Eusebius of Nicomedia was an important 4th-century Eastern church bishop who was one of the key proponents of Arianism (the doctrine that Jesus Christ is not of the same substance as God) and who eventually became the leader of an Arian group called the Eusebians. Eusebius may have met Arius, the

Saint Eusebius of Samosata ; feast day: Eastern Church, June 22; Western Church, June 21) was a Christian martyr and famous opponent of Arianism (q.v.). In 361 he became bishop of the ancient Syrian city of Samosata. Eusebius had been entrusted with the official record of the election (360) of

St. Eusebius of Vercelli ; feast day August 2) was a noted supporter of St. Athanasius of Alexandria and restorer of the Nicene Creed, the orthodox doctrine adopted by the first Council of Nicaea (325), which declared the members of the Trinity to be equal. Eusebius became the first bishop of

Saint Eusebius ; feast day August 17, formerly September 26) was the pope from April 18 to Aug. 17, 309/310. His epitaph, written by Pope Damasus I, tells of a violent dispute in Rome about readmitting apostates after the persecution of Christians under the Roman emperor Diocletian. Eusebius was

ETA, Basque separatist organization in Spain that used terrorism in its campaign for an independent Basque state. ETA grew out of the Basque Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Vasco; PNV), which was founded in 1894 and which managed to survive, though illegally, under the fascist regime of

Basque Country, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) and historic region of northern Spain encompassing the provincias (provinces) of Álava, Guipúzcoa, and Vizcaya (Biscay). The Basque Country is bounded by the Bay of Biscay to the north and the autonomous communities of Navarra to the east,

Basque, member of a people who live in both Spain and France in areas bordering the Bay of Biscay and encompassing the western foothills of the Pyrenees Mountains. In the late 20th century probably about 850,000 true Basques lived in Spain and 130,000 in France; as many as 170,000 Basques may live

Basque language, language isolate, the only remnant of the languages spoken in southwestern Europe before the region was Romanized in the 2nd through 1st century bce. The Basque language is predominantly used in an area comprising approximately 3,900 square miles (10,000 square kilometres) in Spain

Basque Country, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) and historic region of northern Spain encompassing the provincias (provinces) of Álava, Guipúzcoa, and Vizcaya (Biscay). The Basque Country is bounded by the Bay of Biscay to the north and the autonomous communities of Navarra to the east,

Basque language, language isolate, the only remnant of the languages spoken in southwestern Europe before the region was Romanized in the 2nd through 1st century bce. The Basque language is predominantly used in an area comprising approximately 3,900 square miles (10,000 square kilometres) in Spain

Basque, member of a people who live in both Spain and France in areas bordering the Bay of Biscay and encompassing the western foothills of the Pyrenees Mountains. In the late 20th century probably about 850,000 true Basques lived in Spain and 130,000 in France; as many as 170,000 Basques may live

eusocial species, any colonial animal species that lives in multigenerational family groups in which the vast majority of individuals cooperate to aid relatively few (or even a single) reproductive group members. Eusocial species often exhibit extreme task specialization, which makes colonies

eusocial species, any colonial animal species that lives in multigenerational family groups in which the vast majority of individuals cooperate to aid relatively few (or even a single) reproductive group members. Eusocial species often exhibit extreme task specialization, which makes colonies

fern: The sporangium: The former are known as eusporangia and arise from several cells, the latter as leptosporangia and arise from a single cell. Eusporangia occur in the classes Psilotopsida and Marattiopsida, and leptosporangia occur in the majority of the species in the class Polypodiopsida. There are, however, many forms intermediate between the…

The Eustace Diamonds, novel by Anthony Trollope, published serially from 1871 to 1873 and in book form in New York in 1872. It is a satirical study of the influence of money on marital and sexual relations. The story follows two contrasting women and their courtships. Lizzie Eustace and Lucy Morris

United Kingdom: The reign of Edward the Confessor and the Norman Conquest: …had resisted an attempt by Eustace of Boulogne to quarter his men on them by force. The support of Earl Leofric and Earl Siward enabled Edward to secure the outlawry of Godwine and his sons; and William of Normandy paid Edward a visit during which Edward may have promised William…

Eustace IV was the count of Boulogne (from 1150) and eldest son of King Stephen of England and his wife Matilda, daughter and heiress of the previous count of Boulogne (Eustace III). Eustace IV did homage for Normandy (1137) to Louis VII, king of France, whose sister Constance he later married

St. Eustace ; Western feast day September 2, Eastern feast day November 2) was one of the most famous early Christian martyrs venerated in the Eastern and Western churches. He is one of the 14 Holy Helpers (a group of saints conjointly honoured, especially in medieval Germany), and a patron saint

Eustace IV was the count of Boulogne (from 1150) and eldest son of King Stephen of England and his wife Matilda, daughter and heiress of the previous count of Boulogne (Eustace III). Eustace IV did homage for Normandy (1137) to Louis VII, king of France, whose sister Constance he later married

eustachian tube, hollow structure that extends from the middle ear to the pharynx (throat). The eustachian tube is about 31–38 mm (1.2–1.5 inches) long in humans and lined with mucous membrane. It is directed downward and inward from the tympanic cavity, or middle ear, to the portion of the pharynx

continental margin: Margin types: …changes in sea level, called eustatic sea-level changes, have occurred throughout geologic history. The most common causes of such sea-level changes are global climatic fluctuations that lead to major glacial advances and retreats—that is, ice ages and interglacial periods. Other causes that are not as well understood may include major…

Ewostatewos was an Ethiopian saint and founder of one of the two great Ethiopian monastic communities. Ewostatewos and his disciples respected the traditional Judaic customs of the Ethiopian Church concerning the sabbath and impure meats and held the view that the anointing of Jesus after his death

Eustathius was a bishop of Sebaste (now Sabasṭiyah, West Bank) and metropolitan of Roman Armenia noted for several extreme or heterodox theological positions. The son of a bishop (perhaps also of Sebaste) named Eulalius, he studied under the heretic Arius at Alexandria; his early exposure to

Saint Eustathius of Antioch ; feast day: Western Church, July 16; Eastern Church, February 21) was a bishop of Antioch who opposed the followers of the condemned doctrine of Arius at the Council of Nicaea. Eustathius was bishop of Beroea (c. 320) and became bishop of Antioch shortly before the

Eustathius of Thessalonica was a metropolitan (archbishop) of Thessalonica (c. 1175–94), humanist scholar, author, and Greek Orthodox reformer whose chronicles, oratory, and pedagogy show him to be one of medieval Byzantium’s foremost men of learning. Before his appointment as a deacon of

fern: Evolutionary development: …it is conceivable that “eustelar” stems, with secondary growth (i.e., growth in thickness, as in the stems of modern conifers and woody flowering plants), gave rise to modern fern stems through reduction and disappearance of the secondary growth and replacement of the stele by overlapping leaf traces (the vascular…

Saint Eutropius of Saintes: Among his converts was Eustella, the Roman governor’s daughter. Upon discovering that she had become a Christian, her father ordered Eutropius to be slain. He was hacked to death, and his corpse was discovered by Eustella, who buried him. According to the 6th-century historian St. Gregory of Tours, Eutropius’…

Eusthenopteron, genus of extinct lobe-finned fishes (crossopterygians) preserved as fossils in rocks of the late Devonian Period (about 370 million years ago). Eusthenopteron was near the main line of evolution leading to the first terrestrial vertebrates, the tetrapods. It was 1.5 to 1.8 metres (5

protozoan: Annotated classification: Eustigmatales Small unicells that are coccoid (nonmotile) in the vegetative phase. Cells can be single, paired, or colonial. Lack fucoxanthin and are yellow-green in colour; lack chlorophyll c. Motile cells contain a prominent eyespot. Pelagophyceae Group contains autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic taxa. Most are marine…

algae: Annotated classification: Class Eustigmatophyceae Mostly small, pale green, and spherical; fewer than 15 species; Eustigmatos and Nannochloropsis. Class Phaeophyceae (brown algae or brown seaweeds) Range from microscopic forms to large kelps

algae: Annotated classification: …spherical; fewer than 15 species; Eustigmatos and Nannochloropsis. Class Phaeophyceae (brown algae or brown seaweeds) Range from microscopic forms to large kelps more than 20 metres long; at least 1,500 species, almost all marine; includes Ascophyllum,

Dorothy Leib Harrison Wood Eustis was an American philanthropist and dog breeder whose work with German shepherds led her to establish and endow The Seeing Eye, Inc., and other groups for the training of guide dogs and their blind owners. Dorothy Harrison in 1906 married Walter A. Wood, a

Gentianales: Gentianaceae: Eustoma is a Central and South American genus of several herbaceous species that are now widely cultivated as cut flowers sold under the name “lisianthus” (true Lisianthius is actually a shrubby, uncultivated genus of tropical gentians native to the New World). Three distinct groups of…

Henry Fitzroy, 1st duke of Grafton was the first duke of Grafton and the second illegitimate son of Charles II of England by Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland. After some initial hesitation he was officially recognized and became “the most popular and most able of the sons of Charles II.” He

stress: …stress is sometimes described as eustress. However, when an organism’s response to stress is inadequate or when the stress is too powerful, disease or death of an organism may result. Such maladaptive stress is sometimes referred to as distress. Humans respond to stress through basic physiological mechanisms, similar to all…

crocodile: Annotated classification: Suborder Eusuchia Upper Jurassic to Recent; choanae entirely enclosed by pterygoids. Family Alligatoridae (alligators and caimans) 4 genera and 8 species; teeth of lower jaw fit inside those of upper jaw. Family Crocodylidae

chipmunk: …species into the genera Tamias, Eutamias, and Neotamias.

Battle of Eutaw Springs, (September 8, 1781), American Revolution engagement fought near Charleston, South Carolina, between British troops under Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart and American forces commanded by General Nathanael Greene. Greene wished to prevent Stewart from joining General

igneous rock: Important textural types: …a directive planar texture (called eutaxitic) that results from compaction and flattening of pumice fragments. Such pyroclastic flows were responsible for many of the deposits of the eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington State, U.S., on May 18, 1980. Most eruptions eject fragments that are borne by the wind…

eutectic, the one mixture of a set of substances able to dissolve in one another as liquids that, of all such mixtures, liquefies at the lowest temperature. If an arbitrarily chosen liquid mixture of such substances is cooled, a temperature will be reached at which one component will begin to

phase: Binary systems: This point is called the eutectic. It is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can exist in this system. At the eutectic, both anorthite and titanite crystallize together at a fixed temperature and in a fixed ratio until the remaining liquid is consumed. All intermediate liquid compositions migrate during…

steel: Effects of carbon: …the change is called the eutectoidic transformation. Pearlite has a diamond pyramid hardness (DPH) of approximately 200 kilograms-force per square millimetre (285,000 pounds per square inch), compared with a DPH of 70 kilograms-force per square millimetre for pure iron. Cooling steel with a lower carbon content (e.g., 0.25 percent) results…

Amazon River: Plant life: >Euterpe. Myrtles, laurels, bignonias, figs, Spanish cedars, mahogany, and rosewoods are also common. They support a myriad of epiphytes (plants living on other plants)—such as orchids, bromeliads, and cacti—as well as ferns and

Euterpe, in Greek religion, one of the nine Muses, patron of tragedy or flute playing. In some accounts she was the mother of Rhesus, the king of Thrace, killed in the Trojan War, whose father was sometimes identified as Strymon, the river god of

palm: Economic importance: …in seasonally inundated areas, and Euterpe chaunostachys in swamps. Many palms, such as the sugar palm, the palmyra palm, and the sago palm, are multipurpose trees. In tropical America, the peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) is widely grown for hearts of palm and fruits, both in plantations and on small farms.…

acai, (Euterpe oleracea), species of palm cultivated for both its fruit and edible hearts of palm. Native to tropical South and Central America, acai palms are common along the Amazon River estuary and are cultivated on floodplains, especially in the state of Pará in Brazil. The plant has long been

euthanasia, act or practice of painlessly putting to death persons suffering from painful and incurable disease or incapacitating physical disorder or allowing them to die by withholding treatment or withdrawing artificial life-support measures. Because there is no specific provision for it in most

euthanasia: …Legalisation Society (later called the Euthanasia Society). The society’s bill was defeated in the House of Lords in 1936, as was a motion on the same subject in the House of Lords in 1950. In the United States the Euthanasia Society of America was founded in 1938.

placental mammal, (infraclass Eutheria), any member of the mammalian group characterized by the presence of a placenta, a vascular organ that develops during gestation, which facilitates exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood of the mother and that of the fetus. The placentals include

Euthydemus was a king of Bactria. At first, he was probably a satrap (governor) of the Bactrian king Diodotus II, whom he later killed and whose throne he usurped. In 208, he was attacked by the Seleucid king Antiochus III, and a long war was fought between them. Euthydemus, having failed in his

Plato: Early dialogues of Plato: The Euthydemus shows Socrates among the eristics (those who engage in showy logical disputation). The Euthyphro asks, “What is piety?” Euthyphro fails to maintain the successive positions that piety is “what the gods love,” “what the gods all love,” or some sort of service to the…

Euthydemus was a king of Bactria. At first, he was probably a satrap (governor) of the Bactrian king Diodotus II, whom he later killed and whose throne he usurped. In 208, he was attacked by the Seleucid king Antiochus III, and a long war was fought between them. Euthydemus, having failed in his

George Chapman: Euthymiae Raptus; or the Teares of Peace (1609), Chapman’s major poem, is a dialogue between the poet and the Lady Peace, who is mourning over the chaos caused by man’s valuing worldly objects above integrity and wisdom.

Euthymides was an early adopter of the Athenian red-figure technique, a contemporary and perhaps rival of Euphronius. He is admired for his explorations in foreshortening and for his studies in movement, both departures from Archaic convention. Euthymides’ signature has been found on eight vases

Euthymius I was an Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople, monk, and theologian. He was a principal figure in the Tetragamy (Fourth Marriage) controversy of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise. A monk of a monastery on Mt. Olympus, Asia Minor, Euthymius became abbot of St. Theodora in

Euthymius Of Tŭrnovo was an Orthodox patriarch of Tŭrnovo, near modern Sofia, monastic scholar and linguist whose extensive literary activity spearheaded the late medieval renaissance in Bulgaria and erected the theological and legal bases for the Orthodox churches of Eastern Europe. Bulgarian by

St. Euthymius the Great ; feast day January 20) was an ascetic and one of the great fathers of Eastern Orthodox monasticism, who established religious communities throughout Palestine. Orphaned in his youth, Euthymius was educated and later ordained priest by Bishop Otreus of Melitene. He was

Euthymius The Hagiorite was a monastic leader, scholar, and writer whose propagation of Greek culture and Eastern Orthodox tradition generated the golden age of Georgian education and literature. The son of a Georgian noble and court official, Euthymius accompanied his father into monastic

archon: …they underwent an examination (euthyna) of their conduct, especially financial, while in office. Membership was originally open only to nobles by birth (eupatrids or eupatridai), who served as archons for life. The term of office was eventually reduced to 10 years, then to a single year, after which, since…

perciform: bonitos, and skipjacks (family Scombridae), billfishes and marlins (Istiophoridae), swordfish (Xiphiidae), sea basses (Serranidae), and carangids (Carangidae), a large family that includes

Plato: Early dialogues of Plato: The Euthyphro asks, “What is piety?” Euthyphro fails to maintain the successive positions that piety is “what the gods love,” “what the gods all love,” or some sort of service to the gods. Socrates and Euthyphro agree that what they seek is a single form, present…

Eutin, town, Schleswig-Holstein Land (state), northeastern Germany. Surrounded by lakes, it lies about 30 miles (50 km) north of Lübeck. The town was founded as a border post during the frontier wars between the Germans and the Wends, and it was chartered in 1257. The official seat of the

hummingbird: …species, strongly so in the sicklebills (Eutoxeres); it is turned up at the tip in the awlbill (Avocettula) and avocetbill (Opisthoprora).

wasabi, (Eutrema japonicum), plant of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) and a pungent paste made of its ground rhizomes. The plant is native to Japan, South Korea, and Sakhalin, Russia, and its cultivation is limited because of its specific growing requirements. Given the high price and limited

algae: Annotated classification: Euglena, Eutreptiella, and Phacus. Assorted References

chigger: …is Eutrombicula alfreddugèsi (also called Trombicula irritans). This species occurs from the Atlantic coast to the Midwest and southward to Mexico. The tiny larvae easily penetrate clothing. Once on the skin surface, they attach themselves and inject a fluid that digests tissue and causes severe itching. The surrounding tissue hardens,…

Alpine lakes: …multiply, in a process called eutrophication. The extreme growth of phytoplankton under these conditions makes the water turbid and less suitable for bathing. It also intensifies oxygen consumption in the deep layers of the lake as a result of the increased decomposition of dead algae. In extreme cases the spawn…

eutrophication, the gradual increase in the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and other plant nutrients in an aging aquatic ecosystem such as a lake. The productivity or fertility of such an ecosystem naturally increases as the amount of organic material that can be broken down into nutrients

ancient Rome: The remnants of pagan culture: …of Sextus Aurelius Victor and Eutropius, who ably abridged earlier historical works, are fairly accurate and more reliable than the Scriptores historiae Augustae, a collection of imperial biographies of unequal value, undoubtedly composed under Theodosius but for an unknown purpose. Erudition was greatly prized in aristocratic circles, which, enamoured of…

Eutropius was a eunuch who became the most powerful figure in the Eastern Roman Empire under the emperor Arcadius (Eastern ruler 383–408). By arranging the marriage between Arcadius and Eudoxia, daughter of a Frankish consul, Eutropius sought to thwart his rival Rufinus, chief adviser to Arcadius,

Saint Eutropius of Saintes ; feast day April 30) was an early Christian bishop-missionary to Gaul, who was martyred by the Romans. Eutropius was among six other illustrious apostles (including Bishop St. Denis [Dionysius] of Paris, popularly venerated as the patron of France) whom Pope Fabian

Eutyches was a revered archimandrite, or monastic superior, in the Eastern Church, at Constantinople, who is regarded as the founder of Eutychianism, an extreme form of the monophysite heresy that emphasizes the exclusive prevalence of the divinity in Christ. Reared in the Christological doctrine

Eutychian, a follower of the 4th–5th-century monk Eutyches, who advocated a type of monophysitism, a belief that Christ had only one nature (see monophysite). The doctrine of Eutychianism is considered heretical in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, having been condemned at the ecumenical

Saint Eutychian ; feast day December 7) was the pope from 275 until his death in 283. He succeeded Pope St. Felix I. Fragments of his original Greek epitaph were discovered in the catacombs of Callistus, Rome. He was the last pope to be buried in the catacombs, but nothing more is known of

Eutychian: The doctrine of Eutychianism is considered heretical in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, having been condemned at the ecumenical Council of Chalcedon in 451.

Saint Eutychian ; feast day December 7) was the pope from 275 until his death in 283. He succeeded Pope St. Felix I. Fragments of his original Greek epitaph were discovered in the catacombs of Callistus, Rome. He was the last pope to be buried in the catacombs, but nothing more is known of

Eutychides of Sicyon was a Greek sculptor, who was a pupil of Lysippus. His most-noted work was a statue of Fortune, which he made for the city of Antioch (founded 300 bce). The goddess, who embodies the idea of the city, was represented seated on a rock, with the Orontes River at her feet. The

Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), U.S. satellite that operated from 1992 to 2001 and surveyed the sky for the first time in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region between 44 and 760 angstroms. (The extreme ultraviolet is defined to be between about 100 and 1,000 angstroms.) It had four telescopes

Jean-Antoine de Baïf: His Euvres en rime (1573; “Works in Rhyme”) reveal great erudition: Greek (especially Alexandrian), Latin, neo-Latin, and Italian models are imitated for mythological poems, eclogues, epigrams, and sonnets. His verse translations include Terence’s Eunuchus and Sophocles’ Antigone.

Max Euwe was a Dutch chess master who won the world championship (1935) from Alexander Alekhine and lost it to Alekhine in a return match (1937). Euwe won his first (minor) tournament at the age of 10 but played little thereafter until he had completed his formal education in 1926 at the University

Max Euwe was a Dutch chess master who won the world championship (1935) from Alexander Alekhine and lost it to Alekhine in a return match (1937). Euwe won his first (minor) tournament at the age of 10 but played little thereafter until he had completed his formal education in 1926 at the University

euxenite, complex oxide mineral, a niobate–titanate that forms hard, brilliant black crystals and masses in granite pegmatites and associated detrital deposits. Titanium replaces niobium–tantalum in the molecular structure to form the similar mineral polycrase; both it and euxenite often contain

Basque Nationalist Party, Basque political party that supports greater autonomy for the Basque Country (including Navarra) within Spain. The Basque Nationalist Party (commonly known by the combined Basque and Spanish acronym, EAJ-PNV) was established in 1895 in Bilbao by journalist Sabino de Arana

Spain: Labour and taxation: …Sindical Independiente de Funcionarios); the Basque Workers’ Solidarity (Euzko Langilleen Alkartasuna–Solidaridad de Trabajadores Vascos; ELA-STV), which is independent but has ties to the Basque Nationalist Party; and the General Confederation of Labour (Confederación General del Trabajo; CGT), the tiny remnant of the once-powerful anarcho-syndicalist union organization. Overall, with about one-sixth…

technology of photography: Exposure values: An attempt to simplify the mathematics of f-number and shutter speed-control functions led to the formulation of exposure values (EV). These run in a simple whole-number series, each step (EV interval) doubling or halving the effective exposure. The lower the EV number, the…

electron volt, unit of energy commonly used in atomic and nuclear physics, equal to the energy gained by an electron (a charged particle carrying unit electronic charge) when the electrical potential at the electron increases by one volt. The electron volt equals 1.602 × 10−12 erg, or 1.602 × 10−19

rubber: The cure package: …is known as an “efficient vulcanization” (EV) system and gives products with sulfur interlinks of shorter length. EV products have improved resilience but lower strength.

polyethylene: Ethylene copolymers: Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), for instance, is produced by the copolymerization of ethylene and vinyl acetate under pressure, using free-radical catalysts. Many different grades are manufactured, with the vinyl acetate content varying from 5 to 50 percent by weight. EVA copolymers are more permeable to…

life-support system: …are the pressure suits and extravehicular activity (EVA) backpacks (i.e., portable systems that contain cooling fluid, oxygen flow and recirculation equipment, waste containment unit, power source, and communications apparatus) worn by astronauts when working outside of their spacecraft; the self-contained underwater breathing equipment (scuba gear) used by divers; and the…

Isabel Allende: …Love and Shadows; film 1994), Eva Luna (1987), and El plan infinito (1991; The Infinite Plan) and the collection of stories Cuentos de Eva Luna (1990; The Stories of Eva Luna). All are examples of magic realism, in which realistic fiction is overlaid with elements of fantasy and myth. Her

La Plata, city, capital of Buenos Aires provincia (province), eastern Argentina. It is located 6 miles (9 km) inland from the southern shore of the Río de la Plata estuary. The site was selected in 1882 by the provincial governor of Buenos Aires, Dardo Rocha, as the new provincial seat, a move made

Jean Cousin the Elder: The painting Eva Prima Pandora (1540s), now in the Louvre, is generally agreed to be his. It shows that he was not influenced by the dominant Fontainebleau school; rather, it reflects the influence of, among others, Leonardo da Vinci and Albrecht Dürer in composition, physiognomy, and lighting.…

Executive Order 9066: Truman signed the Evacuation Claims Act, which gave internees the opportunity to submit claims for property lost as a result of relocation. Pres. Gerald Ford formally rescinded Executive Order 9066 on February 16, 1976. In 1988 Congress passed the Civil Liberties Act, which stated that a “grave injustice”…

civil defense: …was also given to the evacuation of urban centres if an attack seemed imminent. With the advent of shorter warning times and with better understanding of the radiation hazards of fallout, however, this policy lost its appeal except as a possible pre-first-strike measure to be employed by an aggressor nation.…

Evagoras was the king of Salamis, in Cyprus, c. 410–374 bce, whose policy was one of friendship with Athens and the promotion of Hellenism in Cyprus; he eventually fell under Persian domination. Most of what is known of him is found in the panegyric “Evagoras” by Isocrates, where he is described,

Evagrius Ponticus was a Christian mystic and writer whose development of a theology of contemplative prayer and asceticism laid the groundwork for a tradition of spiritual life in both Eastern and Western churches. Evagrius was a noted preacher and theological consultant in Constantinople when a

Christianity: Historical and polemical writing: …to 594 was chronicled by Evagrius Scholasticus. The consequences of Chalcedon as interpreted by non-Chalcedonian historians were recorded by Timothy Aelurus, Zacharias Scholasticus, and John of Nikiu.

Mount Gerizim: …it is a twin of Mount Ebal (Arabic Jabal ʿAybāl, Hebrew Har ʿEval; 3,084 feet [940 metres]) to the north. Separating the two is a valley some 700 feet (210 metres) deep, through which passes one of the few east-west routes of the central Palestine hill country. The mountain was…

chess: Master search heuristics: …good, not merely legal, by evaluating future positions that were not checkmates. Shannon’s paper set down criteria for evaluating each position a program would consider.

Steve Carell: Despicable Me, Minions, and Foxcatcher: …appeared in such films as Evan Almighty (2007), a sequel to Bruce Almighty, and Dan in Real Life (2007), a dramedy about a single father who unexpectedly falls in love. In 2008 he portrayed the bumbling agent Maxwell Smart in the film adaptation of the television series Get Smart. In…