metabolism: Glycolysis: The product is fructose 1,6-diphosphate [3]. Again, as in the hexokinase reaction, the decrease in free energy of the reaction, which is catalyzed by phosphofructokinase, is sufficiently large to make this reaction virtually irreversible under physiological conditions; ADP is also a product.

metabolism: Fragmentation of other sugars: …fructokinase that gives rise to fructose 1-phosphate [17]. ATP supplies the phosphate group in both cases.

metabolism: Fragmentation of other sugars: Instead, a fructose 1-phosphate kinase, distinct from the phosphofructokinase that catalyzes step [3] of glycolysis, effects the direct conversion of fructose 1-phosphate and ATP to fructose 1,6-diphosphate and ADP.

metabolism: Glycolysis: …glucose 6-phosphate is changed to fructose 6-phosphate is catalyzed by phosphoglucoisomerase [2]. In the reaction, a secondary alcohol group (―C∣HOH) at the second carbon atom is oxidized to a keto-group (i.e., ―C∣=O), and the aldehyde group (―CHO) at the first carbon atom is reduced to a primary alcohol group (―CH2OH).…

metabolism: Hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-diphosphate and glucose 6-phosphate: The enzyme fructose diphosphatase catalyzes reaction [59], in which the products are fructose 6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. The fructose 6-phosphate thus formed is a precursor of mucopolysaccharides (polysaccharides with nitrogen-containing components). In addition, its conversion to glucose 6-phosphate provides the starting material for the formation of storage…

fructosuria, disturbance of fructose metabolism resulting from a hereditary disorder or intolerance. Normally, fructose is first metabolized in the body to fructose-1-phosphate by a specific organic catalyst or enzyme called fructokinase. In fructosuria this particular enzyme is defective, and the

Djibouti: Multiparty politics and civil war: …and in late 1991 the Afar Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (Front pour la Restauration de l’Unité et de la Démocratie; FRUD) took up arms against the Issa-dominated government; the conflict quickly developed into civil war. By mid-1992 FRUD forces occupied some two-thirds of the country, although…

Al Frueh was an American cartoonist and caricaturist for The New Yorker magazine from 1925 to 1962. Reared variously to be a farmer and then a brewer and also studying at a business school in his home town (learning shorthand), Frueh turned to cartooning professionally after being hired by the St.

Al Frueh was an American cartoonist and caricaturist for The New Yorker magazine from 1925 to 1962. Reared variously to be a farmer and then a brewer and also studying at a business school in his home town (learning shorthand), Frueh turned to cartooning professionally after being hired by the St.

Fruehauf Trailer Corporation, American corporation engaged in the manufacture and sale of truck trailers. Headquarters are in Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. The founder, August Charles Fruehauf (1868–1930), began as a blacksmith and carriage builder around Detroit. In 1914, at the request of a local

Fruehauf Trailer Corporation, American corporation engaged in the manufacture and sale of truck trailers. Headquarters are in Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. The founder, August Charles Fruehauf (1868–1930), began as a blacksmith and carriage builder around Detroit. In 1914, at the request of a local

Fruehauf Trailer Corporation, American corporation engaged in the manufacture and sale of truck trailers. Headquarters are in Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. The founder, August Charles Fruehauf (1868–1930), began as a blacksmith and carriage builder around Detroit. In 1914, at the request of a local

Fruehauf Trailer Corporation: The founder, August Charles Fruehauf (1868–1930), began as a blacksmith and carriage builder around Detroit. In 1914, at the request of a local lumber merchant, he built a trailer to carry the merchant’s pleasure boat, to be hauled by a Ford automobile. The trailer was so successful…

Fruehauf Trailer Corporation: Harvey’s younger brother Roy August Fruehauf (1908–65) became president of the company in 1949, and Harvey became chairman of the board. Tension between Harvey and Roy culminated in Harvey’s being voted off the board in 1953. Harvey retaliated by selling his shares to the Detroit and Cleveland Navigation…

Alfonso II: …to 842, the son of Fruela I. He had to face frequent and determined attacks by the armies of the emirate of Córdoba and was often defeated, but his doggedness saved Asturias from extinction. He built a new capital, Oviedo, on a strategic site in the mountains. Inspired in part…

Alfonso IV: …the successor of his uncle Fruela II. He became a monk, abdicated, and then thought better of it and tried to recover his throne. His short reign was, in consequence, one of political chaos, ending about 932.

The Lady from the Sea, play in five acts by Henrik Ibsen, published in Norwegian as Fruen fra havet in 1888 and first performed in early 1889. It was the first of several mystical psychological dramas by Ibsen. The play traces the increasing distraction of Ellida Wangel, the second wife of Dr.

twist: …from the twist—for example, the frug and the watusi—were invariably performed by shaking the pelvis. In these dances partners only sometimes coordinated their movements. Among the suggested precursors of the twist are included the shimmy and the black bottom, and a song that was popular before 1910 included the lines…

Lydia Maria Child: …advice for women, such as The Frugal Housewife (1829). Her letters were compiled in Lydia Maria Child, Selected Letters, 1817–1880 (1982).

frugivore, any animal that subsists totally or primarily on fruit. Although the diets of many animals include fruits, many species practice frugivory exclusively. Such animals include several species of bats, such as the Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) and a number of flying foxes

German literature: The turn of the 21st century: Thomas Lehr’s experimental novella Frühling (2001; “Spring”) employs drastically ruptured syntax to reproduce, in the form of a hesitating interior monologue, the final 39 seconds of its protagonist’s life. Only toward the end of the story does the narrator, who has just completed a suicide pact with his female…

Ewald Christian von Kleist: …known for his long poem Der Frühling, which, with its realistically observed details of nature, contributed to the development of a new poetic style.

Frank Wedekind: …his tragedy Frühlings Erwachen (The Awakening of Spring, also published as Spring Awakening) created a scandal. Successfully produced by Max Reinhardt in 1905, the play is a series of brief scenes, some poetic and tender, others harsh and frank, dealing with the awakening of sexuality in three adolescents. In…

Symphony No. 1 in B-flat Major, Op. 38, symphony by German composer Robert Schumann that premiered on March 31, 1841, in Leipzig and was conducted by Schumann’s friend Felix Mendelssohn. It is an intensely optimistic work and is the most frequently performed of Schumann’s four symphonies.

fruit: Popularly, however, the term is restricted to the ripened ovaries that are sweet and either succulent or pulpy. For treatment of the cultivation of fruits, see fruit farming. For treatment of the nutrient composition and processing of fruits, see fruit processing.

fruit, the fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a flowering plant, enclosing the seed or seeds. Thus, apricots, bananas, and grapes, as well as bean pods, corn grains, tomatoes, cucumbers, and (in their shells) acorns and almonds, are all technically fruits. Popularly, however, the term is restricted to

fruit bat, any of numerous tropical bat species belonging either to the Old World fruit bats (family Pteropodidae), such as flying foxes, or to fruit-eating genera of the American leaf-nosed bats (family Phyllostomidae), especially those of the genus Artibeus (see Jamaican fruit

charlotte: Many fruit charlottes are made with well-buttered bread to line the mold. The mold is then filled with a thick puree of apples, apricots, or other fruit and topped with additional slices of bread before being baked. Fruit charlotte typically is served warm, often with a…

Georges Braque: Cubism: …of wallpaper to the drawing Fruit Dish and Glass. He also began to introduce sand and sawdust onto his canvases. This work significantly strengthened the idea, full of consequences for the future of art, that a picture is not an illusionistic representation but rather an autonomous object.

fruit farming, growing of fruit crops, including nuts, primarily for use as human food. The subject of fruit and nut production deals with intensive culture of perennial plants, the fruits of which have economic significance (a nut is a fruit, botanically). It is one part of the broad subject of

fruit fly, any two-winged insect of either the family Trypetidae or the family Drosophilidae (order Diptera) whose larvae feed on fruit or other vegetative matter. Insects of the family Trypetidae are often referred to as large fruit flies, and those of the Drosophilidae as small fruit flies or

food preservation: Concentration of moist foods: Fruit jelly and preserve manufacture, an important fruit by-product industry, is based on the high-solids–high-acid principle, with its moderate heat-treatment requirements. Fruits that possess excellent qualities but are visually unattractive may be preserved and utilized in the form of concentrates, which have a pleasing taste…

fruit processing: Fruit juice: After fresh fruit, one of the most common fruit products is fruit juice. Fruit juice can take on many forms, including a natural-style cloudy product, a “nectar”-type product containing suspended solids, a fully clarified juice, juice concentrate, and fruit drinks.

slot machine, gambling device operated by dropping one or more coins or tokens into a slot and pulling a handle or pushing a button to activate one to three or more reels marked into horizontal segments by varying symbols. The machine pays off by dropping into a cup or trough from two to all the

olethreutid moth, (subfamily Olethreutinae), any of a group of moths in the family Tortricidae (order Lepidoptera) that contains several species with economically destructive larvae. The pale caterpillars roll or tie leaves and feed on foliage, fruits, or nuts. Some examples include Cydia

Vicente Blasco Ibáñez: …such as La bodega (1906; The Fruit of the Vine, 1919), are held to have suffered from a heavy ideological treatment of serious social problems. More popular novels, Sangre y arena (1909; Blood and Sand, 1922); La maja desnuda (1906; Woman Triumphant); his best known, Los cuatro jinetes del Apocalipsis;…

Telakhon, one of the oldest Buddhist-influenced prophet cults among the Karen hill peoples of Myanmar (Burma). In their mythology, the restoration of their lost Golden Book by their white younger brothers heralds the millennium. Ywa, a withdrawn high god whose offer of the book to their ancestors

pigeon: The Treroninae, or the fruit pigeons, consists of about 115 species in about 10 genera, found primarily in Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific islands. These fruit-eating birds are soft-billed, short-legged, and arboreal in habit. Their plumage is usually greenish, often with yellow, red, or other brightly coloured…

fruit processing, preparation of fruit for human consumption. Fruit is sometimes defined as the product of growth from an angiosperm, or flowering plant. From a purely botanical point of view, the fruit may be only the fleshy growth that arises from the ovary of a flower and may not necessarily

salad: Salads of fruit mixtures with sweet dressings are often eaten as desserts. Fruits may be added to green salads; avocado, orange, and grapefruit are suitable accompaniments to fatty meats such as duck or pork. Named for the Waldorf Hotel in New York City, the Waldorf…

fruit spot, symptom of plant disease, usually caused by fungi and bacteria. A spot is a definite, localized area. Spots frequently enlarge and merge to form a rot, a softening discoloration and often a disintegration of tissue. All fruits are susceptible; infection commonly starts at a wound, the

fructose, a member of a group of carbohydrates known as simple sugars, or monosaccharides. Fructose, along with glucose, occurs in fruits, honey, and syrups; it also occurs in certain vegetables. It is a component, along with glucose, of the disaccharide sucrose, or common table sugar. Phosphate

Peter Handke: …actor for a day, and Die Obstdiebin; oder, einfache Fahrt ins Landesinnere (2017; The Fruit Thief; or, One-Way Journey into the Interior).

vertical farming: History: …1600s grew produce on “fruit walls” that absorbed heat during the day and released it at night.

wine: Fruit wines: Fruit wines, derived from fruits other than grapes, include cider, made from apples; perry, produced from pears; plum wine and cherry wine; and wines made from various berries. They are frequently made by home winemakers and have some commercial importance in cold climates…

Capitol Reef National Park: The contemporary park: The small Mormon community of Fruita (originally called Junction) began to develop along the Fremont River in the 1880s, and it persevered even after the national monument was established in 1937. The monument remained virtually isolated and largely unvisited during its first decade of existence. However, after a paved road…

Anne Roiphe: In the memoir Fruitful (1996), she faulted the women’s movement for its ongoing negligence of women who choose motherhood and called for it to devote more energy to issues of child care and parenting. Later memoirs include 1185 Park Avenue (1999), Epilogue (2008), and Art and Madness (2011).…

fungus: Size range: …is the fruiting body, or sporophore. Sporophores vary greatly in size, shape, colour, and longevity. Some are microscopic and completely invisible to the unaided eye; others are no larger than a pin head; still others are gigantic structures. Among the largest sporophores are those of mushrooms, bracket fungi, and puffballs.…

Andrew Jackson Downing: His The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America (1845), written with his brother Charles, was the most complete treatise of its kind yet written and led to Downing’s becoming the editor of a new periodical, the Horticulturist, a post that he retained until his death. Downing’s…

Latin American art: Latin American themes: …set of six paintings titled Fruits of Ecuador, both people and fruits are labeled. Similarly, about 1790–1800 an anonymous artist from Bolivia rendered pairs of different ethnic groups and social classes in their distinctive indigenous dress from the new Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (which had been formed…

Konstantin Stanislavsky: …first independent production, Leo Tolstoy’s The Fruits of Enlightenment, in 1891, a major Moscow theatrical event. Most significantly, it impressed a promising writer and director, Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko (1858–1943), whose later association with Stanislavsky was to have a paramount influence on the er.

Charles Knowlton: …advising couples of birth-control methods, The Fruits of Philosophy: or The Private Companion of Young Married People (1832), the first work of its kind in the United States. A second edition, bearing the author’s name, appeared in 1833.

André Gide: Symbolist period: …poem Les Nourritures terrestres (1897; Fruits of the Earth) reflects Gide’s personal liberation from the fear of sin and his acceptance of the need to follow his own impulses. But after he returned to France, Gide’s relief at having shed the shackles of convention evaporated in what he called the…

Canadian literature: Modern period, 1900–60: …of the Marsh (1925) and Fruits of the Earth (1933), depicting man’s struggle for mastery of himself and his land, are moving testaments to the courage of farmers. Painter Emily Carr wrote stories about her childhood and her visits to First Nations sites in British Columbia (Klee Wyck, 1941).

Edmund Wilson: …the Income Tax (1963), and The Fruits of the MLA (1968), a lengthy attack on the Modern Language Association’s editions of American authors, which he felt buried their subjects in pedantry. His plays are in part collected in Five Plays (1954) and in The Duke of Palermo and Other Plays…

Michael B. Jordan: …the real-life Oscar Grant in Fruitvale Station (2013), directed by Ryan Coogler. The drama chronicled the final day in Grant’s life, leading up to his being shot by a transit police officer in Oakland, California.

fruitworm beetle, any of a few genera of insects in the family Byfuridae (order Coleoptera) whose larvae feed on fruit. A common example of this family of small, hairy, oval beetles is the raspberry fruitworm (Byturus rubi). The small, pale larva, which is covered with short fine hairs, attacks the

plant: Annotated classification: representative genera include Porella, Frullania, Marchantia, Conocephalum, and Riccia. Division Lycophyta (club mosses, spike mosses,

axis of evil: presidential speechwriter David Frum and presidential aide Michael Gerson for use by U.S. President George W. Bush in his 2002 State of the Union address, when he asserted that

Saint Frumentius ; feast day October 27 in the Roman Catholic Church; November 30 in Eastern Orthodox churches; December 18th in the Coptic Church) was a Syrian apostle who worked to spread Christianity throughout Ethiopia. As the first bishop of its ancient capital, Aksum, he structured the

Georg von Frundsberg was a German soldier and devoted servant of the Habsburgs who fought on behalf of the Holy Roman emperors Maximilian I and Charles V. In 1499 Frundsberg took part in Maximilian’s struggle against the Swiss, and, in the same year, he was among the imperial troops sent to assist

Bishkek, city and capital of Kyrgyzstan. It lies in the Chu River valley near the Kyrgyz Mountains at an elevation of 2,500–3,000 feet (750–900 metres). Bishkek is situated along the Alaarcha and Alamedin rivers and intersects in the north with the Bolshoy (Great) Chuysky Canal. In 1825 the Uzbek

Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze was a Soviet army officer and military theorist, regarded as one of the fathers of the Red Army. (Read Leon Trotsky’s 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.) Frunze took part in the Moscow insurrection in 1905 and, after frequent arrests for revolutionary activity, escaped in

River Phoenix: Career: …a days-long drug binge with John Frusciante, guitarist for the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. On October 31 Phoenix and Mathis were at Johnny Depp’s Viper Room nightclub in West Hollywood with Phoenix’s siblings Joaquin and Rain. Phoenix was involved in a scuffle inside the club and was ejected…

Frosinone, city, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy, on a hill above the Cosa River, on the Via Casilina. It originated as Frusino, a town of the ancient Volsci people, and became a colonia (colony) of the Roman Empire. There are traces of ancient walls and a Roman amphitheatre, but Frosinone,

Serbia: Relief: The Fruška Gora hills interrupt these plains on the west, stretching along a triangle of land between the Danube and Sava rivers. Their highest point is 1,765 feet (540 metres). Much of the Vojvodina is blanketed by portions of a former plateau that rose up to…

Italian literature: The Enlightenment (Illuminismo): …published a critical journal called La Frusta Letteraria (“The Literary Whip”), in which he castigated “bad authors”—had learned much through a lengthy sojourn in England, where his friendship with Samuel Johnson helped to give independence and vigour, if not always accuracy, to his judgments. Viaggi di Enrico Wanton (1749–64; “Travels…

frustration-aggression hypothesis: …behaviour as stemming from the frustration of goals. The hypothesis was applied in studies of scapegoating and hate crimes, which indicated that as sources of frustration accumulate—during an economic crisis, for example—frustrated groups may unleash their aggression on a convenient social target, often a minority group. Later research suggested,

frustration-aggression hypothesis, psychological explanation of aggressive behaviour as stemming from the frustration of goals. The hypothesis was applied in studies of scapegoating and hate crimes, which indicated that as sources of frustration accumulate—during an economic crisis, for

diatom: …forms a pillbox-like shell (frustule) composed of overlapping halves (epitheca and hypotheca) perforated by intricate and delicate patterns. Food is stored as oil droplets, and the golden-brown pigment fucoxanthin masks the chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments that are also present. Diatoms are commonly divided into two orders on the basis…

fungus: Basic features of lichens: Fruticose (stalked) thalli and filamentous forms prefer to utilize water in vapour form and are prevalent in humid, foggy areas such as seacoasts and mountainous regions of the tropics.

Tomás Carrasquilla: …career with the publication of Frutos de mi tierra (1896; “Fruits of My Native Land”), a realistic novel critical of the hypocrisy of small-town life that immediately appealed to a wide audience. He continued to deal with regional subjects in his short stories and in such later novels as El…

chocolate: History of chocolate: …1847 the English firm of Fry and Sons combined cocoa butter with chocolate liquor and sugar to produce sweet (eating) chocolate—the base of most chocolate confectionary—and in 1876 Daniel Peter of Switzerland added dried milk to make milk chocolate. The proliferation of flavoured, solid, and coated chocolate foods

fry bread, type of flatbread that generally is made with flour, water, salt, and sometimes baking powder and that is deep-fried in cooking oil, shortening, or lard until golden brown and crispy on the outside, leaving a soft, puffy interior. Fry bread is a staple food in Native American

Christopher Fry was a British writer of verse plays. Fry adopted his mother’s surname after he became a schoolteacher at age 18, his father having died many years earlier. He was an actor, director, and writer of revues and plays before he gained fame as a playwright for The Lady’s Not for Burning

new religious movement: Scientific NRMs: UFO groups and Scientology: , founded by Daniel Fry (who claimed to be a contactee), argued that UFOs carried beings who had come to Earth to promote world peace and personal development. The Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs of America, led by Gabriel Green, and the Aetherius Society, organized by George King, maintained…

Maxwell Fry was a British architect who, with his wife, Jane Drew, pioneered in the field of modern tropical building and town planning. One of the earliest British adherents to the modern movement, Fry was trained at the School of Architecture, University of Liverpool. In 1924 he joined the

Elizabeth Fry was a British Quaker philanthropist and one of the chief promoters of prison reform in Europe. She also helped to improve the British hospital system and the treatment of the insane. The daughter of a wealthy Quaker banker and merchant, she married (1800) Joseph Fry, a London

Maxwell Fry was a British architect who, with his wife, Jane Drew, pioneered in the field of modern tropical building and town planning. One of the earliest British adherents to the modern movement, Fry was trained at the School of Architecture, University of Liverpool. In 1924 he joined the

Roger Fry was an English art critic and artist, best known as the champion of the movement he termed Post-Impressionism. Fry was born into a Quaker family and was educated at the University of Cambridge for a career in science. His interest in art grew, however, and he studied painting in Italy and

Stephen Fry is a British actor, comedian, author, screenwriter, and director, known especially for his virtuosic command and comical manipulation of the English language—in both speech and writing. He is especially admired for his ability to desacralize even the most serious or taboo of topics. Fry

Stephen Fry is a British actor, comedian, author, screenwriter, and director, known especially for his virtuosic command and comical manipulation of the English language—in both speech and writing. He is especially admired for his ability to desacralize even the most serious or taboo of topics. Fry

fry bread, type of flatbread that generally is made with flour, water, salt, and sometimes baking powder and that is deep-fried in cooking oil, shortening, or lard until golden brown and crispy on the outside, leaving a soft, puffy interior. Fry bread is a staple food in Native American

Andrzej Modrzewski was a Polish political writer and theologian who was the most eminent Polish writer in Latin of the 16th century. Modrzewski studied at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and later in Wittenberg and Nürnberg (Germany). Returning to Poland, he wrote Lascius, sive de Poena

Frýdek-Místek: …dominated by the steeple of Frýdek Castle, which was originally a Gothic royal castle but was reconstructed during the 17th and 18th centuries. Also of interest are the twin-tower 18th-century Baroque church and the small St. Jodocus Church. The town is within the sphere of influence of the Ostrava industrial…

Frýdek-Místek, city, northeastern Czech Republic. It lies along the Ostravice River just south of Ostrava. The town is dominated by the steeple of Frýdek Castle, which was originally a Gothic royal castle but was reconstructed during the 17th and 18th centuries. Also of interest are the twin-tower

Northrop Frye was a Canadian educator and literary critic who wrote much on Canadian literature and culture and became best known as one of the most important literary theorists of the 20th century. Frye was educated at the University of Toronto, where he studied philosophy and then theology, and

Northrop Frye was a Canadian educator and literary critic who wrote much on Canadian literature and culture and became best known as one of the most important literary theorists of the 20th century. Frye was educated at the University of Toronto, where he studied philosophy and then theology, and

Bow porcelain: …this was an invention of Thomas Frye, a gifted Irish engraver who, with his partner, Edward Heylyn, had founded the factory.

poultry processing: Classification of birds: Seven-week-old chickens are classified as broilers or fryers, and those that are 14 weeks old as roasters.

Søren Kierkegaard: Stages on life’s way: In Fear and Trembling this ethical stage is teleologically suspended in the religious, which means not that it is abolished but that it is reduced to relative validity in relation to something absolute, which is its proper goal. For Plato (c. 428–c. 348 bc) and Kant,…

frying, the cooking of food in hot fats or oils, usually done with a shallow oil bath in a pan over a fire or as so-called deep fat frying, in which the food is completely immersed in a deeper vessel of hot oil. Because the food is heated through a greasy medium, some authorities consider frying to

Tate murders: …was in Europe, his friend Wojciech Frykowski and Frykowski’s girlfriend, coffee heiress Abigail Folger, were staying with Tate.

Frisian language, the West Germanic language most closely related to English. Although Frisian was formerly spoken from what is now the province of Noord-Holland (North Holland) in the Netherlands along the North Sea coastal area to modern German Schleswig, including the offshore islands in this

Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), largest railway system of Italy. FS operates lines on the mainland and also on the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, which are linked to the mainland by train ferries. The Italian railway system was nationalized in 1905. In 1986 its status was changed from a government

history of photography: Documentary photography: Produced by the Farm Security Administration (FSA) under the direction of Roy E. Stryker, who earlier had come in contact with Hine’s work, the project comprised more than 270,000 images produced by 11 photographers working for varying lengths and at different times in different places. All worked to…

United Kingdom: Finance: …1997 the government established the Financial Services Authority (FSA) to regulate the financial services industry; it replaced a series of separate supervisory organizations, some of them based on self-regulation. Among other tasks, the FSA took over the supervision of the United Kingdom’s commercial banks from the Bank of England. The…

Federal Security Service (FSB), Russian internal security and counterintelligence service created in 1994 as one of the successor agencies of the Soviet-era KGB. It is responsible for counterintelligence, antiterrorism, and surveillance of the military. The FSB occupies the former headquarters of

Friends Service Council, Quaker organization founded in Great Britain in 1927 and committed to foreign work. It shared the 1947 Nobel Prize for Peace with the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), an organization founded by the Society of Friends (Quakers) in the United States in 1917,

Free Software Foundation, nonprofit corporation formed in 1985 by American computer programmer Richard Stallman in order to promote open-source software—that is, free computer programs that can be freely modified and shared. The foundation is headquartered in Boston, Mass. The initial focus of the