Sir William Petty: His Essays in Political Arithmetick and Political Survey or Anatomy of Ireland (1672) presented rough but ingeniously calculated estimates of population and of social income. His ideas on monetary theory and policy were developed in Verbum Sapienti (1665) and in Quantulumcunque Concerning Money, 1682 (1695).

William James: Career in philosophy of William James: …James’s death and published as Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912). The fundamental point of these writings is that the relations between things, holding them together or separating them, are at least as real as the things themselves; that their function is real; and that no hidden substrata are necessary to…

Charles Lamb: …critic, best known for his Essays of Elia (1823–33).

Johann Kaspar Lavater: (1775–78; Essays on Physiognomy, 1789–98), established his reputation throughout Europe. Goethe worked with Lavater on the book, and the two enjoyed a warm friendship that was later severed by Lavater’s zeal for conversion.

John Stuart Mill: Public life and writing of John Stuart Mill: In 1844 he published the Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy, which he had written several years earlier, and four out of five of these essays are solutions of perplexing technical problems—the distribution of the gains of international commerce, the influence of consumption on production, the definition of…

Samuel Bailey: …of Bailey’s writings were his Essays on the Formation and Publication of Opinions (1821), in which he argued that an individual’s opinions are independent of his will. Sequels were Essays on the Pursuit of Truth, on the Progress of Knowledge, and on the Fundamental Principle of All Evidence and Expectation…

John Elliott Cairnes: His “Essays on the Gold Question” (published in Essays in Political Economy, 1873) are considered among the most important 19th-century works on monetary theory. His research into the effects of the discoveries of gold in Australia and California revived support for the quantity theory of money.…

John Locke: Oxford: The resulting Essays on the Law of Nature (first published in 1954) constitutes an early statement of his philosophical views, many of which he retained more or less unchanged for the rest of his life. Of these probably the two most important were, first, his commitment to…

Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan: …interpretation of the Bible, wrote Essays on the Life of Mohammed (translated into English by his son), and found time to write several volumes of a modernist commentary on the Qurʾān. In these works he sought to harmonize the Islamic faith with the scientific and politically progressive ideas of his…

aesthetics: Major concerns of 18th-century aesthetics: …as of the subject (Essays on the Nature and Principles of Taste [1790]).

Lydia Davis: ” Essays One (2019) and Essays Two (2021) are collections of her nonfiction.

Lydia Davis: ” Essays One (2019) and Essays Two (2021) are collections of her nonfiction.

Jared Eliot: …extensive research, he compiled his Essays upon Field-Husbandry in New-England, which was published in six parts from 1748 to 1759. Those essays became the most popular and prominent works on agronomy published in the English colonies before the American Revolution. Eliot sought to advance scientific techniques of agriculture, to improve…

David Hume: Early life and works: ” But his next venture, Essays, Moral and Political (1741–42), won some success. Perhaps encouraged by this, he became a candidate for the chair of moral philosophy at Edinburgh in 1744. Objectors alleged heresy and even atheism, pointing to the Treatise as evidence (Hume’s Autobiography notwithstanding, the work had not…

George Berkeley: Early life and works: …of the meaning of “to be” or “to exist.” “To be,” said of the object, means to be perceived; “to be,” said of the subject, means to perceive.

gladiator: …sword in each hand; the essedarii (“chariot men”), who fought from chariots like the ancient Britons; the hoplomachi (“fighters in armour”), who wore a complete suit of armour; and the laquearii (“lasso men”), who tried to lasso their antagonists.

Osijek, industrial town and agricultural centre in eastern Croatia. It lies on the Drava River, about 10 miles (16 km) west of the border with Serbia. In Roman times the city site was known as Mursa. Its present name was first recorded in 1196. An important trade and transportation centre from

calligraphy: Writing manuals and copybooks (16th to 18th century): The Essemplare is finely printed from woodcut blocks, but seven years after its publication a new and better method of reproducing elaborate calligraphy appeared. In 1567 Pierre Hamon, secretary and royal writing master to Charles IX of France, published the first copybook printed from engraved metal…

Essen, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It is situated between the Rhine-Herne Canal and the Ruhr River. Essen was originally the seat of an aristocratic convent (founded 852), still represented by the cathedral (Münsterkirche; now the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop),

Louis Essen was an English physicist who invented the quartz crystal ring clock and the first practical atomic clock. These devices were capable of measuring time more accurately than any previous clocks. Essen studied physics at Nottingham University College, where he earned a University of London

Lucinda Williams: …2001 she released the understated Essence. It featured the song “Get Right with God,” which earned Williams a Grammy for best female rock vocal. World Without Tears (2003) was her first album to debut in the top 20 of Billboard’s Top 200 albums chart.

Cartesianism: Mechanism versus Aristotelianism: The soul is the essence, or nature, of the organism and its final cause—i.e., its purpose, or goal. Thus, the development of an acorn into an oak tree is explained by the fact that the acorn possesses a form that directs it toward this end.

Christianity: Influence of logical positivism: German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach (The Essence of Christianity, 1841) in the 19th century. It was promoted in the early 20th century by George Santayana, John Dewey, and J.H. Randall, Jr., and later by Christian writers such as D.Z. Phillips and Don Cupitt. According to them, true Christianity consists in…

Leo Baeck: Baeck’s philosophy: Baeck’s own masterpiece, The Essence of Judaism (1905), established him as the leading liberal Jewish theologian. In contrast to Harnack, Baeck stressed the dynamic nature of religion, the ongoing development that is a human response to the categorical “Ought,” the Divine Imperative. The influence of the German Jewish…

attar of roses, fragrant, colourless or pale-yellow liquid essential oil distilled from fresh petals of Rosa damascena and R. gallica and other species of the rose family Rosaceae. Rose oils are a valuable ingredient of fine perfumes and liqueurs. They are also used for flavouring lozenges and

Japanese literature: Introduction of Western literature: His critical essay Shōsetsu shinzui (1885–86; The Essence of the Novel) greatly influenced the writing of subsequent fiction not only because of its emphasis on realism as opposed to didacticism but because Shōyō, a member of the samurai class, expressed the conviction that novels, hitherto despised by the…

Robert Cecil, 1st earl of Salisbury was an English statesman who succeeded his father, William Cecil, Lord Burghley, as Queen Elizabeth I’s chief minister in 1598 and skillfully directed the government during the first nine years of the reign of King James I. Cecil gave continuity to the change

Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd marquess of Salisbury was a Conservative political leader who was a three-time prime minister (1885–86, 1886–92, 1895–1902) and four-time foreign secretary (1878, 1885–86, 1886–92, 1895–1900), who presided over a wide expansion of Great Britain’s colonial

Essene, member of a religious sect or brotherhood that flourished in Palestine from about the 2nd century bc to the end of the 1st century ad. The New Testament does not mention them and accounts given by Josephus, Philo of Alexandria, and Pliny the Elder sometimes differ in significant details,

cryoglobulinemia: …with no other disease (essential cryoglobulinemia) is treated by avoidance of cold temperatures.

epistemology: Plato: …designed to elicit a “real definition.” By a real definition Plato means a set of necessary and sufficient conditions that exactly determine the entities to which a given concept applies. The entities to which the concept “being a brother” applies, for example, are determined by the concepts “being male”…

military intelligence: Levels of intelligence: …they are usually called the essential elements of information and are defined as those items of intelligence information about a foreign power, armed force, target, or physical environment that are absolutely vital for timely and accurate decision making. On the tactical level intelligence needs are defined in a similar manner;…

All genres of music rest upon a foundation of essential elements—building blocks that give structure, expression, and meaning to a musical piece. Each element contributes uniquely to a work, and together each element helps to create an overall experience that enables music to convey emotions, tell

carboxylic acid: Unsaturated aliphatic acids: …diet and, therefore, are called essential fatty acids. (4) Many unsaturated fatty acids are liquids at room temperature, in contrast to the saturated stearic (C18) and arachidic (C20) acids, which are solids. The reason is that the regular nature of the saturated hydrocarbon chains allows the molecules in the solid…

nutritional disease: Essential fatty acids: Deficiencies of these two fatty acids have been seen in hospitalized patients fed exclusively with intravenous fluids containing no fat for weeks, patients with medical conditions affecting fat absorption, infants given formulas low in fat, and young children fed nonfat milk or low-fat diets. Symptoms…

Malawi: Health and welfare: The Essential Health Package, a government program launched in the early 2000s, places emphasis on immunization, reproductive health, and nutrition.

hypertension: Classification: …the condition is classified as essential hypertension. (Essential hypertension is also called primary or idiopathic hypertension.) This is by far the most common type of high blood pressure, occurring in 90 to 95 percent of patients. Genetic factors appear to play a major role in the occurrence of essential hypertension.…

human nutrition: Essential nutrients: The six classes of nutrients found in foods are carbohydrates, lipids (mostly fats and oils), proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins constitute the bulk of the diet, amounting together to about 500 grams (just over one pound) per day in…

essential oil, highly volatile substance isolated by a physical process from an odoriferous plant of a single botanical species. The oil bears the name of the plant from which it is derived; for example, rose oil or peppermint oil. Such oils were called essential because they were thought to

Deborah Meier: …Ted Sizer to create the Coalition of Essential Schools, a national network of small alternative public schools. Interest in the Coalition grew as it helped to connect more than 50 similar efforts in New York City alone. Despite the reluctance of federal and several city governments to provide schools greater…

essential tremor, disorder of the nervous system characterized by involuntary oscillating movements that typically affect the muscles of the arms, hands, face, head, and neck. These involuntary movements often make daily tasks, such as writing, eating, or dressing, difficult. The disorder also may

essential tremor: …in a gene known as DRD3 (dopamine receptor 3; formerly designated ETM1, or essential tremor 1). The DRD3 gene encodes a protein called dopamine receptor D3. This receptor binds dopamine, a neurotransmitter that normally inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain, thereby

There are 13 essential vitamins necessary for the normal health and growth of the human body. Given that vitamins cannot usually be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts, they must be obtained from the diet or from some synthetic source. They are traditionally separated into two groups:

gender identity: So-called essentialists hold that gender identity is fixed at birth by genetic or other biological factors. Social constructivists argue that gender identity, or the manner in which gender identity is expressed, is “socially constructed”—i.e., determined by social and cultural influences. Social constructivism of the latter type…

essentialism, In ontology, the view that some properties of objects are essential to them. The “essence” of a thing is conceived as the totality of its essential properties. Theories of essentialism differ with respect to their conception of what it means to say that a property is essential to an

education: Traditional movements: Essentialists stressed those human experiences that they believed were indispensable to people of all time periods. They favoured the “mental disciplines” and, in the matter of method and content, put effort above interest, subjects above activities, collective experience above that of the individual, logical organization…

al-Ghazālī: …work on general legal principles, al-Mustaṣfā (Choice Part, or Essentials). His compendium of standard theological doctrine (translated into Spanish), al-Iqtiṣād fī al-iʿtiqād (The Just Mean in Belief ), was probably written before he became a mystic, but there is nothing in the authentic writings to show that he rejected these…

Jack Kerouac: Legacy of Jack Kerouac: …in the Evergreen Review: “Essentials of Spontaneous Prose” (1958) and “Belief and Technique for Modern Prose” (1959). On the grammatically irreverent sentences, Kerouac extolled a “method” eschewing conventional punctuation in favour of dashes. In “Essentials of Spontaneous Prose” he recommended the “vigorous space dash separating rhetorical breathing (as jazz…

Yessentuki, city, Stavropol kray (territory), southwestern Russia, in the valley of the Podkumok River. It was founded in 1798, developed as a fortress in the 1830s, and became a city in 1917. It is located at mineral springs at the base of the Caucasus Mountains. The city is composed of an old

Essequibo, region along the northeastern coast of South America that comprises roughly the western two-thirds of Guyana but is also claimed by Venezuela. Separated from the rest of Guyana by the Essequibo River, Essequibo is bordered to the west by Venezuela, to the south and west by Brazil, and to

Essequibo River, river in east central Guyana, the largest river between the Amazon and the Orinoco. It rises in the Acarai Mountains on the Brazilian border and flows northward for approximately 630 miles (1,010 km) through savannas and forests to the Atlantic Ocean. It reaches the Atlantic Ocean

Essex, one of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England; i.e., that of the East Saxons. An area of early settlement, it probably originally included the territory of the modern county of Middlesex; London was its chief town. Archaeological discoveries suggest that many of the new settlers were

Essex, American whaling ship that was rammed by a sperm whale on November 20, 1820, and later sank. Although all 20 crewmen initially survived, only 8 were rescued following an arduous journey that devolved into cannibalism. The sinking inspired the climactic scene in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick

David Porter: …officer who commanded the frigate Essex on its two-year expedition against British shipping during the War of 1812.

Essex, town (township), Chittenden county, northwestern Vermont, U.S., on the Winooski River just east of Burlington. Chartered in 1763 and settled in 1783, it consists of the villages of Essex Junction and Essex Center. Essex Junction is a busy industrial and residential site where the Central

Essex, county, northeastern Vermont, U.S., bordered to the north by Quebec, Canada, and to the east by New Hampshire, the Connecticut River constituting that boundary. It is a mountainous region, with several peaks above 3,000 feet (915 metres). The Connecticut River watershed includes the Moose

Essex, county, northeastern New York state, U.S. It comprises a mountainous region bounded by the Ausable River to the northeast, Vermont to the east (Lake Champlain constituting the border), Lake George to the southeast, and the Hudson River to the southwest. Other waterways include the Cold,

Essex, county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., bounded by Newark Bay to the southeast and the Passaic River to the east and west. The county’s topography ranges from coastal lowland in the east to hilly piedmont in the west. Although timberland is scarce, oak and hickory are the principal forest

Essex, county, extreme northeastern Massachusetts, U.S., bordered by New Hampshire to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Its topography is largely hilly, with coastal lowlands in the east that include several islands in the Atlantic. The principal streams are the Merrimack, Ipswich,

Essex, administrative, geographic, and historic county of eastern England. It extends along the North Sea coastline between the Thames and Stour estuaries. The administrative county covers an area within the larger geographic county, which in turn covers a part of the original historic county of

Essex Decision, decision rendered by the British High Court of Admiralty in 1804 and confirmed the following year, which contributed to the bad feeling between the United States and Great Britain that eventually led to the War of 1812. Britain and France were at war, and the American merchant

Essex Junto, in early U.S. history, a group of Federalist political leaders in Massachusetts. John Hancock coined the name for his Essex County opponents at the state constitutional convention of 1778. The Junto (faction) later supported the policies of the Federalist Alexander Hamilton and opposed

Claire Danes: TV success: Temple Grandin and Homeland: …starred in the TV miniseries The Essex Serpent, a drama inspired by Sarah Perry’s novel about a woman in Victorian England who searches for a mysterious sea creature. Later that year Danes appeared in another TV adaptation, Fleishman Is in Trouble. The miniseries, based on a novel by Taffy Brodesser-Akner,…

Arthur Capel, 1st earl of Essex was an English statesman, a member of the “Triumvirate” that dominated policy at the time of the Popish Plot (1678). The son of Arthur Capel, 1st Baron Capel, who was executed by the Parliamentarians in 1649, he was, after the Restoration of Charles II, created

Arthur Capel, 1st earl of Essex was an English statesman, a member of the “Triumvirate” that dominated policy at the time of the Popish Plot (1678). The son of Arthur Capel, 1st Baron Capel, who was executed by the Parliamentarians in 1649, he was, after the Restoration of Charles II, created

Henry Howard, earl of Northampton: …his grandniece, Frances Howard, Lady Essex, in obtaining her divorce from her husband in order to marry the favourite Robert Carr, earl of Somerset, whose mistress she already was and whose alliance Northampton was eager to secure for himself. He obtained the divorce by the decree of a special commission,…

Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st earl of Essex , was the worst of a number of cruel and lawless barons during the reign of King Stephen of England. Geoffrey was a great landowner in Essex and elsewhere and hereditary constable of the Tower of London. He came to prominence in 1140 when Stephen, who could

Western architecture: From the 17th to the 19th century: Finally, in 1776, James Essex, probably the most earnest Gothicist of the period, inserted the Beauclerc Tower between the west end and the round tower, making the whole the first and most determined example of a large-scale picturesque composition.

Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex was an English soldier and courtier famous for his relationship with Queen Elizabeth I (reigned 1558–1603). While still a young man, Essex succeeded his stepfather, Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, as the aging queen’s favourite; for years she put up with his

Robert Devereux, 3rd earl of Essex was an English nobleman who commanded, with notable lack of success, the Parliamentary army against Charles I’s forces in the first three years of the English Civil Wars. Because his father, Robert Devereux, 2nd earl of Essex, had been executed for treason (1601),

Thomas Cromwell was the principal adviser (1532–40) to England’s Henry VIII, chiefly responsible for establishing the Reformation in England, for the dissolution of the monasteries, and for strengthening the royal administration. At the instigation of his enemies, he was eventually arrested for

Colchester: The University of Essex, founded in 1961, is in Colchester. Area 127 square miles (329 square km). Pop. (2001) town, 104,390; borough, 155,796; (2011) town, 119,441; borough 173,074.

Walter Devereux, 1st earl of Essex was an English soldier who led an unsuccessful colonizing expedition to the Irish province of Ulster from 1573 to 1575. The atrocities he committed there contributed to the bitterness the Irish felt toward the English. He was the eldest son of Sir Richard Devereux

William Parr, Marquess Northampton was the brother of Henry VIII’s queen Catherine Parr, and a Protestant supporter of Lady Jane Grey and Queen Elizabeth I. He took part in suppressing the uprising in the north of England in 1537 and, after serving as member of Parliament for Northamptonshire, was

Timothy Palmer: …in 1792 he built the Essex-Merrimack Bridge over the Merrimack River near Newburyport. Composed of two trussed arches meeting at an island in the river, the bridge remained in use for more than a century and was the prototype of the numerous bridges he later built throughout New England.

essexite, dark gray to black, fine-grained, intrusive igneous rock that occurs in Essex County, Mass.; at Mount Royal, near Montreal; near Oslo, Nor.; at Roztoky, Czech Republic; and at Carclout, Scot. It contains plagioclase as the dominant feldspar, as well as orthoclase feldspar, augite,

Tunisia: Unity government: …the government of Prime Minister Habib Essid, and Youssef Chahed became Tunisia’s seventh prime minister in five years. In late 2017, facing international pressure to reduce the trade deficit and attract international investment, the government enacted a number of austerity measures that included higher taxes and pushed up prices of…

Michael Essien is a Ghanaian professional football (soccer) player who rose to international stardom as a midfielder for the English football club Chelsea FC in the 2000s. Essien was raised in Awutu Breku, a small town in central Ghana, where his interest in football was sparked, in part, by his

Anna Esipova was a Russian pianist celebrated for her singing tone, grace, and finesse. Critics liked to contrast her playing with that of her great contemporary, the fiery Teresa Carreño. The daughter of a high Russian official, Esipova entered the St. Petersburg Conservatory, where she was a

André Masséna, duc de Rivoli, prince d’Essling was a leading French general of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. Orphaned at an early age, Masséna enlisted in the Royal Italian regiment in the French service in 1775. At the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, he was a sergeant at

Germany: Period of French hegemony in Germany: …Austrian army at Aspern and Essling (May 21–22, 1809), an indication that the strategic mastery of the French was drawing to a close. But at Wagram (July 5–6) Napoleon was able to work the last of his military miracles. Vienna had to sue for peace once more, the Treaty of…

Esslingen, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies along the Neckar River, just southeast of Stuttgart. Mentioned in 777 as Cella and in 866 as Hetsilinga, it was chartered about 1219. It was a free imperial city from 1360 to 1802, when it passed to Württemberg, the

Esslingen, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies along the Neckar River, just southeast of Stuttgart. Mentioned in 777 as Cella and in 866 as Hetsilinga, it was chartered about 1219. It was a free imperial city from 1360 to 1802, when it passed to Württemberg, the

Esso, any of several foreign affiliates of the Exxon Corporation

hessonite, translucent, semiprecious, reddish-brown variety of grossular (q.v.), a garnet

Île-de-France: Hauts-de-Seine, Val-de-Marne, Essonne, and Yvelines. Île-de-France is bounded by the régions of Hauts-de-France to the north, Grand Est to the east, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the southeast, Centre to the south, and Normandy to the northwest. The capital is Paris. Area 4,637 square miles (12,011

Mali: Media and publishing: …in Mali, including the state-owned L’Essor–La Voix du Peuple. Newspapers are far less effective in disseminating information than radio, not least because their circulation is limited to the literate and effectively to Bamako. There are many commercial radio stations in addition to the national radio station, which broadcasts news bulletins,…

sterilization: …a nonsurgical procedure known as Essure. In this approach, the doctor uses a flexible lighted instrument known as a hysteroscope to insert and place a soft coil implant into each of the fallopian tubes. The instrument, which is attached to a camera to visualize tissues and guide implant placement, is…

Amara Essy is an Ivorian diplomat and international civil servant who held numerous national and international leadership positions, including several with the United Nations, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), and the OAU’s successor, the African Union (AU). Essy studied in Asia, Europe, and

J. Craig Venter: Education and NIH research: …developed an alternative technique using expressed sequence tags (ESTs), small segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) found in expressed genes that are used as “tags” to identify unknown genes in other organisms, cells, or tissues. Venter used ESTs to rapidly identify thousands of human genes. Although first received with skepticism, the…

Michael East was an English composer, especially known for his madrigals. (He was once thought to be a son of the music printer Thomas East, but late research suggests that they were, at most, distant relatives.) East had some madrigals published as early as 1601 and again in 1604 and took a

Thomas East was a prominent English music publisher whose collection of psalms (1592) was among the first part-music printed in score rather than as individual parts in separate books. East was licensed as a printer in 1565 and later became an assignee in the music-publishing monopoly granted by

established church, a church recognized by law as the official church of a state or nation and supported by civil authority. Though not strictly created by a legal contract, the legal establishment is more like a contractual entity than like anything else and, therefore, ordinarily cannot be varied

Paterson: …legislature in 1791 as the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures (SUM); the city was named for Governor William Paterson, one of the framers of the U.S. Constitution.

establishment clause, clause in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution forbidding Congress from establishing a state religion. It prevents the passage of any law that gives preference to or forces belief in any one religion. It is paired with a clause that prohibits limiting the free

terrorism: Types of terrorism: Establishment terrorism, often called state or state-sponsored terrorism, is employed by governments—or more often by factions within governments—against that government’s citizens, against factions within the government, or against foreign governments or groups. This type of terrorism is very common but difficult to identify, mainly because…

establishment clause, clause in the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution forbidding Congress from establishing a state religion. It prevents the passage of any law that gives preference to or forces belief in any one religion. It is paired with a clause that prohibits limiting the free

Biagio Marin: …1981; “Songs of the Island”), L’estadela de San Martin (1958; “The Summer of St. Martin”), Quanto più moro (1969; “The More I Die”), and Poesie (1972; enlarged ed., 1981; “Poems”).

Maracanã Stadium, association football stadium located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, that was completed in 1950 and is the home stadium to the football clubs Flamengo and Fluminense. The first impression on visiting Maracanã Stadium—named for the Maracanã River and sharing the name of its surrounding

Maracanã Stadium, association football stadium located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, that was completed in 1950 and is the home stadium to the football clubs Flamengo and Fluminense. The first impression on visiting Maracanã Stadium—named for the Maracanã River and sharing the name of its surrounding