• Ethelred II (king of England)

    Ethelred the Unready was the king of the English from 978 to 1013 and from 1014 to 1016. He was an ineffectual ruler who failed to prevent the Danes from overrunning England. The epithet “unready” is derived from unraed, meaning “bad counsel” or “no counsel,” and puns on his name, which means

  • Ethelred of Rievaulx, Saint (Cistercian monk)

    Saint Aelred of Rievaulx was a writer, historian, and outstanding Cistercian abbot who influenced monasticism in medieval England, Scotland, and France. His feast day is celebrated by the Cistercians on February 3. Of noble birth, Aelred was reared at the court of King David I of Scotland, whose

  • Ethelred the Unready (king of England)

    Ethelred the Unready was the king of the English from 978 to 1013 and from 1014 to 1016. He was an ineffectual ruler who failed to prevent the Danes from overrunning England. The epithet “unready” is derived from unraed, meaning “bad counsel” or “no counsel,” and puns on his name, which means

  • Ethelstan (king of England)

    Athelstan was the first West Saxon king to have effective rule over the whole of England. On the death of his father, Edward the Elder, in 924, Athelstan was elected king of Wessex and Mercia, where he had been brought up by his aunt, Aethelflaed, Lady of the Mercians. Crowned king of the whole

  • Ethelstan (king of Denmark)

    Guthrum was a leader of a major Danish invasion of Anglo-Saxon England who waged war against the West Saxon king Alfred the Great (reigned 871–899) and later made himself king of East Anglia (reigned 880–890). Guthrum went to England in the great Danish invasion of 865, and in mid-January 878 he

  • Ethelwerd (English chronicler)

    Aethelweard was an English chronicler and likely ealderman of the western provinces (probably the whole of Wessex), a descendant of King Alfred’s brother Aethelred. He wrote, in elaborate and peculiar Latin, a chronicle for his continental kinswoman, Matilda, abbess of Essen. In the printed version

  • Ethelwulf (Anglo-Saxon king)

    Aethelwulf was an Anglo-Saxon king in England, the father of King Alfred the Great. As ruler of the West Saxons from 839 to 856, he allied his kingdom of Wessex with Mercia and thereby withstood invasions by Danish Vikings. The son of the great West Saxon king Egbert (ruled 802–839), Aethelwulf

  • ethene (chemical compound)

    ethylene (H2C=CH2), the simplest of the organic compounds known as alkenes, which contain carbon-carbon double bonds. It is a colourless, flammable gas having a sweet taste and odour. Natural sources of ethylene include both natural gas and petroleum; it is also a naturally occurring hormone in

  • Etheostomidae (fish)

    darter, any of about 100 species of small, slender freshwater fishes constituting the subfamily Etheostominae of the family Percidae (order Perciformes; sometimes given family standing as the Etheostomidae). All the darters are native to eastern North America. They live near the bottom of clear

  • Etheostominae (fish)

    darter, any of about 100 species of small, slender freshwater fishes constituting the subfamily Etheostominae of the family Percidae (order Perciformes; sometimes given family standing as the Etheostomidae). All the darters are native to eastern North America. They live near the bottom of clear

  • ether (chemical compound)

    ether, any of a class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. Ethers are similar in structure to alcohols, and both ethers and alcohols are similar in structure to water. In an alcohol one hydrogen atom of a water molecule is replaced by an alkyl

  • ether (theoretical substance)

    ether, in physics, a theoretical universal substance believed during the 19th century to act as the medium for transmission of electromagnetic waves (e.g., light and X-rays), much as sound waves are transmitted by elastic media such as air. The ether was assumed to be weightless, transparent,

  • ether, petroleum (chemistry)

    fat and oil processing: Processes: …especially the various grades of petroleum benzin (commonly known as petroleum ether, commercial hexane, or heptane). In large-scale operations, solvent extraction is a more economical means of recovering oil than is mechanical pressing. In the United States and increasingly in Europe, there are many instances of simple petroleum benzin extraction…

  • Etherege, Sir George (British dramatist)

    Sir George Etherege was an English diplomat and creator of the Restoration-era comedy of manners. Etherege probably accompanied his father to France in the 1640s. About 1653 his grandfather apprenticed him to an attorney in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire. Etherege’s first comedy, The Comical

  • Ethereum (digital currency)

    cryptocurrency: Indeed, Ethereum, the second largest cryptocurrency after Bitcoin, changed in 2022 from proof of work to proof of stake.

  • Ethereum gas fees: The cost of doing (crypto) business

    If you’ve ever paid a toll on a highway, then you already know something about Ethereum gas fees. Ethereum gas fees are like paying a “toll” to use the Ethereum blockchain. Highway tollbooths may be operated by one person, but the Ethereum blockchain involves many decentralized operators. Here’s a

  • Etheria (medieval nun)

    Candlemas: …4th century the Western pilgrim Etheria attended its celebration on February 14, 40 days after Epiphany (then celebrated as Christ’s birthday), and wrote of it in the Peregrinatio Etheriae. It soon spread to other Eastern cities, and in 542 Justinian I decreed that its date should be moved back to…

  • Etheria, Pilgrimage of (Christian work)

    Peregrinatio Etheriae, an anonymous and incomplete account of a western European nun’s travels in the Middle East, written for her colleagues at home, near the end of the 4th century. It gives important information about religious life and the observances of the church year in the localities

  • Etheridge, Melissa (American musician)

    Melissa Etheridge is an American musician known for her raspy-voiced rock-and-roll singing. She also was noted for her early openness about her sexual orientation. Etheridge began playing the guitar at age 8 and writing songs by age 11. She honed her skills playing in local bands throughout her

  • Etheridge, Melissa Lou (American musician)

    Melissa Etheridge is an American musician known for her raspy-voiced rock-and-roll singing. She also was noted for her early openness about her sexual orientation. Etheridge began playing the guitar at age 8 and writing songs by age 11. She honed her skills playing in local bands throughout her

  • Etherington, Marie Susan (British actress)

    Marie Tempest was an English actress, known as “the queen of her profession,” who had a 55-year career as a star of light opera and legitimate comedy. Tempest was educated on the European continent but returned to London to study voice with Manuel Garcia, the tutor of Jenny Lind. She debuted in

  • Ethernet (computer networking technology)

    Ethernet, computer networking technology used in local area networks (LANs). Ethernet was created in 1973 by a team at the Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC) in California. The team, led by American electrical engineer Robert Metcalfe, sought to create a technology that

  • etherophone (musical instrument)

    theremin, electronic musical instrument invented in 1920 in the Soviet Union by Leon Theremin (also called Lev Termen). It consists of a box with radio tubes producing oscillations at two sound-wave frequencies above the range of hearing; together, they produce a lower audible frequency equal to

  • Ethica (work by Plutarch)

    Plutarch: The Moralia of Plutarch: Plutarch’s surviving writings on ethical, religious, physical, political, and literary topics are collectively known as the Moralia, or Ethica, and amount to more than 60 essays cast mainly in the form of dialogues or diatribes. The former vary from a collection of set…

  • Ethica (work by Abelard)

    Peter Abelard: Final years of Peter Abelard: …also wrote a book called Ethica or Scito te ipsum (“Know Thyself”), a short masterpiece in which he analyzed the notion of sin and reached the drastic conclusion that human actions do not make a man better or worse in the sight of God, for deeds are in themselves neither…

  • Ethica Eudemia (work by Aristotle)

    Aristotle: Ethics: In the 19th century the Eudemian Ethics was often suspected of being the work of Aristotle’s pupil Eudemus of Rhodes, but there is no good reason to doubt its authenticity. Interestingly, the Nicomachean Ethics and the Eudemian Ethics have three books in common: books V, VI, and VII of the…

  • Ethica in Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata (work by Spinoza)

    Ethics, treatise of rationalist metaphysics by the Dutch Jewish philosopher Benedict de Spinoza. Composed in Latin and published a few months after his death in 1677, the Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata (Ethics Demonstrated in Geometrical Order) is generally regarded as Spinoza’s masterpiece.

  • Ethica Nicomachea (work by Aristotle)

    ethics: Aristotle: …most important ethical treatise, the Nicomachean Ethics, he sorts through the virtues as they were popularly understood in his day, specifying in each case what is truly virtuous and what is mistakenly thought to be so. Here he applies an idea that later came to be known as the Golden…

  • ethical code (social norm)

    collective behavior: Active crowds: …situation in which a special moral code applies. The crowd merely carries further the justification for a special code of ethics incorporated in the slogan “You have to fight fire with fire!” Second, there is a sense of power in the crowd, with its apparent determination and uniform will, that…

  • ethical consumerism (political activism)

    ethical consumerism, form of political activism based on the premise that purchasers in markets consume not only goods but also, implicitly, the process used to produce them. From the point of view of ethical consumerism, consumption is a political act that sanctions the values embodied in a

  • Ethical Culture (19th century social movement)

    Ethical Culture, a movement based upon the conviction that moral tenets need not be grounded in religious or philosophical dogma. Ethical culture has sought to promote social welfare through community effort. The movement originated in New York City under the leadership of Felix Adler in 1876.

  • ethical egoism (ethics)

    ethics: Ethical egoism: All of the normative theories considered so far have had a universal focus—i.e., the goods they seek to achieve, the character traits they seek to develop, or the principles they seek to apply pertain equally to everyone. Ethical egoism departs from this consensus,…

  • ethical monotheism (religion)

    monotheism: Exclusive monotheism: In ethical monotheism, individuals choose one god, because that is the god whom they need and whom they can adore, and that god becomes for them the one and only god. In intellectual monotheism, the one god is nothing but the logical result of questions concerning…

  • Ethical Movement (19th century social movement)

    Ethical Culture, a movement based upon the conviction that moral tenets need not be grounded in religious or philosophical dogma. Ethical culture has sought to promote social welfare through community effort. The movement originated in New York City under the leadership of Felix Adler in 1876.

  • ethical naturalism (philosophy)

    ethical naturalism, in ethics, the view that moral terms, concepts, or properties are ultimately definable in terms of facts about the natural world, including facts about human beings, human nature, and human societies. Ethical naturalism contrasts with ethical nonnaturalism, which denies that

  • Ethical Policy (Dutch history)

    Ethical Policy, in Indonesian history, a program introduced by the Dutch in the East Indies at the turn of the 20th century aimed at promoting the welfare of the indigenous Indonesians (Javanese). Toward the end of the 19th century, leaders of the ethical movement argued that the Netherlands had

  • ethical Rationalism (philosophy)

    rationalism: Ethical rationalism: The views of Kant were presented above as typical of this position (see above Types and expressions of rationalism). But few moralists have held to ethical rationalism in this simple and sweeping form. Many have held, however, that the main rules of conduct…

  • ethical regime (political philosophy)

    Jacques Rancière: …distinguishes three artistic regimes: the ethical, the representational, and the aesthetic. Under the “ethical regime of images,” which he associates with the ideal state of Plato, art strictly speaking does not exist, and visual or literary images, understood as copies of things that are real or true, are produced only…

  • ethical relativism (philosophy)

    ethical relativism, the doctrine that there are no absolute truths in ethics and that what is morally right or wrong varies from person to person or from society to society. (Read Peter Singer’s Britannica entry on ethics.) Herodotus, the Greek historian of the 5th century bc, advanced this view

  • ethical religion (philosophical classification)

    classification of religions: Morphological: …by a high degree of ethical awareness. Tiele agreed strongly with Whitney in distinguishing between nature and ethical religions. Ethical religion, in Tiele’s views, develops out of nature religion,

  • ethical review board (United States committee)

    institutional review board (IRB), in the United States, ethics committee that reviews proposed and ongoing research involving human subjects. The institutional review board (IRB) exists to protect the rights and safety of human subjects who participate in research studies. The need for an IRB

  • Ethical Studies (work by Bradley)

    free will and moral responsibility: Modern compatibilism: In his Ethical Studies (1876), Mill’s countryman F.H. Bradley (1846–1924) argued that neither compatibilism nor libertarianism comes close to justifying what he called the “vulgar notion” of moral responsibility. Determinism does not allow for free will because it implies that humans are never the ultimate originators of…

  • ethics (philosophy)

    ethics, the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong. The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values or principles. (Read Britannica’s biography of this author, Peter Singer.) How should we live? Shall we aim at happiness or at knowledge,

  • Ethics (work by Bonhoeffer)

    Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Ethical and religious thought of Dietrich Bonhoeffer: …were published posthumously (Ethik, 1949; Ethics). Abjuring all “thinking in terms of two spheres”—i.e., any dualistic separation of the church and the world, nature and grace, the sacred and the profane—he called for a unitive concrete ethic founded on Christology (doctrines about the person and work of Christ), an ethic…

  • Ethics (work by Spinoza)

    Ethics, treatise of rationalist metaphysics by the Dutch Jewish philosopher Benedict de Spinoza. Composed in Latin and published a few months after his death in 1677, the Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata (Ethics Demonstrated in Geometrical Order) is generally regarded as Spinoza’s masterpiece.

  • Ethics (work by Moore)

    ethics: Varieties of consequentialism: …Principia Ethica and also in Ethics (1912), Moore argued that the consequences of actions are decisive for their morality, but he did not accept the classical utilitarian view that pleasure and pain are the only consequences that matter. Moore asked his readers to picture a world filled with all possible…

  • Ethics and Language (work by Stevenson)

    ethics: Emotivism: …philosopher Charles Stevenson (1908–79) in Ethics and Language (1945). As the titles of the books of this period suggest, moral philosophers (and philosophers in other fields as well) were now paying more attention to language and to the different ways in which it could be used. Stevenson distinguished the facts…

  • Ethics and Moral Science (work by Lévy-Bruhl)

    Lucien Lévy-Bruhl: …la science des moeurs (1903; Ethics and Moral Science), reflected the positivism of Auguste Comte. Contending that theoretical moralities cannot prevail, this book laid the groundwork for a pluralistic, relativistic sociology. Much of his subsequent attention was devoted to the mentality of people in so-called primitive societies, which he first…

  • Ethics and Political Science, Academy of (French science society)

    Paris: The Institute of France: …joined in 1795; and the Academy of Ethics and Political Science, created by the National Convention (a governing body during the French Revolution) in 1795 to ponder questions of philosophy, economics, politics, law, and history.

  • Ethics as First Philosophy (essay by Lévinas)

    continental philosophy: Lévinas: …observes in his essay “Ethics as First Philosophy” (1984):

  • Ethics in an Age of Technology (work by Barbour)

    Ian Barbour: …Age of Science (1990) and Ethics in an Age of Technology (1993), a two-volume set based on a series of lectures he presented in Scotland, received the 1993 book award from the American Academy of Religion. Among the topics Barbour examined were religion’s role in the treatment and development of…

  • ethics of care (ethics and philosophy)

    ethics of care, feminist philosophical perspective that uses a relational and context-bound approach toward morality and decision making. The term ethics of care refers to ideas concerning both the nature of morality and normative ethical theory. The ethics of care perspective stands in stark

  • Ethics of Reading: Kant, de Man, Eliot, Trollope, James, and Benjamin, The (work by Miller)

    J. Hillis Miller: (1982), The Linguistic Moment (1985), The Ethics of Reading: Kant, de Man, Eliot, Trollope, James, and Benjamin (1987), Versions of Pygmalion (1990), Victorian Subjects (1991), Hawthorne and History: Defacing It (1991), Topographies (1995), Reading Narrative (1998), Speech Acts in Literature (2001), and On Literature (2002).

  • Ethics of the Fathers, The (Judaism)

    Simeon ben Zemah Duran: …of an important commentary on Avot (“Fathers”), a popular ethical tractate in the Talmud, the rabbinical compendium of law, lore, and commentary. Before the 14th century, the rabbinical post had been almost invariably honorary; Duran set a precedent in accepting a salary. His commentary Magen Avot (“The Shield of the…

  • ethics, history of

    history of ethics, history of the philosophical discipline concerned with what is morally good or bad and what is morally right or wrong. The history of ethics encompasses the development of substantive ethical theories from which particular moral judgments may follow, as well as more general

  • Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (work by Mackie)

    ethics: Universal prescriptivism: …his defense of moral subjectivism, Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong (1977), Mackie argued that Hare had stretched the notion of universalizability far beyond anything inherent in moral language. Moreover, Mackie insisted, even if such a notion were embodied in the ways in which people think and talk about morality, this…

  • Ethik (work by Bonhoeffer)

    Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Ethical and religious thought of Dietrich Bonhoeffer: …were published posthumously (Ethik, 1949; Ethics). Abjuring all “thinking in terms of two spheres”—i.e., any dualistic separation of the church and the world, nature and grace, the sacred and the profane—he called for a unitive concrete ethic founded on Christology (doctrines about the person and work of Christ), an ethic…

  • Ethio-Semitic languages

    Ethio-Semitic languages, the Semitic languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea, including Geʿez, the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox church; Amharic, one of the principal languages of modern Ethiopia; Tigré, of northwestern Eritrea and Sudan; Tigrinya, or Tigrai, of northern Ethiopia and

  • ethionamide (biochemistry)

    antibiotic: Antituberculosis antibiotics: ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and ethionamide are synthetic chemicals used in treating tuberculosis. Isoniazid, ethionamide, and pyrazinamide are similar in structure to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme essential for several physiological processes. Ethambutol prevents the synthesis of mycolic acid, a lipid found in the tubercule bacillus. All these drugs…

  • Ethiopia

    Ethiopia, landlocked country on the Horn of Africa. The country lies completely within the tropical latitudes and is relatively compact, with similar north-south and east-west dimensions. The capital is Addis Ababa (“New Flower”), located almost at the centre of the country. Ethiopia is the largest

  • Ethiopia Awakening (work by Fuller)

    Harlem Renaissance: Visual art: …this development with her sculpture Ethiopia Awakening (1914). Appearing from a distance like a piece of Egyptian funerary sculpture, it depicts a Black woman wrapped like a mummy from the waist down. But her upper torso aspires upward, suggesting rebirth from a long sleep. In the 1920s, as African art…

  • Ethiopia Plateau (region, eastern Africa)

    Ethiopian Plateau, highlands covering much of Ethiopia and central Eritrea. They consist of the rugged Western Highlands and the more limited Eastern Highlands. The two sections are separated by the vast Eastern Rift Valley, which cuts across Ethiopia from southwest to northeast. The Western

  • Ethiopia, Federal Democratic Republic of

    Ethiopia, landlocked country on the Horn of Africa. The country lies completely within the tropical latitudes and is relatively compact, with similar north-south and east-west dimensions. The capital is Addis Ababa (“New Flower”), located almost at the centre of the country. Ethiopia is the largest

  • Ethiopia, flag of

    horizontally striped green-yellow-red national flag with a central blue disk bearing a yellow star in outline. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.Ethiopia has traditionally identified its green-yellow-red national flag with the rainbow that, according to the book of Genesis in the Bible,

  • Ethiopia, history of

    history of Ethiopia, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Ethiopia, from the prehistoric era to the present day. Ethiopia is the largest and most populated country in the Horn of Africa. It is also one of the world’s oldest countries (sometimes referred to as Abyssinia in

  • Ethiopian Airlines (Ethiopian company)

    Ethiopia: Transportation and telecommunications: The internal network of Ethiopian Airlines (EA), a state-owned but independently operated carrier, is well developed, connecting major cities and locations of tourist interest. Its international network provides excellent service to destinations throughout the world. Bole International Airport, near Addis Ababa, serves EA and other international airlines and is…

  • Ethiopian chant (vocal music)

    Ethiopian chant, vocal liturgical music of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in eastern Africa. A musical notation for Ethiopian chant codified in the 16th century is called melekket and consists of characters from the ancient Ethiopian language, Geʿez, in which each sign stands for a syllable

  • Ethiopian dynasty (ancient Egyptian history)

    Kassala: …control of the 25th, or Kushite, Egyptian dynasty. The Kushites were later conquered by the kingdom of Aksum (Axum), and the people were largely Christianized. There were Muslim raids into the region during the Mamlūk dynasty of Egypt (reigned 1250–1517). The people were converted to Islam in the early 16th…

  • Ethiopian Highlands (region, eastern Africa)

    Ethiopian Plateau, highlands covering much of Ethiopia and central Eritrea. They consist of the rugged Western Highlands and the more limited Eastern Highlands. The two sections are separated by the vast Eastern Rift Valley, which cuts across Ethiopia from southwest to northeast. The Western

  • Ethiopian literature

    Ethiopian literature, writings either in classical Geʿez (Ethiopic) or in Amharic, the principal modern language of Ethiopia. The earliest extant literary works in Geʿez are translations of Christian religious writings from Greek, which may have influenced their style and syntax. From the 7th

  • Ethiopian lungfish (fish)

    lungfish: Behaviour and ecology: The Ethiopian lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus, has at the front of the upper jaw two rather rounded teeth with a hard transverse (from side to side) bridge. The lower jaw has a number of crushing teeth. The prey is sucked in, crushed, and thoroughly chewed; such a…

  • Ethiopian Mountains (mountains, Ethiopia)

    Ethiopian Mountains, several mountain groups on the central and western plateaus of Ethiopia, in northeastern Africa, probably of early volcanic origin. The most notable of these is the Simien Mountains, the highest point of which is Ras Dejen (or Dashen), 14,872 feet (4,533 meters) high. Other

  • Ethiopian Orthodox Church (church, Ethiopia)

    Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church in Ethiopia. Headquarters are in Addis Ababa, the country’s capital. Tradition holds that Ethiopia was first evangelized by St. Matthew and St. Bartholomew in the 1st century ce, and the first Ethiopian convert is thought to

  • Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (church, Ethiopia)

    Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church in Ethiopia. Headquarters are in Addis Ababa, the country’s capital. Tradition holds that Ethiopia was first evangelized by St. Matthew and St. Bartholomew in the 1st century ce, and the first Ethiopian convert is thought to

  • Ethiopian Overcoming Holy Church of God (Pentecostal church)

    Apostolic Overcoming Holy Church of God, black Pentecostal church founded in 1919 as the Ethiopian Overcoming Holy Church of God by Bishop W.T. Phillips in Mobile, Ala. The name was changed in 1927. The founder left the Methodist Episcopal Church, which he served as a minister, after becoming

  • Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (political party, Ethiopia)

    Abiy Ahmed: Entry into politics: …which was part of the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) ruling coalition. In the following years he would go on to earn a master’s degree in transformational leadership (2011) from the International Leadership Institute in Addis Ababa, in partnership with Greenwich University in London; a master’s in business administration…

  • Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Party (political organization, Ethiopia)

    Ethiopia: Socialist Ethiopia (1974–91): One of them, the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Party (EPRP), believed so strongly in civilian rule that it undertook urban guerrilla war against the military rulers, and anarchy ensued in the following years.

  • Ethiopian Plateau (region, eastern Africa)

    Ethiopian Plateau, highlands covering much of Ethiopia and central Eritrea. They consist of the rugged Western Highlands and the more limited Eastern Highlands. The two sections are separated by the vast Eastern Rift Valley, which cuts across Ethiopia from southwest to northeast. The Western

  • Ethiopian region (faunal region)

    Ethiopian region, one of the major land areas of the world defined on the basis of its characteristic animal life. Part of the Paleotropical, or Afro-Tethyan, realm, it encompasses Africa south of the Sahara and the southwestern tip of Arabia. The island of Madagascar is part of the separate

  • Ethiopian Shield (geology)

    continental shield: The African Shield, sometimes called the Ethiopian Shield, extends eastward to include western Saudi Arabia and the eastern half of Madagascar.

  • Ethiopian wolf (mammal)

    wolf: Other wolves: The Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis) looks similar to the coyote. It lives in a few isolated areas of grassland and heath scrub at high elevations in Ethiopia. Although it lives in packs, the wolves hunt alone for rodents and other small mammals. Studies estimate that fewer…

  • Ethiopianism (African religion)

    Ethiopianism, religious movement among sub-Saharan Africans that embodied the earliest stirrings toward religious and political freedom in the modern colonial period. The movement was initiated in the 1880s when South African mission workers began forming independent all-African churches, such as

  • Ethiopic alphabet

    Ethiopic alphabet, writing system used to write the Geʿez literary and ecclesiastical language and the Amharic, Tigre, and Tigrinya languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Apparently derived from Sabaean, a South Semitic script, the Ethiopic script probably originated in the early 4th century ad; it is

  • Ethiopic Book of Enoch (sacred text)

    First Book of Enoch, pseudepigraphal work (not included in any canon of scripture) whose only complete extant version is an Ethiopic translation of a previous Greek translation made in Palestine from the original Hebrew or Aramaic. Enoch, the seventh patriarch in the book of Genesis, was the

  • Ethiopic languages

    Ethio-Semitic languages, the Semitic languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea, including Geʿez, the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox church; Amharic, one of the principal languages of modern Ethiopia; Tigré, of northwestern Eritrea and Sudan; Tigrinya, or Tigrai, of northern Ethiopia and

  • ethmoid bone (anatomy)

    human skeleton: Interior of the cranium: …small holes) plate of the ethmoid bone, a midline bone important as a part both of the cranium and of the nose. Through the perforations of the plate run many divisions of the olfactory, or first cranial, nerve, coming from the mucous membrane of the nose. At the sides of…

  • ethmoidal sinus (anatomy)

    human respiratory system: The nose: …cavity; the frontal sinus; the ethmoid sinuses; and the sphenoid sinus, which is located in the upper posterior wall of the nasal cavity. The sinuses have two principal functions: because they are filled with air, they help keep the weight of the skull within reasonable limits, and they serve as…

  • ethnarch (religion)

    Makarios III: …during the Turkish occupation as ethnarch, or head of the Greek Christian community. Opposing the British government’s proposals for independence or Commonwealth status, as well as Turkish pressures for partition in order to safeguard the island’s sizable Turkish population, Makarios met with the Greek prime minister, Alexandros Papagos, in February…

  • ethnic cleansing (war crime)

    ethnic cleansing, the attempt to create ethnically homogeneous geographic areas through the deportation or forcible displacement of persons belonging to particular ethnic groups. Ethnic cleansing sometimes involves the removal of all physical vestiges of the targeted group through the destruction

  • ethnic conflict

    ethnic conflict, a form of conflict in which the objectives of at least one party are defined in ethnic terms, and the conflict, its antecedents, and possible solutions are perceived along ethnic lines. The conflict is usually not about ethnic differences themselves but over political, economic,

  • ethnic dance

    dance: World dance: In describing many dances, reference is often made to their ethnic, rather than their tribal, origins. A world dance is simply a dance that is characteristic of a particular cultural group. Under this definition the polka, which is almost always considered a social…

  • ethnic group

    ethnic group, a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. Ethnic diversity is one form of the social complexity found in most contemporary societies. Historically it is the legacy

  • ethnic identity (sociology and psychology)

    ethnic conflict: Theories of ethnic identity: Although communal identity provides the foundation for the definition of ethnic groups, disagreement exists over how ethnic identity forms and how it changes over time. A first school of thought, known as the primordialist approach, explains ethnicity as a fixed characteristic of individuals…

  • Ethnic Politics (book by Esman)

    ethnic conflict: Theories of ethnic identity: Esman, in his book Ethnic Politics (1994), noted that ethnic identity usually “can be located on a spectrum between primordial historical continuities and (instrumental) opportunistic adaptations.”

  • Ethnic Radio (poetry by Murray)

    Les Murray: …Song Cycle,” in the collection Ethnic Radio (1977), reflects his identification with Australia’s Aboriginals; it uses Aboriginal narrative style to describe vacationing Australians. The Boys Who Stole the Funeral (1979) is a sequence of 140 sonnets about a pair of boys who surreptitiously remove a man’s body from a Sydney…

  • ethnicity (social differentiation)

    anthropology: The study of ethnicity, minority groups, and identity: Ethnicity refers to the identification of a group based on a perceived cultural distinctiveness that makes the group into a “people.” This distinctiveness is believed to be expressed in language, music, values, art, styles, literature, family life, religion, ritual, food,…

  • Ethnikí Orgánosis Kipriakoú Agónos (Cypriot organization)

    EOKA, underground nationalist movement of Greek Cypriots dedicated to ending British colonial rule in Cyprus (achieved in 1960) and to achieving the eventual union (Greek enosis) of Cyprus with Greece. EOKA was organized by Col. Georgios Grivas, an officer in the Greek army, with the support of

  • Ethniki Rizospastiki Enosis (political party, Greece)

    Konstantinos Karamanlis: …also his own party, the National Radical Union (ERE), which in parliamentary elections in February 1956 obtained 161 seats out of 300. He retained a parliamentary majority in elections held in 1958 and 1961. As prime minister, Karamanlis helped Greece make a dramatic economic recovery from the devastation of World…

  • Ethnikón Apeleftherotikón Métopon-Ethnikós Laïkós Apeleftherotikós Strátos (political organization, Greece)

    EAM-ELAS, communist-sponsored resistance organization (formed September 1941) and its military wing (formed December 1942), which operated in occupied Greece during World War II. Fighting against the Germans and the Italians as well as against other guerrilla bands, particularly EDES, EAM-ELAS

  • Ethnikon Archaiologikon Mouseion (museum, Athens, Greece)

    National Archaeological Museum, in Athens, museum of ancient Greek art, containing probably the finest collection of Greek antiquities in the world. The museum was erected in 1866–89 and extended in 1925–39, when an additional wing was built. The holdings include sculpture, bronzes, pottery,