bomb: Conventional bomb types: Subsequent types include cluster and fuel-air explosive (FAE) bombs. Cluster bombs consist of an outer casing containing dozens of small bomblets; the casing splits open in midair, releasing a shower of bomblets that explode upon impact. Cluster bombs have both fragmentation and antiarmour capabilities. FAEs are designed to release a…

Lope de Vega: Works of Lope de Vega: In Fuente Ovejuna the entire village assumes responsibility before the king for the slaying of its overlord and wins his exoneration. This experiment in mass psychology, the best known outside Spain of all his plays, evoked a particular response from audiences in tsarist Russia.

Spain: Prehistory: At Fuente-Álamo (Almería) the elite lived apart from the village, in square stone houses with round granaries and a water cistern nearby. Such customs were practiced with less intensity on the southern Meseta, where fortified hamlets known as motillas dominated a flat landscape. In eastern and…

Colorado Rockies: …Helton, and All-Star relief pitcher Brian Fuentes went on a remarkable late-season run, winning 14 of their final 15 games, to win the franchise’s second NL Wild Card. Their hot streak extended to the playoffs, where the Rockies swept both the Philadelphia Phillies and the Arizona Diamondbacks en route to…

Carlos Fuentes was a Mexican novelist, short-story writer, playwright, critic, and diplomat whose experimental novels won him an international literary reputation. The son of a Mexican career diplomat, Fuentes was born in Panama and traveled extensively with his family in North and South America

Florencia en el Amazonas: … with a Spanish libretto by Marcela Fuentes-Berain and based on the work of Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez. It premiered October 25, 1996, at the Houston Grand Opera, which had co-commissioned the work with opera houses in Los Angeles, Seattle, and Bogotá, Colombia. It was the first Spanish-language opera to…

Heberto Padilla: …1968 his book of poems Fuera del juego (“Out of the Game”) was awarded the yearly poetry prize offered by the Writers’ Union, but the book appeared with an afterword denouncing it as counterrevolutionary. Selections from El justo tiempo humano and Fuera del juego were published in English translation as…

Latvian literature: Already in the 17th century, C. Fuereccerus, a sensitive poet who introduced new metrical conventions and rhymes, at times also made use of stylistic elements from Latvian folk songs, and G. Mancelius, founder of Latvian prose, battled against folklore more in a spirit of affection than hostility.

fuero, (from Latin forum, “marketplace”), in medieval Spain, a municipal franchise conferred on a community by the crown or by a noble or bishop. It granted legal incorporation, confirmed local customs or privileges, and might include rights to taxation or self-government. The word is also applied

Spain: Franco’s Spain, 1939–75: The Fuero de los Españoles (1945), guaranteeing personal freedoms (provided no attack was made on the regime), was a cosmetic device that failed to establish Franco’s democratic credentials with the Allies. More important for Franco was the support of the church, which was given control over…

Liber Judiciorum, Visigothic law code that formed the basis of medieval Spanish law. It was promulgated in 654 by King Recceswinth and was revised in 681 and 693. Although called Visigothic, the code was in Latin and owed much to Roman tradition. The primary innovation of the code was the

Spain: Aragonese institutions and society: …code was reorganized as the Fueros de Aragón, which included the Code of Huesca and the General Privilege, in the 15th century.

Fuerte Olimpo, town and river port, northern Paraguay. Lying across the Paraguay River from Brazil, the town dates from 1792 when a fort called Borbón was established on the present site. Fuerte Olimpo, which lies in the thinly populated Chaco Boreal, is the area’s principal port and serves as a

Fuerte River, river in northwestern Mexico, formed in Chihuahua state by the junction of the Verde and Urique rivers, and descending generally southwestward through Sinaloa state from the Sierra Madre Occidental to the Gulf of California, 27 miles (43 km) west of Los Mochis at Lechuguilla Island.

Fuerteventura Island, island, one of the eastern Canary Islands, Las Palmas provincia (province), in the Canary Islands comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), Spain. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean, 65 miles (105 km) west of Cape Juby, Morocco. This volcanic island, the second largest of

Havana: City layout: …oldest fortification, La Fuerza (Castillo de la Fuerza), was begun in 1565 and completed in 1583. Its site at the Plaza de Armas was that of an even older fort erected by Hernando de Soto in 1538 and later destroyed by French pirates.

FALN, separatist organization in Puerto Rico that has used violence in its campaign for Puerto Rican independence from the United States. Although not formed until about 1974, the FALN had antecedents that can be traced to the 1930s, when the violent Nationalist Party under Pedro Albizu Campos

FARC, Marxist guerrilla organization in Colombia. Formed in 1964 as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party (Partido Comunista de Colombia; PCC), the FARC is the largest of Colombia’s rebel groups, estimated to possess some 10,000 armed soldiers and thousands of supporters, largely drawn

fufu, a popular dish in western and central African countries and, due to African migration, in the Caribbean as well. It consists of starchy foods—such as cassava, yams, or plantains—that have been boiled, pounded, and rounded into balls; the pounding process, which typically involves a mortar and

Gurage: …the system assigned to the Fuga, the local representatives of what are believed to be remnants of earlier inhabitants of the Horn of Africa. This lower-caste group of artisans and hunters are also ritual specialists whose powers are both feared and deemed essential in all major Gurage religious functions. The…

fugacity, a measure of the tendency of a component of a liquid mixture to escape, or vaporize, from the mixture. The composition of the vapour form of the mixture, above the liquid, is not the same as that of the liquid mixture; it is richer in the molecules of that component that has a greater

Athol Fugard was a South African dramatist, actor, and director who became internationally known for his penetrating and pessimistic analyses of South African society during the apartheid period. Fugard’s earliest plays were No-Good Friday and Nongogo (both published in Dimetos and Two Early Plays,

Athol Fugard was a South African dramatist, actor, and director who became internationally known for his penetrating and pessimistic analyses of South African society during the apartheid period. Fugard’s earliest plays were No-Good Friday and Nongogo (both published in Dimetos and Two Early Plays,

fugue: Varieties of the fugue: Fugato applies to music where only part of a fugue—usually an exposition—appears in a context that is not otherwise fugal, as a means of thematic development. Well-known examples of fugato include passages in the first and fourth movements of Mozart’s Symphony No. 40 in G…

Fugazi, American hardcore punk band known as much for its anticorporate politics as for its intense, dynamic music. The members were drummer Brendan Canty (b. March 9, 1966, Teaneck, New Jersey, U.S.), bass player Joe Lally (b. December 3, 1963, Rockville, Maryland), vocalist-guitarist Ian MacKaye

Lauryn Hill: …helped finance her group, renamed the Fugees in 1993. It was eventually signed to a division of Columbia Records, but its debut album, Blunted on Reality (1994), attracted less-than-spectacular reviews. Critics commented that Hill overshadowed her partners and that she should strike out on her own. The group’s second album,…

Samantabhadra, in Mahayana Buddhism, the bodhisattva (“buddha-to-be”) representing kindness or happiness. He is often represented in a triad with Shakyamuni (the Buddha) and the bodhisattva Manjushri; he appears seated on an elephant with three heads or with one head and six tusks. In China he is

Fugger family, German mercantile and banking dynasty that dominated European business during the 15th and 16th centuries, developed capitalistic economic concepts, and influenced continental politics. Hans Fugger, a weaver born in the village of Graben in Swabia, established the family in Augsburg

Fugger family: The founding fathers: …death in 1408, his sons Andreas and Jakob I, both of whom had learned the goldsmith’s trade, jointly carried on the family business until they dissolved their partnership in 1454. Although Andreas, the more enterprising of the two, and his descendants quickly attained great wealth, they went bankrupt in 1499,…

Fugger family: The founding fathers: …his seven sons, Ulrich and Georg, profitably expanded the firm’s international trade. In 1473 they were granted a coat of arms with a lily, causing this branch of the family to be called Fugger von der Lilie. With the help of their brother Markus in Rome, they handled remittances to…

Fugger family: The founding fathers: …two of his seven sons, Ulrich and Georg, profitably expanded the firm’s international trade. In 1473 they were granted a coat of arms with a lily, causing this branch of the family to be called Fugger von der Lilie. With the help of their brother Markus in Rome, they handled…

Fugger family: The founding fathers: …death in 1408, his sons Andreas and Jakob I, both of whom had learned the goldsmith’s trade, jointly carried on the family business until they dissolved their partnership in 1454. Although Andreas, the more enterprising of the two, and his descendants quickly attained great wealth, they went bankrupt in 1499,…

Fugger family: Decline of the house: …Rich bequeathed to his nephew Anton Fugger, who had been destined for the succession since 1517, company assets totaling 2,032,652 guilders. The new chief, an ambitious and talented businessman, guided the company with a firm hand. In 1527 he married Anna Rehlinger, a patrician’s daughter who bore him four sons.…

Fugger family: The founding fathers: …his seven sons, Ulrich and Georg, profitably expanded the firm’s international trade. In 1473 they were granted a coat of arms with a lily, causing this branch of the family to be called Fugger von der Lilie. With the help of their brother Markus in Rome, they handled remittances to…

Fugger family: The founding fathers: Hans Fugger, a weaver born in the village of Graben in Swabia, established the family in Augsburg in 1367. By twice marrying the daughters of masters of the weavers’ guild, the industrious Fugger acquired civic rights and the freedom of the company. He also became…

Fugger family: Decline of the house: …personal bankruptcy of his nephew Hans Jakob Fugger, who had become a partner in 1543 and who eventually became Bavarian chancellor, Anton’s oldest son, Markus, carried on the business successfully, if on a reduced scale. During the period 1563–1641 the company, which was not completely dissolved until after the Thirty…

Fugger family: The founding fathers: …1408, his sons Andreas and Jakob I, both of whom had learned the goldsmith’s trade, jointly carried on the family business until they dissolved their partnership in 1454. Although Andreas, the more enterprising of the two, and his descendants quickly attained great wealth, they went bankrupt in 1499, as a…

Fugger family: The founding fathers: …Venice, where their youngest brother, Jakob II the Rich, who had originally been destined for an ecclesiastical career, studied modern bookkeeping from 1478 on. Taking charge of the Fugger agency in Innsbruck in 1485, he showed sound business acumen in making the firm a partner in the Tirolean mines by…

Fugger family: The founding fathers: …two of his seven sons, Ulrich and Georg, profitably expanded the firm’s international trade. In 1473 they were granted a coat of arms with a lily, causing this branch of the family to be called Fugger von der Lilie. With the help of their brother Markus in Rome, they handled…

Augsburg: …hall (1615–20) and the famous Fuggerei (1519), the oldest housing settlement for the poor in the world, were damaged in World War II. Both have been restored, but the famous Golden Hall in the town hall was destroyed. There are other medieval churches, three 16th-century fountains on the main street,…

Ugo Betti: , The Fugitive, 1964), a story presenting legal courts as a symbol of world salvation. Corruzione al palazzo di giustizia (first performed 1949; Eng. trans., Corruption in the Palace of Justice, 1962) depicts an unscrupulous judge who, having clawed his way to the presidency of the…

fugue: Varieties of the fugue: A fughetta is a short fugue, with exposition plus only a few restatements of the subject. Fugato applies to music where only part of a fugue—usually an exposition—appears in a context that is not otherwise fugal, as a means of thematic development. Well-known examples of fugato…

fuging tune, a form of hymnody developed by American composers of the so-called First New England school during the period of the American Revolution (1775–83). A typical fuging tune places the tune in the tenor voice and harmonizes it with block chords. In the next-to-last phrase, called the

Fugitive, any of a group of young poets and critics formed shortly after World War I at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tenn., some of whom later became distinguished men of letters. The group, led by the poet and critic John Crowe Ransom (q.v.), devoted itself to the writing and discussion of

Aksel Sandemose: …flyktning krysser sit spor (1933; A Fugitive Crosses His Tracks). The first commandment reads “You shall not believe you are special,” and the others are similar expressions of the fictional town of Jante’s unmitigated repression of the individual.

Richard Boleslavsky: Fugitive Lovers (1934) was a far-fetched romantic drama, with an escaped prisoner (Robert Montgomery) and a chorus girl (Evans) drawn to each other while trying to escape their respective pursuers on a cross-country bus trip. In Men in White (1934) an idealistic young doctor (Clark…

Canadian literature: Fiction: …haunt Anne Michaels’s lyrical novel Fugitive Pieces (1996), in which the story of an émigré Polish poet in Toronto, rescued as a boy from the Nazis, intersects with that of a young professor, a child of Holocaust survivors. Daphne Marlatt radically revises family and colonial history, narrative, and sexuality in…

fugitive slave, any individual who escaped from slavery in the period before and including the American Civil War. In general they fled to Canada or to free states in the North, though Florida (for a time under Spanish control) was also a place of refuge. (See Black Seminoles.) From the very

Fugitive Slave Acts, in U.S. history, statutes passed by Congress in 1793 and 1850 (and repealed in 1864) that provided for the seizure and return of runaway enslaved people who escaped from one state into another or into a federal territory. The 1793 law enforced Article IV, Section 2, of the U.S.

ecological disturbance: Spatial distribution: The fundamental traits of fugitive species—excellent dispersal, high reproductive output, and a brief lifetime—compensate for their reduced competitive prowess (see r-selected species). For example, a large disturbance, such as a large wildfire or major wind event, could cut across a forest dominated by beech (Fagus) and maple (

dye: Dye retention: These are called fugitive tints and are readily removed with water.

Joanna Baillie: …a handful of lyrics in Fugitive Verses (1790), her first published work, that catch the authentic note of Lowland Scots folk song.

Harrison Ford: In The Fugitive (1993), a film based on the 1960s television show, he portrayed the wrongly convicted Dr. Richard Kimble.

Lewis Allen: …The Rifleman, The Big Valley, The Fugitive, Mission Impossible, and Bonanza; for the latter he helmed 42 episodes. Allen retired from directing in the mid-1970s.

Ugo Betti: , The Fugitive, 1964), a story presenting legal courts as a symbol of world salvation. Corruzione al palazzo di giustizia (first performed 1949; Eng. trans., Corruption in the Palace of Justice, 1962) depicts an unscrupulous judge who, having clawed his way to the presidency of the…

Pramoedya Ananta Toer: …first published novel, Perburuan (1950; The Fugitive), during a two-year term in a Dutch prison camp (1947–49). That work describes the flight of an anti-Japanese rebel back to his home in Java.

The Birds, novel by Tarjei Vesaas, published in 1957. Not to be confused with Daphne du Maurier’s short story and screenplay for Hitchcock’s avian-horror movieof the same title in English, The Birds (in Norwegian, Fuglane) is a far more restrained and poignant affair from one of Scandinavia’s

Christer Fuglesang is a Swedish physicist and astronaut, the first Swedish citizen in space. Fuglesang earned a master’s degree in engineering physics from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm in 1981 and received a doctorate in experimental particle physics from the University of

Christer Fuglesang is a Swedish physicist and astronaut, the first Swedish citizen in space. Fuglesang earned a master’s degree in engineering physics from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm in 1981 and received a doctorate in experimental particle physics from the University of

Peter Seeberg: A similar theme runs through Fugls Føde (1957; “Bird Pickings”), but, in this novel, reality is perceived exclusively through the consciousness of the main character, a nihilistic writer who vainly attempts to create something “real” with his literature. The work is a merciless portrayal of alienation in Western culture. The…

puffer, any of about 90 species of fishes of the family Tetraodontidae, noted for their ability when disturbed to inflate themselves so greatly with air or water that they become globular in form. Puffers are found in warm and temperate regions around the world, primarily in the sea but also, in

tetraodontiform: General features: …in the exacting manner of fugu (or puffer fish) chefs in Japan. The majority of tetraodontiforms are palatable, and in numerous tropical regions the flesh of various triggerfishes and trunkfishes is highly esteemed.

fugue, in music, a compositional procedure characterized by the systematic imitation of a principal theme (called the subject) in simultaneously sounding melodic lines (counterpoint). The term fugue may also be used to describe a work or part of a work. In its mathematical intricacy, formality,

fugue state, loss of memory (amnesia), often temporary, in which affected individuals typically do not remember any details of their lives, including families and jobs. The word fugue is from the Latin fugere, which means “to flee.” In many instances, persons who experience a fugue state leave

fugue: Varieties of the fugue: 4, and his Fugue in E-flat Major for organ, BWV 552, called the St. Anne (1739); both of these are five-voice fugues, but a complete texture of five different parts appears only part of the time, with passages of two, three, or four parts making up most of…

fugue state, loss of memory (amnesia), often temporary, in which affected individuals typically do not remember any details of their lives, including families and jobs. The word fugue is from the Latin fugere, which means “to flee.” In many instances, persons who experience a fugue state leave

fuging tune, a form of hymnody developed by American composers of the so-called First New England school during the period of the American Revolution (1775–83). A typical fuging tune places the tune in the tenor voice and harmonizes it with block chords. In the next-to-last phrase, called the

China: Royal burials: …most notable being that of Fuhao, a consort of Wuding. That her relatively small grave contained 468 bronze objects, 775 jades, and more than 6,880 cowries suggests how great the wealth placed in the far-larger royal tombs must have been.

Führer, (“Leader”), title used by Adolf Hitler to define his role of absolute authority in Germany’s Third Reich (1933–45). As early as July 1921 he had declared the Führerprinzip (“leader principle”) to be the law of the Nazi Party; and in Mein Kampf (1925–27) he asserted that such a dictatorship

W.D. Snodgrass: The Führer Bunker: A Cycle of Poems in Progress (1977) is a collection of poems written as dramatic monologues by various Nazis who shared Adolf Hitler’s last days. The complete cycle, with later additions, was published in 1995.

F. Lee Bailey: …Los Angeles Police Department—particularly detective Mark Fuhrman, an investigator of the slayings—were racists. Bailey’s intense cross-examination of Fuhrman was considered one of the turning points in the case. Simpson’s legal team won an acquittal for him in 1995.

Fujairah, constituent emirate of the United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial States, or Trucial Oman). It is the country’s only emirate with no territory on the Persian Gulf; its entire coastline is on the east side of the Musandam Peninsula (the horn of southeastern Arabia), facing the Gulf of

Fujairah, constituent emirate of the United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial States, or Trucial Oman). It is the country’s only emirate with no territory on the Persian Gulf; its entire coastline is on the east side of the Musandam Peninsula (the horn of southeastern Arabia), facing the Gulf of

Fuji, city, southern Shizuoka ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan. It faces Suruga Bay on the Pacific Ocean at the southern foot of Mount Fuji. Fuji was a post station along the Tōkaidō (“Eastern Sea Road”) during the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867). Because of its location in the delta of

Fuji Bank, former Japanese bank, and one of Japan’s largest commercial banks, that had built a network of offices, affiliates, and subsidiaries in Japan and overseas before it merged into the Mizuho Financial Group. Fuji Bank originated from a money-lending operation established in the 1860s by

Mount Fuji: Tourism and religious significance: …of Mount Fuji lie the Fuji Five Lakes (Fuji Goko), comprising, east to west, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Sai, Lake Shōji, and Lake Motosu, all formed by the damming effects of lava flows. The lowest, Lake Kawaguchi, at 2,726 feet (831 metres), is noted for the inverted reflection of…

Mount Fuji: Tourism and religious significance: …of Mount Fuji lie the Fuji Five Lakes (Fuji Goko), comprising, east to west, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Sai, Lake Shōji, and Lake Motosu, all formed by the damming effects of lava flows. The lowest, Lake Kawaguchi, at 2,726 feet (831 metres), is noted for the inverted reflection of…

Nippon Steel Corporation: , and Fuji Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. It ranks among the world’s largest steel corporations. Its headquarters are in Tokyo, and it has several offices overseas.

Mount Fuji, highest mountain in Japan. It rises to 12,388 feet (3,776 metres) near the Pacific Ocean coast in Yamanashi and Shizuoka ken (prefectures) of central Honshu, about 60 miles (100 km) west of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area. It is a volcano that has been dormant since its last

Fuji TV Headquarters Building, office building in Tokyo that serves as the corporate headquarters and broadcasting center for Fuji Television Network. It was designed by architect Tange Kenzō and completed in 1996. The building’s setting is the artificial island of Odaiba, which was built on

Xerox: …having created the joint venture Fuji Xerox in 1962. The newly created company was expected to retain that name and serve as a subsidiary of Fujifilm. The proposed merger, however, was strongly opposed by two of Xerox’s major shareholders, Carl Icahn and Darwin Deason, both of whom believed that Xerox…

Mount Fuji, highest mountain in Japan. It rises to 12,388 feet (3,776 metres) near the Pacific Ocean coast in Yamanashi and Shizuoka ken (prefectures) of central Honshu, about 60 miles (100 km) west of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area. It is a volcano that has been dormant since its last

Mount Fuji: …is the major feature of Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park (1936), and it is at the centre of a UNESCO World Heritage site designated in 2013.

Mount Fuji, highest mountain in Japan. It rises to 12,388 feet (3,776 metres) near the Pacific Ocean coast in Yamanashi and Shizuoka ken (prefectures) of central Honshu, about 60 miles (100 km) west of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area. It is a volcano that has been dormant since its last

Fujian, sheng (province) on the southeastern coast of China, situated opposite the island of Taiwan. It is bordered by the provinces of Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, and Guangdong to the southwest; the East China Sea lies to the northeast, the Taiwan Strait (between the mainland and

Fujieda, city, southern Shizuoka ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan. The city lies in the plain of the Ōi River delta, just inland from the Pacific Ocean coast, and extends into the mountainous region to the north. It was created by the merger of the towns of Fujieda and Aoshima and four

Alberto Fujimori served as the president of Peru from 1990 to 2000, when he was forced from office amid allegations of corruption. He fled Peru for Japan and later traveled to Chile, where he was imprisoned. He was extradited from Chile to Peru in 2007. He was convicted of multiple crimes in a

Ollanta Humala: Political career and presidency: …this time with conservative congresswoman Keiko Fujimori. The two were engaged in a highly polarizing contest in which Humala continued to face questions over his ties to Chávez and Fujimori confronted accusations that she was a proxy for her father, the former president (1990–2000), who was now imprisoned on human…

Fujimoto Shun’s efforts during the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal represent one of the most courageous and self-sacrificing performances in Olympic history. Fujimoto and the other members of the Japanese men’s gymnastics team were defending four consecutive Olympic titles, and they faced stiff

Sou Fujimoto is a Japanese architect whose innovative residential structures and institutional projects represented a fresh approach to the relationship between architectural space and the human body. Fujimoto was raised on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido. His childhood explorations of the

Sou Fujimoto: …genshotekina mirai no kenchiku (2008; Sou Fujimoto: Primitive Future).

Fujimoto Shun: Putting the Team First: Fujimoto Shun’s efforts during the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal represent one of the most courageous and self-sacrificing performances in Olympic history.

Sou Fujimoto is a Japanese architect whose innovative residential structures and institutional projects represented a fresh approach to the relationship between architectural space and the human body. Fujimoto was raised on the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido. His childhood explorations of the

Japanese architecture: The Tumulus period: …tomb (discovered 1972) and the Fujinoki tomb (1985) suggest high levels of artistic achievement and a sophisticated assimilation of continental culture. The Takamatsu tomb is noted for its wall paintings containing a design scheme representing a total Chinese cosmology. Included are especially fine female figure paintings. At Fujinoki exquisite and…

Fujinomiya, city, southern Shizuoka ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan. It lies at the western foot of Mount Fuji, about 5 miles (8 km) northwest of Fuji city. It developed around the Sengen (Asama) Shrine, the main Shintō shrine for the worship of Mount Fuji since the 9th century. During the

Mount Fuji, highest mountain in Japan. It rises to 12,388 feet (3,776 metres) near the Pacific Ocean coast in Yamanashi and Shizuoka ken (prefectures) of central Honshu, about 60 miles (100 km) west of the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area. It is a volcano that has been dormant since its last

Fujisawa, city, southern Kanagawa ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. It is situated on Sagami Bay of the Pacific Ocean, between Chigasaki (west) and Kamakura (east). During the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867), Fujisawa was a post town on the Tōkaidō (“Eastern Sea Road”)—the main

Fumihiko Maki: In his Fujisawa Gymnasium (1984), he investigated the expressive potential of metal, creating a large stadium with a light, airy stainless steel roof that seems to float above the space. While his pursuit of materials and technology in the gymnasium is Modernist, the airiness of the space…

Fujishima Akira is a Japanese chemist who discovered the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide, which had wide technological applications. Fujishima earned a bachelor’s degree in engineering from Yokohama National University in 1966 and a doctorate in chemistry from the University of Tokyo

Fujita Makoto is a Japanese chemist known for his advances in the field of supramolecular chemistry, in which molecules are bound together with noncovalent bonds. Fujita received a bachelor’s degree from Chiba University in 1980 and a master’s from the same university two years later. He earned a