Eugenius II was the pope from 824 to 827. He was a cardinal priest when chosen as successor to St. Paschal I. In 824, Eugenius received the Holy Roman co-emperor Lothar I, who had come to Rome to issue the Constitutio Romana that affirmed imperial sovereignty over Rome, demanded an oath of fealty

Blessed Eugenius III ; beatified 1872) ; feast day July 8) was the pope from 1145 to 1153. Possibly a member of the family Paganelli di Montemagno, he was a disciple of St. Bernard of Clairvaux and a Cistercian abbot of the monastery of SS. Vincent and Anastasius when he was elected on February 15.

Eugenius IV was the pope from 1431 to 1447. Formerly an Augustinian monk, he was a cardinal when unanimously elected to succeed Martin V. His pontificate was dominated by his struggle with the Council (1431–37) of Basel, which assembled to effect church reform. When Eugenius sought to dissolve the

Edward George Earle Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Baron Lytton: In Eugene Aram, 3 vol. (1832), he made use of current fascination with criminals and the underworld. He turned to realism and the portrayal of English society in The Caxtons, 3 vol. (1849), and My Novel (1853). Bulwer-Lytton also published several volumes of poetry, a satirical…

Eugene of Savoy was a field marshal and statesman of the Carignan line of the House of Savoy, who, in the service of the Austrian Holy Roman emperor, made his name as one of the greatest soldiers of his generation. He fought notably against the Turks in central Europe and the Balkans (1683–88,

Jonathan Miller: …most notably, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky’s Eugene Onegin. In 1978 Miller wrote The Body in Question, a 13-part series on the history of medicine and of attitudes toward the human body, for the British Broadcasting Company; it also became a best-selling book. He continued his association with opera and theatre, not…

Eugene Onegin: of Aleksandr Pushkin’s masterpiece Eugene Onegin (1833). Onegin is the original superfluous man, a character type common in 19th-century Russian literature. He is a disillusioned aristocrat who is drawn into tragic situations through his inability or unwillingness to take positive action to prevent them.

Eugenia, large genus of chiefly tropical shrubs and trees of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae). The edible fruits of many species are commonly made into jam or jelly, and many species of Eugenia yield high-grade lumber. A number are widely used in the tropics and subtropics as ornamentals. Members of

clove, (Syzygium aromaticum), tropical evergreen tree of the family Myrtaceae and its small reddish brown flower buds used as a spice. Cloves were important in the earliest spice trade and are believed to be indigenous to the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, of Indonesia. Strong of aroma and hot and

Myrtales: Characteristic morphological features: In E. paniculata, up to 21 embryos have been found in a seed, and it is unusual for there to be only one.

Eugenia: Major species: …Surinam, or Brazilian, cherry (Eugenia uniflora), native to eastern South America. The plant is often grown as a privacy hedge and for its edible fruits, which range in flavour from tart to sweet. The rainforest plum (E. candolleana) and uvaia, or uvalha (E. pyriformis), both of Brazil, are also…

eugenics, the selection of desired heritable characteristics in order to improve future generations, typically in reference to humans. The term eugenics was coined in 1883 by British explorer and natural scientist Francis Galton, who, influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection,

eugenics: Eugenics organizations and legislation: In the United States, the Eugenics Record Office (ERO) was opened at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, New York, in 1910 with financial support from the legacy of railroad magnate Edward Henry Harriman. Whereas ERO efforts were officially overseen by Charles B. Davenport, director of the Station for Experimental Study…

Markos Eugenikos was a Greek Orthodox metropolitan of Ephesus (near modern Selçuk, Tur.) and theologian who led the anti-unionist party in the Eastern Orthodox Church following the Council of Florence, Italy (1439). After a classical and theological education under tutors antagonistic to Rome,

Jeffrey Eugenides is an American novelist and short-story writer who has earned acclaim as a gifted storyteller, known for his versatility, compassion, and ability to create vivid worlds. He often explores themes involving coming of age and self-discovery, perhaps most notably in his novel

Jeffrey Eugenides is an American novelist and short-story writer who has earned acclaim as a gifted storyteller, known for his versatility, compassion, and ability to create vivid worlds. He often explores themes involving coming of age and self-discovery, perhaps most notably in his novel

Eugénie was the wife of Napoleon III and empress of France (1853–70), who came to have an important influence on her husband’s foreign policy. The daughter of a Spanish noble who fought on the French side during Napoleon I’s Peninsular War in Spain, Eugénie went to Paris when Louis-Napoléon became

Eugénie Grandet, novel by Honoré de Balzac, first published in 1833 (revised edition, 1839). When Balzac later grouped many of his novels into schema in his multivolume La Comédie humaine (1834–37), Eugénie Grandet was included among the “scenes of provincial life” under the category “Studies of

Markos Eugenikos was a Greek Orthodox metropolitan of Ephesus (near modern Selçuk, Tur.) and theologian who led the anti-unionist party in the Eastern Orthodox Church following the Council of Florence, Italy (1439). After a classical and theological education under tutors antagonistic to Rome,

Arbogast: Proclaiming Eugenius, a professor of rhetoric, as emperor in the West, Arbogast—who admired the Roman Republic and despised the quarrels between Roman Catholic and Arian Christians—set about restoring paganism. In the winter of 393–394, he conducted a successful campaign against the Ripuarian Franks, the Chamavi, and…

Saint Eugenius I ; feast day June 2) was the pope from 654 to 657. He was elected while his predecessor, Pope St. Martin I, was still alive in exile. Later, in a letter of September 655, Martin acknowledged Eugenius to be the legitimate pope. The Byzantine emperor Constans II Pogonatus urged

Eugenius II was the pope from 824 to 827. He was a cardinal priest when chosen as successor to St. Paschal I. In 824, Eugenius received the Holy Roman co-emperor Lothar I, who had come to Rome to issue the Constitutio Romana that affirmed imperial sovereignty over Rome, demanded an oath of fealty

Blessed Eugenius III ; beatified 1872) ; feast day July 8) was the pope from 1145 to 1153. Possibly a member of the family Paganelli di Montemagno, he was a disciple of St. Bernard of Clairvaux and a Cistercian abbot of the monastery of SS. Vincent and Anastasius when he was elected on February 15.

Eugenius IV was the pope from 1431 to 1447. Formerly an Augustinian monk, he was a cardinal when unanimously elected to succeed Martin V. His pontificate was dominated by his struggle with the Council (1431–37) of Basel, which assembled to effect church reform. When Eugenius sought to dissolve the

Trabzon: History: Andrew the Apostle; Eugenius, its patron saint, was martyred under the Roman emperor Diocletian (reigned 284–305). In the 9th century the city was made the capital of a new military province of Chaldia.

clove: Physical description and other uses: …which is the aromatic oil eugenol. Cloves are strongly pungent owing to eugenol, which is extracted by distillation to yield oil of cloves. This oil is used to prepare microscopic slides for viewing and is also a local anesthetic for toothaches. Eugenol is used in germicides, perfumes, and mouthwashes, in…

geosyncline: …or processes, were deposited in eugeosynclines, the outer, deepwater segment of geosynclines. The occurrence of limestones and well-sorted quartzose sandstones, on the other hand, is considered to be evidence of shallow-water formation, and such rocks form in the inner segment of a geosyncline, termed a miogeosyncline.

conservation: Pacific island birds: …so forth, a predatory snail, Euglandina rosea, was released to control the Achatina. The predatory snail preferred native Achatinella and Partula snails instead, driving many species to extinction.

conservation: Pacific island birds: …forth, a predatory snail, Euglandina rosea, was released to control the Achatina. The predatory snail preferred native Achatinella and Partula snails instead, driving many species to extinction.

Euglena, genus of more than 1,000 species of single-celled flagellated (i.e., having a whiplike appendage) microorganisms that feature both plant and animal characteristics. Found worldwide, Euglena live in fresh and brackish water rich in organic matter and can also be found in moist soils. As

protozoan: Annotated classification: Euglenida Pellicle strips convey a unique type of motility called euglenid metaboly; tubular extrusomes have been reduced to mucocysts between pellicle strips. Kinetoplastea Contain a kinetoplast, a large and distinctive mass of DNA in the mitochondrion. The 2 major groups are the bodontids, which include…

protozoan: Annotated classification: Euglenozoa Paraxial rod associated with at least 1 flagellum and 2 functional basal bodies, each with a corresponding flagellum; tubular extrusomes, analogous to alveolate ejectile organelles, and discoidal mitochondrial cristae similar to other groups of protists. Contains autotrophic and heterotrophic taxa. Positioned within Excavata on…

algae: Annotated classification: Class Euglenophyceae Chlorophylls a and b; paramylon stored outside chloroplasts; mitochondria with paddle-shaped cristae; flagella lack tubular hairs, but some with hairlike scales; pellicle covering of sliding sheets allows cells to change shape; approximately 1,000 described species; includes Colacium, Euglena

algae: Annotated classification: Division Euglenophyta Taxonomy is contentious. Primarily unicellular flagellates; both photosynthetic and heterotrophic. Class Euglenophyceae Chlorophylls a and b; paramylon stored outside chloroplasts; mitochondria with paddle-shaped cristae; flagella lack tubular hairs, but some with hairlike scales; pellicle covering of sliding sheets

protozoan: Annotated classification: Euglenozoa Paraxial rod associated with at least 1 flagellum and 2 functional basal bodies, each with a corresponding flagellum; tubular extrusomes, analogous to alveolate ejectile organelles, and discoidal mitochondrial cristae similar to other groups of protists. Contains autotrophic and heterotrophic taxa. Positioned within Excavata on…

globulin: …be further divided into the euglobulins and the pseudoglobulins. The former group is insoluble in water but soluble in saline solutions and may be precipitated in water that has been half-saturated with a salt such as ammonium sulfate. The latter group is soluble in water and has properties that resemble…

euglossine bee: About half the Euglossini are Euglossa species, and the females live in small nests that house either a mother with daughters or all sisters. They neither make nor store honey, and they have no queen.

euglossine bee, (tribe Euglossini), any of a large group of brightly coloured bees important to the ecology of New World tropical forests. Colour combinations include metallic blues, greens, and bronzes. They are noted for their long tongues and their role in the pollination of over 700 species of

euglossine bee, (tribe Euglossini), any of a large group of brightly coloured bees important to the ecology of New World tropical forests. Colour combinations include metallic blues, greens, and bronzes. They are noted for their long tongues and their role in the pollination of over 700 species of

Gubbio, town, Umbria regione of central Italy, lying at the foot of Mount Ingino, just northeast of Perugia. Gubbio (medieval Eugubium) grew up on the ruins of Iguvium, an ancient Umbrian town that later became an ally of Rome and a Roman municipium; the Roman theatre is the chief relic of the

igneous rock: Fabric: …faces can be described as euhedral or panidiomorphic (fully crystal-faced), subhedral or hypidiomorphic (partly faced), or anhedral or allotriomorphic (no external crystal faces). Quite apart from the presence or absence of crystal faces, the shape, or habit, of individual mineral grains is described by such terms as equant, tabular, platy,…

Euhemerus: , Euhemerism). His most important work was Hiera Anagraphe (probably early 3rd century bc; “The Sacred Inscription”), which was translated into Latin by the poet Ennius (239–169 bc). Only fragments survive of both the original Greek and the Latin translation.

Euhemerus was an author of a utopian work that was popular in the ancient world; his name was given to the theory that gods are great men worshipped after their death (i.e., Euhemerism). His most important work was Hiera Anagraphe (probably early 3rd century bc; “The Sacred Inscription”), which was

Quintus Ennius: Euhemerus, based on the ideas of Euhemerus of Messene, argued that the Olympian gods were originally great men honoured after death in human memory. Some epigrams, on himself and Scipio Africanus, are the first Latin elegiac couplets.

Benghazi, city and major seaport of northeastern Libya, on the Gulf of Sidra. It was founded by the Greeks of Cyrenaica as Hesperides (Euesperides) and received from the Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy III the additional name of Berenice in honour of his wife. After the 3rd century ce it superseded Cyrene

eukaryote, any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material) are located. Eukaryotic cells also contain organelles, including

eukaryote, any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material) are located. Eukaryotic cells also contain organelles, including

Roger D. Kornberg: …on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.

Kurt Jooss: …his approach by further developing eukinetics, a system originated by Laban and designed to enable a dancer to perform a wide variety of dance styles with expression and control. Through his eclectic choreography and his teaching, Jooss expanded the technical and thematic range of theatrical dance.

Euclid was the most prominent mathematician of Greco-Roman antiquity, best known for his treatise on geometry, the Elements. Of Euclid’s life nothing is known except what the Greek philosopher Proclus (c. 410–485 ce) reports in his “summary” of famous Greek mathematicians. According to him, Euclid

Eucratides was the last important king of Greek Bactria. Called “the Great” on the coins he minted, Eucratides probably came to power in a coup. Much of his reign was spent in wars against pretenders to the throne and neighbouring rulers. “Demetrius, king of the Indians,” an heir of Euthydemus I,

candlefish, species of smelt of the genus Thaleichthys

Kārūn River, river in southwestern Iran, a tributary of the Shatt al-Arab, which it joins at Khorramshahr. It rises in the Bakhtīārī Mountains west of Eṣfahān and follows a tortuous course trending basically southwest. The Kārūn’s total length is 515 miles (829 km), though the direct distance from

silvergrass: Eulalia, or Chinese silvergrass (Miscanthus sinensis), and several other species sometimes are grown as lawn or border ornamentals for their silvery or white plumelike flower clusters; the dried heads often are used in decoration. Giant miscanthus (M. ×giganteus) is a potential biofuel and biomass crop.

Eulalius was an antipope from December 418 to April 419. He was an archdeacon set up against Pope St. Boniface I by a clerical faction. The rivalry that ensued led to the first interference of the temporal authorities in papal elections. Both the Pope and the Antipope were asked by Emperor Honorius

bivalve: Internal features: In the eulamellibranch ctenidium the filaments and lamellae are closely united, the selection function is lost, and gill structure varies widely. Most modern bivalves are suspension feeders, and particles suspended in the water column are drawn in through the incurrent siphon by the action of the gill…

lemur: Lemur diversity: Members of the related genus Eulemur include the black lemur (E. macaco), in which the male is black and the female is reddish brown. The rare black-and-white or black-and-red ruffed lemurs (genus Varecia) live in rainforests on the eastern side of Madagascar. The gentle lemurs, or lesser bamboo lemurs (genus…

lemur: Lemur diversity: …related genus Eulemur include the black lemur (E. macaco), in which the male is black and the female is reddish brown. The rare black-and-white or black-and-red ruffed lemurs (genus Varecia) live in rainforests on the eastern side of Madagascar. The gentle lemurs, or lesser bamboo lemurs (genus Hapalemur), and the…

Botho, count zu Eulenburg was a Prussian statesman associated with the Conservative Party in imperial Germany. As Prussian minister of the interior (1878–81), Eulenburg formulated Chancellor Otto von Bismarck’s laws against the Social Democrats and presented them to the imperial Reichstag. In 1892

Philipp, prince of Eulenburg was a diplomat and intimate friend and adviser of the German emperor William II. After leaving the army, Eulenburg entered the diplomatic service (1877) and served as secretary to the Prussian mission in Munich (1881–88). A close friend of William II since 1886, he

Eulenkrüg, south German mid-16th-century owl jugs. Few examples of this early faience are known, and they range in date from 1540 to 1561. Originating in Nürnberg, the vessels are shaped as owls, with detachable head (to be used as a cup), molded relief feathers painted in blue, and a coat-of-arms

Till Eulenspiegel, German peasant trickster whose merry pranks were the source of numerous folk and literary tales. The historical Till Eulenspiegel is said to have been born at Kneitlingen, Brunswick, and to have died in 1350 at Mölln, Schleswig-Holstein, where his gravestone has been known since

Till Eulenspiegel, German peasant trickster whose merry pranks were the source of numerous folk and literary tales. The historical Till Eulenspiegel is said to have been born at Kneitlingen, Brunswick, and to have died in 1350 at Mölln, Schleswig-Holstein, where his gravestone has been known since

string theory: Relativity and quantum mechanics: …that a 200-year-old formula, the Euler beta function, was capable of explaining much of the data on the strong force then being collected at various particle accelerators around the world. A few years later, three physicists—Leonard Susskind of Stanford University, Holger Nielsen of the Niels Bohr Institute, and Yoichiro Nambu…

Euler characteristic, in mathematics, a number, C, that is a topological characteristic of various classes of geometric figures based only on a relationship between the numbers of vertices (V), edges (E), and faces (F) of a geometric figure. This number, given by C = V − E + F, is the same for all

combinatorics: The principle of inclusion and exclusion: derangements: The function ϕ(n) is the Euler function.

zeta function, in number theory, an infinite series given by where z and w are complex numbers and the real part of z is greater than zero. For w = 0, the function reduces to the Riemann zeta function, named for the 19th-century German mathematician Bernhard Riemann, whose study of its properties

fluid mechanics: Navier-stokes equation: …equation is known as the Euler equation. The whole is called the Navier-Stokes equation.

fluid mechanics: Navier-stokes equation: …equation is known as the Euler equation. The whole is called the Navier-Stokes equation.

Euler’s formula, either of two important mathematical theorems of Leonhard Euler. The first formula, used in trigonometry and also called the Euler identity, says eix = cos x + isin x, where e is the base of the natural logarithm and i is the square root of −1 (see imaginary number). When x is

gamma function, generalization of the factorial function to nonintegral values, introduced by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in the 18th century. For a positive whole number n, the factorial (written as n!) is defined by n! = 1 × 2 × 3 ×⋯× (n − 1) × n. For example, 5! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 =

e, mathematical constant that is the base of the natural logarithm function f(x) = ln x and of its related inverse, the exponential function y = ex. To five decimal places, the value used for the constant is 2.71828. The number e is an irrational number; that is, it cannot be expressed as the ratio

combinatorics: Polytopes: Euler was the first to investigate in 1752 the analogous question concerning polyhedra. He found that υ − e + f = 2 for every convex polyhedron, where υ, e, and f are the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces of the polyhedron. Though this…

military aircraft: Early history: …made spasmodically after 1910, when August Euler took out a German patent on a machine-gun installation. Bombing techniques evolved simultaneously. Dummy bombs were dropped on a target in the form of a ship by the American designer Glenn Curtiss on June 30, 1910. This test was followed by the dropping…

Leonhard Euler was a Swiss mathematician and physicist, one of the founders of pure mathematics. He not only made decisive and formative contributions to the subjects of geometry, calculus, mechanics, and number theory but also developed methods for solving problems in observational astronomy and

Ulf von Euler was a Swedish physiologist who, with British biophysicist Sir Bernard Katz and American biochemist Julius Axelrod, received the 1970 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. All three were honoured for their independent study of the mechanics of nerve impulses. Euler was the son of

Hans von Euler-Chelpin was a Swedish biochemist who shared the 1929 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Sir Arthur Harden for work on the role of enzymes in the fermentation of sugar. After graduating from the University of Berlin (1895), Euler-Chelpin worked with Walther Nernst and in 1897 became

Hans von Euler-Chelpin was a Swedish biochemist who shared the 1929 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Sir Arthur Harden for work on the role of enzymes in the fermentation of sugar. After graduating from the University of Berlin (1895), Euler-Chelpin worked with Walther Nernst and in 1897 became

Hans von Euler-Chelpin was a Swedish biochemist who shared the 1929 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with Sir Arthur Harden for work on the role of enzymes in the fermentation of sugar. After graduating from the University of Berlin (1895), Euler-Chelpin worked with Walther Nernst and in 1897 became

Ulf von Euler was a Swedish physiologist who, with British biophysicist Sir Bernard Katz and American biochemist Julius Axelrod, received the 1970 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. All three were honoured for their independent study of the mechanics of nerve impulses. Euler was the son of

fluid mechanics: Navier-stokes equation: …equation is known as the Euler equation. The whole is called the Navier-Stokes equation.

graph theory: …vertex is known as an Eulerian circuit, and the graph is called an Eulerian graph. An Eulerian graph is connected and, in addition, all its vertices have even degree.

combinatorics: Eulerian cycles and the Königsberg bridge problem: An Eulerian cycle of a multigraph G is a closed chain in which each edge appears exactly once. Euler showed that a multigraph possesses an Eulerian cycle if and only if it is connected (apart from isolated points) and the number of vertices of odd degree…

combinatorics: Eulerian cycles and the Königsberg bridge problem: An Eulerian cycle of a multigraph G is a closed chain in which each edge appears exactly once. Euler showed that a multigraph possesses an Eulerian cycle if and only if it is connected (apart from isolated points) and the number of vertices of odd degree…

Kosovo: Self-declared independence: …deployed its mission, known as Eulex, in December. Eulex, made up of about 2,000 officials from a number of European countries, would oversee police, judicial, and customs activities in Kosovo.

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Eulichadidae A few species in Asia, North America. Family Heteroceridae (variegated mud-loving beetles) About 500 widely distributed species; example Heterocerus. Family Limnichidae (minute marsh-loving beetles)

Spain: The independent emirate: …the extremist chiefs Alvarus and Eulogius (the latter being canonized after his death), the Mozarabs sought to strengthen their Christian faith through the aura of martyrdom and began to publicly revile the Prophet Muhammad, an action punishable by death from 850 onward, according to Mozarabic sources. The emir sought to…

Cassino, town, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. Cassino lies along the Rapido River at the foot of Monte (mount) Cassino, 87 miles (140 km) southeast of Rome. It originated as Casinum, a town of the ancient Volsci people on a site adjacent to the modern town, on the lower slopes of the

Ray Romano: In the dark comedy Eulogy (2004) he was cast as the maladjusted eldest son mourning the death of the family patriarch. That year he also appeared in Welcome to Mooseport, about a small-town political race, starring with Gene Hackman. Romano played a tabloid reporter in the dark comedy Rob…

oratory: Its aim was to eulogize an individual, a cause, occasion, movement, city, or state, or to condemn them. Prominent in ancient Greece were the funeral orations in honour of those killed in battle. The outstanding example of these is one by Pericles, perhaps the most finished orator of the…

Maximus The Greek: …anti-Latin church treatise entitled “Eulogy for the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul.” The “Eulogy” includes a criticism of Western Christianity for fostering the doctrine of the existence of purgatory, a belief in a requisite period of spiritual cleansing after death to enable union with God.

crustacean: Annotated classification: Eumalacostraca Late Devonian to Holocene; carapace (when present) not bivalved; rostrum fixed; first antenna 2-branched; thoracic legs with slender, many-segmented outer branch and stout, 7-segmented inner branch, often pincerlike, used in walking or food-gathering; 6 (rarely 7) abdominal segments, with pleopods and terminal uropods. Superorder…

lizard: Parental care: …of some species, notably the five-lined skink (Eumeces fasciatus) of the United States and many of its relatives, remain with their eggs throughout the incubation time (about six weeks); they leave the clutch infrequently to feed. These skinks turn their eggs regularly and, if the eggs are experimentally scattered, will…

unicorn fish: The elongate Eumecichthys fiski, in the crestfish family Lophotidae (order Lampridiformes), is also called unicorn fish.

melanocyte: …of two kinds: dark brown eumelanin and pale red or yellowish phaeomelanin. Both are formed within the melanocytes by the initial oxidation of the amino acid tyrosine with the aid of the enzyme tyrosinase; subsequently their synthetic pathways diverge.

Eumenes was a Greek general who upheld the cause of the Macedonian royal house in the civil war that followed the death of Alexander the Great in 323. Ancient sources agree that Eumenes was an extremely able general. In the distribution of the empire after Alexander’s death, he was assigned

Eumenes I was the ruler of Pergamum, in Mysia, from 263 to 241 who, in 262, liberated his city from the overlordship of the Seleucids, a dynasty founded in Syria by one of the successors of Alexander the Great. Eumenes succeeded his uncle Philetaerus in 263 and in the following year defeated the

Eumenes II was the king of Pergamum from 197 until his death. A brilliant statesman, he brought his small kingdom to the peak of its power and did more than any other Attalid monarch to make Pergamum a great centre of Greek culture in the East. Eumenes was the eldest son and successor of Attalus I

Furies, in Greco-Roman mythology, the chthonic goddesses of vengeance. They were probably personified curses, but possibly they were originally conceived of as ghosts of the murdered. According to the Greek poet Hesiod, they were the daughters of Gaea (Earth) and sprang from the blood of her

Oresteia: The third play, Eumenides, opens at the shrine of Apollo at Delphi, where Orestes has taken sanctuary from the Furies. At the command of the Delphic oracle, Orestes journeys to Athens to stand trial for his matricide. There the goddess Athena organizes a trial with a jury of…