoffrey Massey, which included an enormous skylit indoor plaza serving as a sensitive response to a cool, rainy climate. Robson Square, Vancouver (1978–79),

Arthur Erickson was a Canadian architect. He first earned wide recognition with his plan for Simon Fraser University (1963–65), designed with Geoffrey Massey, which included an enormous skylit indoor plaza serving as a sensitive response to a cool, rainy climate. Robson Square, Vancouver (1978–79),

Reed Erickson was a transgender philanthropist who helped to fund early research on transsexual and transgender issues and to increase the visibility of transsexuality in the United States. Rita Erickson grew up in Philadelphia and graduated from the Philadelphia High School for Girls. Erickson

Reed Erickson was a transgender philanthropist who helped to fund early research on transsexual and transgender issues and to increase the visibility of transsexuality in the United States. Rita Erickson grew up in Philadelphia and graduated from the Philadelphia High School for Girls. Erickson

psychedelic rock: …by the wayward talent of Roky Erickson, a gifted musician who was later hospitalized for mental illness, the 13th Floor Elevators released four frenetic albums featuring bizarre jug-blowing blues before imploding in 1969. On the East Coast, the Velvet Underground symbolized a nihilistic cool version of psychedelia, picking up on…

Bluetooth: In 1998 Ericsson, the Swedish manufacturer of mobile telephones, assembled a consortium of computer and electronics companies to bring to the consumer market a technology they had been developing for several years that was aimed at freeing computers, phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and other devices from…

John Ericsson was a Swedish-born American naval engineer and inventor who built the first armoured turret warship and developed the screw propeller. After serving in the Swedish army as a topographical surveyor, Ericsson went to London in 1826 and constructed a steam locomotive, the Novelty, for a

Eridanus, constellation in the southern sky at about 4 hours right ascension and that stretches from the celestial equator to about 60° south in declination. Its brightest star is Achernar, the ninth brightest star in the sky, with a magnitude of 0.5. This constellation contains Epsilon Eridani,

Eridu, ancient Sumerian city south of Tall al-Muqayyar (ancient Ur), Iraq. Eridu was revered as the oldest city in Sumer, according to the king lists, and its patron god was Ea (Enki), “lord of the sweet waters that flow under the earth.” The city’s site, located at a mound called Abū Shahrayn, was

Eridu Genesis, in Mesopotamian religious literature, ancient Sumerian epic primarily concerned with the creation of the world, the building of cities, and the flood. According to the epic, after the universe was created out of the primeval sea and the gods were born, the deities fashioned man from

Erie, city, seat (1803) of Erie county, northwestern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies on the southeastern shore of Lake Erie, where a 6-mile (10-km) peninsula encloses a fine natural harbour; the city is a major lake port. Named for the Erie Indians, it was the site of the Fort-Presque-Isle built on the

Erie, county, extreme western New York state, U.S., bounded to the south by Cattaraugus Creek, to the west by Lake Erie, to the northwest by the Niagara River, and to the north by Tonawanda Creek, which is incorporated into the New York State Canal System and its constituent the Erie Canal. The

Erie, Iroquoian-speaking North American Indians who inhabited most of what is now northern Ohio, parts of northwestern Pennsylvania, and western New York; they were often referred to as the Cat Nation. Little is known of their social or political organization, but early Jesuit accounts record that

Erie, county, extreme northwestern Pennsylvania, U.S., bordered by Lake Erie to the northwest, New York state to the northeast, and Ohio to the southwest. It consists of low hills that rise toward the southeast. The principal waterways are Conneaut, Elk, and French creeks as well as Edinboro Lake

Erie Canal, historic waterway of the United States, connecting the Great Lakes with New York City via the Hudson River at Albany. Taking advantage of the Mohawk River gap in the Appalachian Mountains, the Erie Canal, 363 miles (584 km) long, was the first canal in the United States to connect

Erie: …the opening (1844) of the Erie Extension (or Beaver-Erie) Canal and with railway construction in the 1850s. Manufactures are now well diversified and include locomotives, plastics, electrical equipment, metalworking and machinery, hospital equipment, paper, chemicals, and rubber products. Erie is Pennsylvania’s only port on the St. Lawrence Seaway and is…

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, American railroad built to carry coal from the anthracite fields of northeastern Pennsylvania. Originally known as Ligget’s Gap Railroad, it was chartered in 1851 as the Lackawanna and Western. Eventually it ran from the Lackawanna Valley in

Erie Railroad Company, U.S. railroad running between New York City, Buffalo, and Chicago, through the southern counties of New York state and skirting Lake Erie. It was incorporated in 1832 as the New York and Erie Railroad Company, to build from Piermont, N.Y., on the west bank of the Hudson

Lake Erie, fourth largest of the five Great Lakes of North America. It forms the boundary between Canada (Ontario) to the north and the United States (Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York) to the west, south, and east. The major axis of the lake extends from west-southwest to east-northeast

New York: Relief: …plateaulike region known as the Erie-Ontario Lowlands lies to the north of the Appalachian Highlands and west of the Mohawk valley and extends along the southern shores of the Great Lakes. It is composed of lake plains bordering the Great Lakes that extend up to 30 miles (50 km) inland…

John Scotus Erigena was a theologian, translator, and commentator on several earlier authors in works centring on the integration of Greek and Neoplatonist philosophy with Christian belief. From about 845, Erigena lived at the court of the West Frankish king Charles II the Bald, near Laon (now in

fleabane, any of the plants of the genus Erigeron of the family Asteraceae, order Asterales, containing about 200 species of annual, biennial, and perennial herbs native primarily to temperate parts of the world. Some species are cultivated as rock garden or border ornamentals, especially E.

bearded seal, (Erignathus barbatus), nonmigratory seal of the family Phocidae, distinguished by the bushy, bristly whiskers for which it is named; it is also known as “squareflipper” after the rectangular shape of the foreflipper. Highly valued by Eskimos for its hide, meat, and blubber, the

Erigone, in Greek mythology, daughter of Icarius, the hero of the Attic deme (township) of Icaria. Her father, who had been taught by the god Dionysus to make wine, gave some to several shepherds, who became intoxicated. Their companions, thinking they had been poisoned, killed Icarius and buried

Mongolia: Sports and recreation: …“three games of men” (eriin gurvan naadam), the main components of the annual national festival beginning on July 11—the date previously observed as the anniversary of the Mongolian revolution. In Qing times these ancient games (naadam) were held every three years and accompanied a Tibetan Buddhist ritual for the…

Erik VII was the king of the united realms of Denmark, Norway (as Erik III), and Sweden (as Erik XIII) from 1397 to 1439; his autocratic rule and foreign wars eventually lost him the throne in all three of his dominions. The son of Duke Vratislav VII of Pomerania and the great-nephew of Margaret,

Erik I was the king of Norway (c. 930–935) and later king of Northumberland (948, 952–954). On the death of his father, Harald I Fairhair, first king of united Norway, Erik attempted to make himself sole king of Norway, defeating and slaying two of his brothers to whom vassal kingdoms had been

Ben Hecht: …material for his first novel, Erik Dorn (1921). For the Daily News he developed a column that formed the basis of his collection of sketches A Thousand and One Afternoons in Chicago (1922).

Denmark: The monarchy: …Holy; 1080–86), Oluf Hunger (1086–95), Erik Ejegod (1095–1103), and Niels (1104–34). Their reigns were marked by conflict over the extent of the king’s power, and both Canute and Niels were assassinated. By 1146 civil war had divided the kingdom between three contenders.

Sweden: Civil wars: Erik, Erik Eriksson, to whose sister he was married. Birger’s eldest son, Valdemar, was elected king when Erik died (1250). After Birger defeated the rebellious magnates, he assisted his son in the government of the country and gave fiefs to his younger sons. Birger was in…

Erik V was the king of Denmark (1259–86) whose reign saw the expansion of the power of the great nobles and prelates, formalized by the royal charter of 1282, and the restoration of Danish sovereignty in Schleswig (southern Jutland). The son of Christopher I, Erik succeeded to the throne in 1259

Erik I was the king of Norway (c. 930–935) and later king of Northumberland (948, 952–954). On the death of his father, Harald I Fairhair, first king of united Norway, Erik attempted to make himself sole king of Norway, defeating and slaying two of his brothers to whom vassal kingdoms had been

Norway: Conflict of church and state: …succeeded by his young son Erik II (1280–99). Erik’s regency was led by secular magnates who controlled central power throughout his reign. The church tried to win privileges that had been denied by Magnus, but the regency proved stronger. The magnates also tried to limit the rights of the German…

Sverrir Sigurdsson: …forces, however, alienated Eystein’s successor, Erik Ivarsson, who refused to crown Sverrir and fled to Denmark with many of the nation’s bishops in 1190. The remaining bishops crowned Sverrir in 1194 but were later excommunicated along with the king by Pope Innocent III. To the denunciations of the pope and…

Christianity: Papal mission: Sweden’s Eric IX controlled Finland and in 1155 required the Finns to be baptized, but only in 1291, with the appointment of Magnus, the first Finnish bishop, was evangelization completed.

Sweden: The 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries: …Sverker’s reign, a pretender named Erik Jedvardsson was proclaimed king in Svealand; little is known about Erik, but according to legend he undertook a crusade to Finland, died violently about 1160, and was later canonized as the patron saint of Sweden.

Erik V was the king of Denmark (1259–86) whose reign saw the expansion of the power of the great nobles and prelates, formalized by the royal charter of 1282, and the restoration of Danish sovereignty in Schleswig (southern Jutland). The son of Christopher I, Erik succeeded to the throne in 1259

Sweden: Civil wars: …the archbishop was that of Erik Knutsson in 1210. The church also gave its sanction to the “crusades” against Finland and the eastern Baltic coast; the action combined an attempt at Christianization with an attempt at conquering the areas.

Sweden: Code of law: In 1344 Magnus’s elder son Erik was elected heir to the Swedish throne, one year after his younger brother Haakon received the crown of Norway. Erik made common cause with the nobility and his uncle, Albert of Mecklenburg, against his father; and in 1356 Magnus was forced to share the…

Sweden: Civil wars: The king’s younger brothers Erik and Valdemar, who were made dukes, attempted to establish their own policies and were forced to flee to Norway (1304), where they received support from the Norwegian king; the following year the three brothers were reconciled. A new political faction was created by the…

Erik VI was the king of Denmark (1286–1319) under whom the conflict between church and monarchy, which had first arisen during the rule of his grandfather Christopher I, reached its peak and was tenuously resolved. Erik’s attempts to renew Danish conquests along the southern Baltic coast greatly

Erik VII was the king of the united realms of Denmark, Norway (as Erik III), and Sweden (as Erik XIII) from 1397 to 1439; his autocratic rule and foreign wars eventually lost him the throne in all three of his dominions. The son of Duke Vratislav VII of Pomerania and the great-nephew of Margaret,

Erik VII was the king of the united realms of Denmark, Norway (as Erik III), and Sweden (as Erik XIII) from 1397 to 1439; his autocratic rule and foreign wars eventually lost him the throne in all three of his dominions. The son of Duke Vratislav VII of Pomerania and the great-nephew of Margaret,

Erik the Red was the founder of the first European settlement on Greenland (c. 985) and the father of Leif Erikson, one of the first Europeans to reach North America. According to the Icelanders’ sagas, Erik left his native Norway for western Iceland with his father, Thorvald, who had been exiled

Erik V was the king of Denmark (1259–86) whose reign saw the expansion of the power of the great nobles and prelates, formalized by the royal charter of 1282, and the restoration of Danish sovereignty in Schleswig (southern Jutland). The son of Christopher I, Erik succeeded to the throne in 1259

Erik VI was the king of Denmark (1286–1319) under whom the conflict between church and monarchy, which had first arisen during the rule of his grandfather Christopher I, reached its peak and was tenuously resolved. Erik’s attempts to renew Danish conquests along the southern Baltic coast greatly

Erik VII was the king of the united realms of Denmark, Norway (as Erik III), and Sweden (as Erik XIII) from 1397 to 1439; his autocratic rule and foreign wars eventually lost him the throne in all three of his dominions. The son of Duke Vratislav VII of Pomerania and the great-nephew of Margaret,