Erik XIV was the king of Sweden (1560–68) who expanded the powers of the monarchy and pursued an aggressive foreign policy that led to the Seven Years’ War of the North (1563–70) against Denmark. Succeeding his father, Gustav I Vasa, in 1560, Erik soon obtained passage of the Articles of Arboga

Ivar Ballangrud was a Norwegian speed skater who, with Clas Thunberg of Finland, dominated speed-skating competitions in the 1920s and ’30s. He won seven Olympic medals in his career, as well as four world championships and four European championships. Ballangrud’s Olympic debut came at the 1928

Erik Erikson was a German-born American psychoanalyst whose writings on social psychology, individual identity, and the interactions of psychology with history, politics, and culture influenced professional approaches to psychosocial problems and attracted much popular interest. As a young man,

Erik Erikson was a German-born American psychoanalyst whose writings on social psychology, individual identity, and the interactions of psychology with history, politics, and culture influenced professional approaches to psychosocial problems and attracted much popular interest. As a young man,

Erik Erikson was a German-born American psychoanalyst whose writings on social psychology, individual identity, and the interactions of psychology with history, politics, and culture influenced professional approaches to psychosocial problems and attracted much popular interest. As a young man,

Nihat Erim was a Turkish politician who served as prime minister of Turkey from 1971 to 1972, heading a coalition government while the country was under martial law. Erim was trained as a lawyer in Istanbul and Paris, and he taught at the University of Ankara until his appointment in 1942 as legal

sucker: The lake chubsucker (Erimyzon sucetta), for example, is a small species up to 25 cm (10 inches) long, and the bigmouth buffalo fish (Ictiobus cyprinellus), a large sucker, measures up to 90 cm in length and 33 kg (73 pounds) in weight. Suckers are bony but…

Steven Soderbergh: Breakthrough: sex, lies, and videotape; Erin Brockovich; and Traffic: …director with the release of Erin Brockovich and Traffic. The former was based on the true story of a woman (played by Julia Roberts) who discovers that a power company is polluting the groundwater of a small town and aids the residents in a successful lawsuit. Traffic, a pseudo-documentary, depicts…

insectivore: Classification: Family Erinaceidae (hedgehogs, gymnures, and the moonrat) 23 species in 7 genera. 22 fossil genera dating to the Paleocene in North America, the Eocene in Europe and Asia, and the Miocene in Africa. Subfamily Erinaceinae (hedgehogs) 15 species in 4 genera from Europe, Asia, and Africa.…

hedgehog, (subfamily Erinaceinae), any of 15 Old World species of insectivores possessing several thousand short, smooth spines. Most species weigh under 700 grams (1.5 pounds), but the common western European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) can grow to 1,100 grams. Body length is 14 to 30 cm (5.5

insectivore: Classification: Order Erinaceomorpha 23 species in 1 family. 4 fossil families contain 15 genera and 9 additional genera unallocated to families dating to the Early Paleocene Epoch. The group’s evolutionary relationship with other lipotyphlans and even with other mammalian orders is unresolved. Moles (family Talpidae) are sometimes…

hedgehog: 5 pounds), but the common western European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) can grow to 1,100 grams. Body length is 14 to 30 cm (5.5 to 12 inches), and there is a stumpy and sparsely furred tail measuring 1 to 6 cm. In addition to the three species of Eurasian hedgehogs (genus…

Erinna was a Greek poet of the Aegean island of Telos, known in antiquity for “The Distaff,” a hexameter poem of lament for a friend, written in the local Dorian dialect. Surviving fragments of her work include three epigrams. She is said to have died at the age of

Albert Speer: His published works included Erinnerungen (1969; Inside the Third Reich, 1970), Spandauer Tagebücher (1975; Spandau: The Secret Diaries, 1976), and Der Sklavenstaat (1981; Infiltration, 1981).

Furies, in Greco-Roman mythology, the chthonic goddesses of vengeance. They were probably personified curses, but possibly they were originally conceived of as ghosts of the murdered. According to the Greek poet Hesiod, they were the daughters of Gaea (Earth) and sprang from the blood of her

loquat, (Eriobotrya japonica), subtropical tree of the rose family (Rosaceae) grown for its evergreen foliage and edible fruit. The loquat is native to central eastern China. It was introduced to Japan more than 1,000 years ago, where it was developed horticulturally and is still highly valued.

Poales: Eriocaulaceae and Xyridaceae: Eriocaulaceae and Xyridaceae are generally tufted herbs with rosettes of leaves and flowers clustered into capitate inflorescences. Eriocaulaceae, or the pipewort family, contains 10 genera of small tufted herbs with grasslike leaves that grow in aquatic and marshy habitats, mostly in tropical…

Eriocaulales, the pipewort order of monocotyledonous flowering plants (i.e., those characterized by one seed leaf), consisting of one family, Eriocaulaceae, with 13 genera of small, tufted herbs with grasslike leaves that grow in aquatic and marshy habitats, mostly in tropical and subtropical

Eriocaulales: …genera are Paepalanthus (485 species), Eriocaulon (400 species), Syngonanthus (195 species), and Leiothrix (65 species). About 30 species of Eriocaulon occur outside the tropics in Japan, about 8 occur in eastern North America, and only 1 (E. septangulare) is known in Europe.

migration: Lower invertebrates: …freshwater crabs, such as the Chinese crab (Eriocheir sinensis), after remaining for three to five years in fresh water, migrate to brackish water, where mating occurs. Females with eggs externally attached then travel to the sea and remain a few miles offshore for several months during winter. The following spring…

Lepidoptera: Annotated classification: Family Eriocraniidae (sparkling archaic sun moths) 24 species with a Holarctic distribution; often brilliantly colored; adults feed on nectar; related families: Mnesarchiidae (New Zealand), Mesopseustidae (India and Taiwan). Assorted Referencesability to hear

Lepidoptera: Annotated classification: Family Eriocraniidae (sparkling archaic sun moths) 24 species with a Holarctic distribution; often brilliantly colored; adults feed on nectar; related families: Mnesarchiidae (New Zealand), Mesopseustidae (India and Taiwan). Assorted Referencesability to hear

Lepidoptera: Annotated classification: Superfamily Eriocranioidea 24 species in 1 family; females with one genital opening, a long cloaca, and a piercing ovipositor; adults with a short proboscis; pupae with functional mandibles. Family Eriocraniidae (sparkling archaic sun moths) 24 species with a Holarctic distribution; often brilliantly colored; adults feed on…

umbrella plant: Eriogonum alenii, native to the western United States, is a white woolly member of the buckwheat family (Polygonaceae). It grows to 50 cm (20 inches). Another umbrella plant, in the family Saxifragaceae, is Peltiphyllum peltatum; its leaves are about 25 cm (10 inches) across, with…

erionite, hydrated sodium-potassium-calcium aluminosilicate mineral in the zeolite family, one of the most abundant zeolites present in sedimentary rocks. Its chemical composition is approximately represented by the formula (Na2,K2,Ca)2Al4Si14O36·15H2O. It forms woolly, fibrous crystals that have

aphid: Types of aphids: The woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) lives on roots and may stunt or kill apple trees. White cottony masses enclose the young aphids. It is controlled by parasites.

Pteridaceae: Pteridoid clade: …species of the former genus Eriosorus are now placed in Jamesonia. They occur at high elevations, such as the Andean paramos, and some of the species have leaves that drape over other vegetation and continue to uncurl from an indeterminate apex. Anopteris, Ochropteris, and Neurocallis each have a single species…

old man cactus: chrysacanthus); old woman (Mammillaria hahniana); Chilean old lady (Eriosyce senilis); and old man of the mountain (Cleistocactus trollii).

Eris, in Greco-Roman mythology, the personification of strife. She was called the daughter of Nyx (Night) by Hesiod, but she was sister and companion of Ares (the Roman Mars) in Homer’s version. Eris is best known for her part in starting the Trojan War. When she alone of the gods was not invited

Eris, large, distant body of the solar system, revolving around the Sun well beyond the orbits of Neptune and Pluto in the Kuiper belt. It was discovered in 2005 in images taken two years earlier at Palomar Observatory in California, U.S. Before it received its official name, Eris was known by the

Samuel, baron von Pufendorf: Career in Sweden: …him, and, in pamphlets signed Eris Scandica (1686), he defended his beliefs very effectively.

Georgian literature: The 18th and 19th centuries: Its sole significant dramatist was Giorgi Eristavi, who edited a literary journal, directed the Georgian-language theatre (which functioned only sporadically until the 1880s), and translated Russian comedies. He wrote one effective drama, Sheshlili (written 1839, first performed 1861; “The Madwoman”), about women in conflict, as well as two successful comedies,…

eristic, (from Greek eristikos, “fond of wrangling”), argumentation that makes successful disputation an end in itself rather than a means of approaching truth. Such argumentation reduces philosophical inquiry to a rhetorical exercise. Eristic argument is closely associated with the Sophists and

Bexley: Erith was granted a charter as early as the 7th century, and it later developed as a royal dockyard (see London Docklands). It was there in the 16th century that the British fitted out major warships such as the Henry Grâce à Dieu (also called…

sprosser, species of nightingale

songbird: The nightingale of Europe (Erithacus, or Luscinia, megarhynchos), a small thrush, perhaps heads the list of famous songsters of European literature. Also a favourite of the poets was the European skylark (Alaudia arvensis). In North America the mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) is a wonderful performer with a…

European robin, (Erithacus rubecula), songbird species known for its bright orange face and breast. The European robin is classified as belonging to the Muscicapidae, a bird family that includes Old World flycatchers. The species is found throughout Europe and in parts of western Asia, northern

bluethroat, (Erithacus svecicus or Luscinia svecica), Eurasian chat-thrush of the thrush family, Turdidae (order Passeriformes). The bluethroat is aobut 14 centimetres (5 12 inches) long and has a bright blue throat, incorporating a crescentic spot of red or white, depending on the subspecies.

Eritrea, country of the Horn of Africa, located on the Red Sea. Eritrea’s coastal location has long been important in its history and culture—a fact reflected in its name, which is an Italianized version of Mare Erythraeum, Latin for “Red Sea.” The Red Sea was the route by which Christianity and

national flag consisting of triangles of green, red, and blue and a yellow emblem off-centre toward the hoist. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.The first flag of Eritrea was officially adopted on September 15, 1952, the day British authorities relinquished control over the area and four

history of Eritrea, survey of the notable events and people in the history of Eritrea from prehistory to the present. Located on the Red Sea in the Horn of Africa, Eritrea has long been an important centre of trade, with many bustling ports along its coast. Eritrea gained its independence from

Eritrea: Ethnic groups and languages: …of the people in the Eritrean highlands are Tigray. In Eritrea that group is sometimes called Tigrinya, though linguists of Semitic languages note that -nya is an Amharic suffix meaning “language of.” In any case, proper nomenclature for the people is fluid, given contemporary political sensitivities. The Tigray make up…

eastern Africa: Cracks in the empire: … announced the establishment of the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF). Its manifesto, which called for armed struggle to obtain Eritrea’s rights, attracted the support of Syria, which eagerly offered military training for rebellion in a country tied to the United States and Israel. This largely Muslim movement received an infusion of…

Christianity: Oriental Orthodoxy: …Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. With the exception of the Eritrean church, which was granted autocephaly in 1998, these churches were largely out of contact with the other main branches of Christianity from the time of the Council of Chalcedon (451), which resulted in their being…

Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), secessionist movement that successfully fought for the creation of an independent Eritrean nation out of the northernmost province of Ethiopia in 1993. The historical region of Eritrea had joined Ethiopia as an autonomous unit in 1952. The Eritrean

Eritrea: The war of independence: Muslims had been the first to suffer from Ethiopia’s intervention in Eritrea, and it was they who formed the first opposition movement. In 1960, leaders of the defunct independence movement who were then living in exile announced…

John Scotus Erigena was a theologian, translator, and commentator on several earlier authors in works centring on the integration of Greek and Neoplatonist philosophy with Christian belief. From about 845, Erigena lived at the court of the West Frankish king Charles II the Bald, near Laon (now in

Yerevan, capital of Armenia. It is situated on the Hrazdan River, 14 miles (23 km) from the Turkish frontier. Though first historically recorded in 607 ce, Yerevan dates by archaeological evidence to a settlement on the site in the 6th–3rd millennia bce and subsequently to the fortress of Erebuni

Gregory Maguire: The 2024 film version starred Cynthia Erivo and Ariana Grande.

Ferenc Erkel was the founding father of Hungary’s national opera in the 19th century and composer of the “Hymnusz,” the Hungarian national anthem. Erkel’s family was of German descent but regarded itself as Hungarian and lived in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slvk.). His ancestors included many

Ferenc Erkel was the founding father of Hungary’s national opera in the 19th century and composer of the “Hymnusz,” the Hungarian national anthem. Erkel’s family was of German descent but regarded itself as Hungarian and lived in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slvk.). His ancestors included many

Budapest Philharmonic Orchestra: included Hans Richter (1871–75), Sándor Erkel (1875–1900), and István Kerner (1900–18). Composer-teacher Ernst von Dohnányi became its conductor in 1918 and continued, while fighting Nazi power, until 1943, when he disbanded the orchestra amid the chaos of World War II. The orchestra was rebuilt and grew under János Ferencsik…

Rudolf Carnap: Career in Vienna and Prague: …Reichenbach, Carnap founded a periodical, Erkenntnis (1930–39; refounded 1975), as a forum for the new “scientific philosophy.”

Jürgen Habermas: Philosophy and social theory of Jürgen Habermas: …“Erkenntnis und Interesse” (1965; “Knowledge and Human Interests”), and in the book of the same title published three years later, Habermas set forth the foundations of a normative version of critical social theory, the Marxist social theory developed by Horkheimer, Adorno, and other members of the Frankfurt Institute from…

Ernst Mach: …and write in retirement, publishing Erkenntnis und Irrtum (“Knowledge and Error”) in 1905 and an autobiography in 1910.

Kantianism: Epistemological Neo-Kantianism: …Wissenschaft der neueren Zeit (1906–20; The Problem of Knowledge: Philosophy, Science, and History since Hegel), transposed this same logisticism into a form that illumines the history of modern philosophy.

Helsingin Sanomat: …was founded in 1889 by Eero Erkko as the Päivälehti. In 1904 it was suppressed, but it resumed publication some months later. Its progressive stance and independent-liberal policy attracted writers who gave the paper a vigorous tone even while Finland was ruled by Russia (until 1917). Eljas Erkko, the son…

Helsingin Sanomat: Eljas Erkko, the son of the founder, assumed directorship of the paper in 1927, and, after his death in 1965, the paper remained in family hands, which has enabled it to maintain its independent stance. The Helsingin Sanomat’s foreign coverage is among the best in…

Georg Jellinek: …probably his best-known work is The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens (1895; originally in German), in which he hypothesized that the French Revolutionary declaration (approved by the National Constituent Assembly on August 26, 1789) was derived not so much from the writings of the French Enlightenment…

Jakob Böhme: …known as Mysterium Magnum (1623; The Great Mystery), is his synthesis of Renaissance nature mysticism and biblical doctrine. His Von der Gnadenwahl (On the Election of Grace), written the same year, examines the problem of freedom, made acute at the time by the spread of Calvinism.

Erlkönig, song setting by Franz Schubert, written in 1815 and based on a 1782 poem of the same name by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. “Erlkönig” is considered by many to be one of the greatest ballads ever penned. The song was written for two performers, a singer and a pianist, and it packs a

Michel Tournier: title, The Ogre), is about a French prisoner in Germany who assists the Nazis during World War II by searching for boys for a Nazi military camp. Les Météores (1975; Gemini) involves the desperate measures one man takes to be reunited with his identical twin brother,…

The Erl-King, dramatic ballad by J.W. von Goethe, written in 1782 and published as Der Erlkönig. The poem is based on the Germanic legend of a malevolent elf who haunts the Black Forest, luring children to destruction. It was translated into English by Sir Walter Scott and set to music in a famous

Tage Erlander was a politician and prime minister of Sweden (1946–69). His tenure as prime minister coincided with the years when the Swedish welfare state was most successful and the so-called “Swedish Model” attracted international attention. Erlander, son of a schoolteacher, graduated from the

Tage Erlander was a politician and prime minister of Sweden (1946–69). His tenure as prime minister coincided with the years when the Swedish welfare state was most successful and the so-called “Swedish Model” attracted international attention. Erlander, son of a schoolteacher, graduated from the

Denmark: The church of Denmark: …with the pope’s installation of Jakob Erlandsen as bishop of Roskilde. The conflict lasted through the reign of Christopher I (1252–59) and Erlandsen’s appointment as archbishop of Lund. Christopher’s imprisonment of the prelate caused several German rulers to attack Denmark, and in the ensuing war the king died.

Courtney Love: …formed Hole with the guitarist Eric Erlandson, the bassist Jill Emery, and the drummer Caroline Rue. Hole was known for its intense raw sound and unpredictable live shows, and the band quickly gained wide acclaim for its debut album, Pretty on the Inside (1991), produced by Sonic Youth’s Kim Gordon.

Erlangen, city, Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It lies at the junction of the Schwabach and Regnitz rivers, just north of Nürnberg. Founded in the 8th century, Erlangen was transferred from the bishopric of Würzburg to that of Bamberg in 1017 and then was sold to the king of Bohemia in

Felix Klein: … of transformations, known as the Erlanger Programm, profoundly influenced mathematical developments.

Protestantism: Germany: The third group, the so-called Erlangen school, rejected Rationalism, Repristination, and Romanticism and asserted a theology that recognized the relationship of faith to history, thus providing a new setting for understanding both the Bible and the Lutheran confessions. Chief representatives were Gottfried Thomasius (1802–75) and J.C.K. von Hofmann (1810–77).

Erlanger Loan, in U.S. history, attempt of the Confederate government to raise funds abroad during the American Civil War. In 1863 the Confederacy entered into an arrangement with the French banking house of Emile Erlanger & Company. Erlanger agreed to market $15,000,000 worth of Confederate bonds

Felix Klein: … of transformations, known as the Erlanger Programm, profoundly influenced mathematical developments.

Erlanger Loan: …the French banking house of Emile Erlanger & Company. Erlanger agreed to market $15,000,000 worth of Confederate bonds backed by cotton. He could receive the bonds at 77 (i.e., $77 per $100 face value) and sell them in foreign financial markets at 90. In addition, he received a 5 percent…

Joseph Erlanger was an American physiologist, who received (with Herbert Gasser) the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1944 for discovering that fibres within the same nerve cord possess different functions. Erlanger’s research into nerve function was the product of a profitable

Erlangga was an early Indonesian ruler who succeeded in reuniting the empire of eastern Java. Erlangga was married to the daughter of Dharmavamsa, the earliest Javanese historical figure for whom clear information is available and who created an empire centred on his capital in eastern Java between

Eger, city of county status and seat of Heves megye (county), northern Hungary. It lies in the valley of the Eger River, which is a tributary of the Tisza, between the Mátra and Bükk mountains. Eger is an old Magyar tribal city with a bishopric founded in the 11th century. The Tatar invasion of the

dualism: Among religions of modern indigenous peoples: The character of Erlik in the mythologies of the Central Asiatic Turks (e.g., among the Altaics) is typical.

China: The Shang dynasty: …by the remains found at Erligang (c. 1600 bce) near Zhengzhou, some 50 miles (80 km) to the east of Erlitou. The massive rammed-earth fortification, 118 feet (36 meters) wide at its base and enclosing an area of 1.2 square miles (3.2 square km), would have taken 10,000 people more…

dualism: Among religions of modern indigenous peoples: The character of Erlik in the mythologies of the Central Asiatic Turks (e.g., among the Altaics) is typical.

dualism: Among religions of modern indigenous peoples: The character of Erlik in the mythologies of the Central Asiatic Turks (e.g., among the Altaics) is typical.

Thorsteinn Erlingsson was an Icelandic poet whose satirical and rebellious writing was always softened by his own humanity. Erlingsson was a farmer’s son. He attended the University of Copenhagen, where he spent 13 years dabbling in philology and Old Norse but never took a degree. This was a time

Erlitou culture, Neolithic culture (1900–1350 bce) of the central plains of northern China. It was the first state-level society in China, and its remains are taken to be correlates of the Xia dynasty. Remains of palatial buildings, royal tombs, and paved roads have been uncovered, leading to

Erlkönig, song setting by Franz Schubert, written in 1815 and based on a 1782 poem of the same name by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. “Erlkönig” is considered by many to be one of the greatest ballads ever penned. The song was written for two performers, a singer and a pianist, and it packs a

The Erl-King, dramatic ballad by J.W. von Goethe, written in 1782 and published as Der Erlkönig. The poem is based on the Germanic legend of a malevolent elf who haunts the Black Forest, luring children to destruction. It was translated into English by Sir Walter Scott and set to music in a famous

Jean-Baptiste Drouet, count d’Erlon was a French soldier whose long career raised him from the ranks of both Louis XVI’s and Napoleon’s armies to be the first governor-general of Algeria and a marshal of France under Louis-Philippe. A volunteer in the regiment of Beaujolais from 1782, Drouet had

Richard Dehmel: …his first collection of poems, Erlösungen (1891; “Redemptions”), the conflict is expressed in the opposition of unbridled sensuality and ascetic self-discipline. Dehmel found a resolution of the conflict through his belief in the mystical power of love and sex. He came to view the sensual relations between a man and…

pancreatic cancer: Treatment: …a drug called erlotinib (Tarceva) blocks the activity of a kinase (a type of enzyme) associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which stimulates unregulated cell division when mutated in cancer cells. When erlotinib is given in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine (Gemzar), an antimetabolite that inhibits…

electronic records: …the challenge by developing specialized electronic-records-management (ERM) tools to sit alongside office systems—and other primary software—and capture not just evidence of business transactions but the associated metadata needed to interpret those transactions (e.g., evidence of who sent what to whom, when). The prize in this branch of systems development is…

Stepan Osipovich Makarov: …designed and built the icebreaker Ermak to explore the Arctic.

Yermak Timofeyevich was a Cossack leader of an expeditionary force during Russia’s initial attempts to annex western Siberia. He became a hero of Russian folklore. In 1579 the merchant and factory-owning Stroganov family enlisted the assistance of Yermak and a band of Cossacks to force Siberian

ancient Egypt: The recovery and study of ancient Egypt: …greatest late 19th-century Egyptologist was Adolf Erman of Berlin, who put the understanding of the Egyptian language on a sound basis and wrote general works that for the first time organized what was known about the earlier periods.

Ermanaric was the king of the Ostrogoths, the ruler of a vast empire in Ukraine. Although the exact limits of his territory are obscure, it evidently stretched south of the Pripet Marshes between the Don and Dniester rivers. The only certain facts about Ermanaric are that his great deeds caused him

Erich Salomon: …1928, when he bought an Ermanox, one of the first miniature cameras equipped with a high-speed lens, which enabled him to photograph in dim light. He concealed this camera in an attaché case and secretly took photographs of a sensational murder trial. These sold so well to news periodicals that…

Ermelo, gemeente (municipality), central Netherlands, near Veluwe Lake, comprising the villages of Ermelo, Nunspeet, and Elspeet. First mentioned in 855, it has ruins of the monastery of the Knights of St. John and a church with an 11th-century Romanesque steeple and a 14th-century choir. The main

Stefano Pilati: …head of design (2013–16) at Ermenegildo Zegna.

St. Hermenegild ; canonized 1585; feast day April 13) was a Visigothic prince who is celebrated as a saint and martyr. Hermenegild was the son of Leovigild of Spain and was brought up in the Arian heresy. In 579 he married Ingund, the daughter of Sigebert I of Austrasia and a zealous orthodox

Ermanaric was the king of the Ostrogoths, the ruler of a vast empire in Ukraine. Although the exact limits of his territory are obscure, it evidently stretched south of the Pripet Marshes between the Don and Dniester rivers. The only certain facts about Ermanaric are that his great deeds caused him

Ermanaric was the king of the Ostrogoths, the ruler of a vast empire in Ukraine. Although the exact limits of his territory are obscure, it evidently stretched south of the Pripet Marshes between the Don and Dniester rivers. The only certain facts about Ermanaric are that his great deeds caused him

Hermeticism, modernist poetic movement originating in Italy in the early 20th century, whose works were characterized by unorthodox structure, illogical sequences, and highly subjective language. Although it influenced a wide circle of poets, even outside Italy, it remained inaccessible to the

heraldry: The field: …or one of the furs ermine (a white field with black spots), ermines (a black field with white spots), erminois (gold field with black spots), pean (black field with gold spots), or vair (alternating blue and white figures mimicking the fur of a species of squirrel). Two other colors appear…