Fatah, political and military organization of Arab Palestinians, founded in the late 1950s by Yassir Arafat and Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad) with the aim of wresting Palestine from Israeli control by waging low-intensity guerrilla warfare. In the late 1980s it began seeking a two-state solution

Fatah, political and military organization of Arab Palestinians, founded in the late 1950s by Yassir Arafat and Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad) with the aim of wresting Palestine from Israeli control by waging low-intensity guerrilla warfare. In the late 1980s it began seeking a two-state solution

Glenn Close: …psychopathic temptress in the thriller Fatal Attraction and as the scheming Marquise de Merteuil in Dangerous Liaisons.

F.A. Hayek: Life and major works: …helped edit the ultimate volume, The Fatal Conceit, which was published in 1988. Hayek died four years later, having lived long enough to see the reunification of Germany.

Philip Massinger: …plays written in collaboration are The Fatal Dowry (1616–19, with Nathan Field), a domestic tragedy in a French setting, and The Virgin Martyr (1620?, with Thomas Dekker), a historical play about the persecution of Christians under the Roman emperor Diocletian. Fifteen plays written solely by Massinger have survived, but many…

nervous system disease: Prions: Fatal familial insomnia is a rare inherited prion disease that is characterized by disturbed sleep patterns, mental deterioration, loss of coordination, and death.

Jean Racine: Life: …Molière’s troupe of his play La Thébaide; ou, les frères ennemis (“The Story of Thebes; or, The Fratricides”) at the Palais-Royal Theatre on June 20, 1664. Molière’s company also produced Racine’s next play, Alexandre le grand (Alexander the Great), which premiered at the Palais Royal on December 4, 1665. (It…

Thomas Southerne: The Fatal Marriage anticipated 18th-century domestic tragedy, and Oroonoko showed affiliations with the earlier heroic plays of Dryden. The role of Isabella, which was first played by the great English actress Elizabeth Barry, gave Sarah Siddons one of her major successes a century later. The…

Australia: Strains of modern radicalism: Robert Hughes’s The Fatal Shore: The Epic of Australia’s Founding (1987), a vivid account of the experiences of both transported convicts and colonists that became an international best seller, explored Australia’s origins as a colony and its search for a national identity.

Hilary Swank: In the thriller Fatale (2020), she portrayed a police detective who involves a one-night stand in an investigation. Swank returned to television for Alaska Daily (2022–23), about a disgraced journalist who joins an Alaskan newspaper, where she looks into the murders of Indigenous women.

fatalism, the attitude of mind which accepts whatever happens as having been bound or decreed to happen. Such acceptance may be taken to imply belief in a binding or decreeing agent. The development of this implication can be found in ancient Greek and Roman mythology, with its personification of

Ẕiyāʾ al-Dīn Baranī: In his Fatawā-ye jahāndārī (“Rulings on Temporal Government”), influenced by Sufī mysticism, he expounded a religious philosophy of history that viewed the events in the lives of great men as manifestations of divine providence. According to Baranī, the Delhi sultans from Ghiyās̄ al-Dīn Balban (reigned 1266–87) to…

menhaden, any of several species of valuable Atlantic coastal fishes in the genus Brevoortia of the herring family (Clupeidae), utilized for oil, fish meal, and fertilizer. Menhaden have a deep body, sharp-edged belly, large head, and tooth-edged scales. Adults are about 37.5 cm (about 15 inches)

David Byrne: …notably teaming with electronic deejay Fatboy Slim to create Here Lies Love, a disco musical about the life of Filipina political icon Imelda Marcos. During the show’s development, its songs were recorded and released as an album (2010); it premiered onstage in 2013. Throughout his career Byrne produced and exhibited…

providence: Etymological history of the term: …of a blind and inexorable fate can lead to a conflict with the belief in a benevolent providence. In the Greco-Roman world, where fatalistic belief was strong and where it found a popular expression in astrology, the belief that the whole world, but particularly the human realm, is governed by…

Fate, in Greek and Roman mythology, any of three goddesses who determined human destinies, and in particular the span of a person’s life and his allotment of misery and suffering. Homer speaks of Fate (moira) in the singular as an impersonal power and sometimes makes its functions interchangeable

fate tragedy, a type of play especially popular in early 19th-century Germany in which a malignant destiny drives the protagonist to commit a horrible crime, often unsuspectingly. Adolf Mullner’s Der neunundzwanzigste Februar (1812; “February 29”) and Die Schuld (1813; “The Debt”) and Zacharias

animal development: Amphioxus, echinoderms, and amphibians: …adult recorded in diagrams called fate maps. The fate map of a frog blastula just prior to gastrulation demonstrates that the materials for the various organs of the embryo are not yet in the position corresponding to that in which the organs will lie in a fully developed animal. The…

Arabic literature: Tawfīq al-Ḥakīm: …of Death”; English translation in Fate of a Cockroach, and Other Plays) is particularly noteworthy in this regard.

Nayantara Sahgal: In The Fate of Butterflies (2019), Sahgal focused on several people living under a repressive regime. She also wrote Day of Reckoning: Stories (2015).

Geoffrey H. Hartman: In his essay collection The Fate of Reading (1975), Hartman argued that history, like literature, is open to many interpretations and therefore is also a kind of “critical energy.” In Criticism in the Wilderness (1980), he called for uniting the studies of literature, history, and philosophy and disputed the…

Vin Diesel: …continued to do well with The Fate of the Furious (2017) and F9: The Fast Saga (2021). Diesel also tried his hand at other genres, such as the fantasy thriller The Last Witch Hunter (2015). He then rejoined the xXx series in xXx: Return of Xander Cage (2017) after passing…

fate tragedy, a type of play especially popular in early 19th-century Germany in which a malignant destiny drives the protagonist to commit a horrible crime, often unsuspectingly. Adolf Mullner’s Der neunundzwanzigste Februar (1812; “February 29”) and Die Schuld (1813; “The Debt”) and Zacharias

Dubai: …the offshore oil field of Fatḥ (Fateh) was discovered in the Persian Gulf about 75 miles (120 km) due east of Dubai, in waters where the state had granted an oil concession. By the 1970s three 20-story submarine tanks, each holding 500,000 barrels, were installed on the seabed at the…

India: Subordinate Maratha rulers: The eventual successor of Damaji, Fateh Singh (ruled 1771–89), did not remain allied to the peshwa for long, though. Rather, in the late 1770s and early ’80s, he chose to negotiate a settlement with the English East India Company, which eventually led to increased British interference in his affairs. By…

Sant Fateh Singh was a Sikh religious leader who became the foremost campaigner for Sikh rights in postindependence India. Fateh Singh spent most of his early career in social and educational activities around Ganganagar, in what is now northern Rajasthan state, western India. In the 1940s he, Tara

Tripoli: Universities in Tripoli include Al-Fāteḥ University, founded in 1957 and previously part of the former federal University of Libya before its split in 1973, and Open University, founded in 1987. Libya’s Department of Antiquities, which oversees the country’s museums and archaeological sites, is also located in Tripoli, as are…

Farrukhabad-cum-Fatehgarh: Fatehgarh also was founded about 1714, when a fort was built on the site; a massacre occurred there during the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58. Farrukhabad-cum-Fatehgarh is a major road and rail junction, a manufacturing centre, and an agricultural market. The area is the site of…

Fatehpur, city, southern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, just south of the Ganges (Ganga) River and about 45 miles (70 km) southeast of Kanpur. The city was founded by Pashtuns (Pathans) in the 15th century. It subsequently came under the control of several

Fatehpur Sikri, town, western Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies just east of the Rajasthan state border, about 23 miles (37 km) west-southwest of Agra. The town was founded in 1569 by the great Mughal emperor Akbar. In that year Akbar had visited the Muslim hermit Chishti, who was

Imre Kertész: …most-acclaimed novel, Sorstalanság (Fatelessness, or Fateless), which he completed in the mid-1960s but was unable to publish for nearly a decade. When the novel finally appeared in 1975, it received little critical attention but established Kertész as a unique and provocative voice in the dissident subculture within contemporary Hungarian literature.…

Imre Kertész: …most-acclaimed novel, Sorstalanság (Fatelessness, or Fateless), which he completed in the mid-1960s but was unable to publish for nearly a decade. When the novel finally appeared in 1975, it received little critical attention but established Kertész as a unique and provocative voice in the dissident subculture within contemporary Hungarian literature.…

Hosayn Fatemi was an Iranian politician who supported Mohammad Mosaddeq in his power struggle with Iran’s monarch, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. Educated at Stewart Memorial College in Eṣfahān, Fatemi moved to Tehrān in 1938. There he became a contributor to the newspaper Bākhtar (“The West”), which

Veronica Roth: The sequel, The Fates Divide, was released in 2018. The next year Roth published The End and Other Beginnings: Stories from the Future, a book of short stories. Chosen Ones (2020), her first novel for adults, follows a group of people who defeated an evil overlord years…

Cynewulf: Elene and The Fates of the Apostles are in the Vercelli Book, and The Ascension (which forms the second part of a trilogy, Christ, and is also called Christ II) and Juliana are in the Exeter Book. An epilogue to each poem, asking for prayers for the…

Grenada: Independence of Grenada: …the crosshairs of the Paris-based Financial Action Task Force (FATF), which described Grenada’s system for dealing with money laundering as having “serious deficiencies.” On one day in March 2001, 17 Grenadian banks were closed down, all of them linked to the First International Bank of Grenada, which had collapsed in…

Dubai: …the offshore oil field of Fatḥ (Fateh) was discovered in the Persian Gulf about 75 miles (120 km) due east of Dubai, in waters where the state had granted an oil concession. By the 1970s three 20-story submarine tanks, each holding 500,000 barrels, were installed on the seabed at the…

Fatah, political and military organization of Arab Palestinians, founded in the late 1950s by Yassir Arafat and Khalil al-Wazir (Abu Jihad) with the aim of wresting Palestine from Israeli control by waging low-intensity guerrilla warfare. In the late 1980s it began seeking a two-state solution

India: Bahmanī decline: …ʿĀdil Khān of Bijapur and Faṭh Allāh ʿImād al-Mulk of Berar had demonstrated their sympathy for Malik Aḥmad’s activities and soon emulated him. Although the three governors still did not assume the insignia of royalty, it was clear by the end of 1490 that Sultan Maḥmūd and the chief minister,…

Afghanistan: Zamān Shah (1793–1800): Maḥmūd, assisted by his vizier, Fatḥ Khan Bārakzay, eldest son of Sardār Pāyenda Khan, and by Fatḥ ʿAlī Shah, took Kandahār and advanced on Kabul. Zamān, in India, hurried back to Afghanistan. There he was handed over to Maḥmūd, blinded, and imprisoned (1800). The Durrānī empire had begun to disintegrate…

Fatḥ ʿAlī Shāh was the shah of Persia (1797–1834) whose reign coincided with rivalry among France, Great Britain, and Russia over eastern affairs. Strong enough to subdue a rebellion in Khorāsān, he could not defeat the European powers. He became involved in a war with Russia in 1804 concerning the

Earl Hines was an American jazz pianist, bandleader, and composer whose unique playing style made him one of the most influential musicians in jazz history. Hines was born into a musical family in Pittsburgh. As a child he learned trumpet from his father and then piano from his mother; his sister

minnow: Others include the 6-centimetre fathead minnow (P. promelas) and the common shiner (Notropis cornutus), a blue and silver minnow up to 20 cm long. The golden shiner, or American roach (Notemigonus cryseleucas), a larger, greenish and golden minnow attaining a length of 30 cm and a weight of 0.7…

scorpaeniform: Annotated classification: Family Psychrolutidae (fathead sculpins) Body naked, with loose skin, or with plates bearing prickles; lateral line reduced; pelvic fin with one spine and three soft rays; vertebrae 28–38. Size to 65 cm (26 inches). Shallow to deep waters (2,800 metres [9,200 feet]) of the Atlantic, Pacific, and…

blood group: Paternity testing: …a male is not the father of a particular child. Since the red cell antigens are inherited as dominant traits, a child cannot have a blood group antigen that is not present in one or both parents. For example, if the child in question belongs to group A and both…

Mithraism: Worship, practices, and institutions: …of (and to) the Sun; pater, Father. To each rank belonged a particular mask (Raven, Persian, Lion) or dress (Bridegroom). The rising of the Mithraist in grade prefigured the ascent of the soul after death. The series of the seven initiations seems to have been enacted by passing through seven…

gnosticism: Adversus haereses: …named Barbelo and an unnameable Father, perhaps to be understood as female and male aspects, respectively, of the highest god. In any event, the Father and Barbelo generate a divine family of entities, each of which is a mythic personification of a divine faculty or attribute: Thought (a personification of…

Maurizio Cattelan: Later work: The result was Father, a mural on the side of a women’s prison depicting a pair of dirty and injured feet, recalling those of Christ’s in Andrea Mantegna’s painting Lamentation over the Dead Christ (c. 1483).

Amelia Opie: …and poet whose best work, Father and Daughter (1801), influenced the development of the 19th-century popular novel.

Father and Son, autobiography by Edmund Gosse, published anonymously in 1907. Considered a minor masterpiece, Father and Son is a sensitive study of the clash between religious fundamentalism and intellectual curiosity. The book recounts Gosse’s austere childhood, particularly his relationship with

American literature: The Off-Broadway ascendancy: …Bess in 2012, and her Father Comes Home from the Wars (Parts 1, 2 & 3), produced in 2014, placed Homer’s Odyssey in the context of the American Civil War. Other well-received works included Heather McDonald’s An Almost Holy Picture (1995), a one-man play about the spiritual life of a…

Glenn Close: …Agatha Christie mystery; the comedy Father Figures; and The Wife, for which she earned rave reviews—as well as an Oscar nomination and a Golden Globe Award—playing the supportive but reserved spouse of an acclaimed author. In 2020 Close starred in Hillbilly Elegy, an adaptation of the best-selling memoir by J.D.…

Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim was a German Anacreontic poet. Gleim studied law at Halle and was successively secretary to Prince William of Brandenburg-Schwedt at Berlin, to Prince Leopold of Dessau, and secretary (1747) of the cathedral chapter at Halberstadt. “Father Gleim” was the title accorded

Ralph Nelson: In the amiable Father Goose (1964), Cary Grant appeared against type as a beach bum on a South Seas island during World War II. In 1966 Nelson ventured into westerns with Duel at Diablo, which starred James Garner and Poitier. Nelson then guided Cliff Robertson to the best-actor…

Augustus Tolton was an American religious leader who is regarded as the first African American ordained as a priest in the Roman Catholic Church (see Researcher’s Note). Tolton was born into slavery. His parents, Peter Paul and Martha Jane (née Chisley) Tolton, were baptized Catholics who had been

Norman Foster: …to the Judge (1949) and Father Is a Bachelor (1950) were light romantic comedies, but Woman on the Run (1950) was a proficient thriller starring Ann Sheridan and Dennis O’Keefe, and Navajo (1952) was a low-budget semidocumentary.

radio: The end of American radio’s Golden Age: Some situation comedies, such as Father Knows Best and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, became even bigger successes on television than they had been on radio, but others disappeared quickly. Some series were revamped for television: Gunsmoke became a long-running success on TV, but it had an entirely different…

Green Day: Father of All… (2020) features throwback garage rock.

Walter Camp was a sports authority best known for having selected the earliest All-America teams in American college football. More importantly, Camp played a leading role in developing the American game as distinct from rugby football. (Read Walter Camp’s 1903 Britannica essay on inventing

George Washington was an American general and commander in chief of the colonial armies in the American Revolution (1775–83) and subsequently first president of the United States (1789–97). Washington’s father, Augustine Washington, had gone to school in England, tasted seafaring life, and then

tap dance: Vaudeville: John Bubbles, for instance, went down in history as the “Father of Rhythm Tap.” Though he may not have been the very first tap dancer to use the heel tap to push rhythm from the 1920s jazz beat to the 1930s swing beat, he certainly…

Kieran Culkin: Family and early career: …on roles in comedies including Father of the Bride (1991) and Only the Lonely (1991), often alongside one or two of his siblings. The Culkin children achieved varying levels of success over the courses of their acting careers: Macaulay became one of the most famous child stars of all time…

Father of the Bride, American comedy film, released in 1950, that is considered a classic of the genre, especially noted for Spencer Tracy’s performance. Tracy portrayed Stanley T. Banks, the exasperated father of a bride-to-be (played by Elizabeth Taylor). Told in flashback, the film chronicles

Nancy Meyers: …later directed the short film Father of the Bride Part 3 (ish), which debuted on Netflix in 2020; made during the COVID-19 pandemic, the virus was incorporated into the story line.

Eugene Levy: SCTV and mockumentaries: Levy also appeared in Father of the Bride Part II (1995).

Church Father, any of the great bishops and other eminent Christian teachers of the early centuries whose writings remained as a court of appeal for their successors, especially in reference to controverted points of faith or practice. See patristic

Louis XII was the king of France from 1498, noted for his disastrous Italian wars and for his domestic popularity. Son of Charles, duc d’Orléans, and Marie de Clèves, Louis succeeded his father as duke in 1465. In 1476 he was forced to marry Jeanne of France, daughter of his second cousin King

Sir Edward Petre, 2nd Baronet was an English Jesuit, favourite of King James II of Great Britain. Educated in France, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1652 and took orders in 1671, when he returned to England. In 1679 he succeeded to the family baronetcy and estates and was appointed vice

Jean-Baptiste Greuze: …his moralizing genre painting of Father Reading the Bible to His Children (1755). Although Greuze’s attention at this time was fixed on a less-pretentious type of genre painting in which the influence of 17th-century Dutch masters is apparent, the favourable attention he received turned his head and established the lines…

Leo Tolstoy: Fiction after 1880 of Leo Tolstoy: Otets Sergy (written 1898; Father Sergius), which may be taken as Tolstoy’s self-critique, tells the story of a proud man who wants to become a saint but discovers that sainthood cannot be consciously sought. Regarded as a great holy man, Sergius comes to realize that his reputation is groundless;…

Buddhism: Vajrayana literature: …been divided into the so-called Father Tantra (emphasizing activity), the Mother Tantra (emphasizing appreciation), and the Nondual Tantra (dealing with both aspects unitively). The original Sanskrit versions of most of these works have been lost, but their influence is noticeable in works such as Jnanasiddhi (“Attainment of Knowledge”) by the…

John M. Stahl: The genial Father Was a Fullback (1949) was arguably better; Fred MacMurray played a college football coach who struggles with a losing team and two rebellious daughters (Natalie Wood and Betty Lynn). Stahl’s last film was the period musical Oh, You Beautiful Doll (1949), which featured S.Z.…

Father’s Day, in the United States, holiday (third Sunday in June) to honour fathers. Credit for originating the holiday is generally given to Sonora Smart Dodd of Spokane, Washington, whose father, a Civil War veteran, raised her and her five siblings after their mother died in childbirth. She is

Richard Wright: Posthumous publications: …and an unfinished crime novel, A Father’s Law (2008). In addition, The Man Who Lived Underground, a rejected manuscript dating to 1941 that was later condensed into a short story, was released in its entirety in 2021. The novel centers on an African American man who is coerced into confessing…

The Father, tragic drama in three acts by August Strindberg, published in 1887 as Fadren and performed the same year. Strindberg had come to believe that life is a series of struggles between weaker and stronger wills, and the influences of Strindberg’s misogyny and naturalistic fiction are evident

Olivia Colman: Films: The Lobster, The Favourite, and The Lost Daughter: …her work in Florian Zeller’s The Father (2020), in which she starred alongside Anthony Hopkins as a daughter coping with her father’s declining mental capacity. Colman also received an Academy Award nomination for her portrayal of a divorced professor in Maggie Gyllenhaal’s The Lost Daughter (2021), an adaptation of Elena…

Celtic religion: Goddesses and divine consorts: …her union with the universal father-god. Welsh and Irish tradition preserve many variations on a basic triadic relationship of divine mother, father, and son. The goddess appears, for example, in Welsh as Modron (from Matrona, “Divine Mother”) and Rhiannon (“Divine Queen”) and in Irish as Boann and Macha. Her partner…

John Edgar Wideman: Books and teaching career: …other works are the memoirs Fatheralong: A Meditation on Fathers and Sons, Race and Society (1994; a finalist for a National Book Award) and Hoop Roots: Basketball, Race, and Love (2001) as well as the novels The Cattle Killing (1996; winner of the James Fenimore Cooper Prize for best historical…

Uchida Shungicu: The first, Fatherfucker, is a titillating yet disturbing autobiographical novel that sold 300,000 copies after its appearance in late 1993. By July 1994 it had gone into 18 printings, and the following year it was made into a film, released under the title The Girl of Silence.…

blood group: Paternity testing: …a male is not the father of a particular child. Since the red cell antigens are inherited as dominant traits, a child cannot have a blood group antigen that is not present in one or both parents. For example, if the child in question belongs to group A and both…

Willem Drees: …movement and presided over the Fatherland Committee, which prepared the first governmental measures after the liberation of the Netherlands in 1945.

Austria: Authoritarianism: Dollfuss and Schuschnigg: …parties were abolished except the Fatherland Front (Vaterländische Front), which Dollfuss had founded in 1933 to unite all conservative groups. In April 1934 the rump of the parliament was brought together and accepted an authoritarian constitution. The executive was given complete control over the legislative branch of government; the elected…

Viet Minh: …by a new organization, the Lien Viet, or Vietnamese National Popular Front. In 1951 the majority of the Viet Minh leadership was absorbed into the Lao Dong, or Vietnamese Workers’ Party (later Vietnamese Communist Party), which remained the dominant force in North Vietnam.

Germany: World War I: Shortly thereafter the Fatherland Party was established with enormous support from the elites. Its program included a commitment to fight for an unequivocal German victory, including annexations, and maintenance of the Prusso-German political system.

Fathers and Sons, novel by Ivan Turgenev, published in 1862 as Ottsy i deti. Quite controversial at the time of its publication, Fathers and Sons concerns the inevitable conflict between generations and between the values of traditionalists and intellectuals. The physician Bazarov, the novel’s

Fathers of Confederation, traditionally the 36 men who represented British North American colonies at one or more of the conferences—Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island (September 1864), Quebec (October 1864), and London (1866–67)—that lead to the creation of the Dominion of Canada on July 1, 1867.

Allen Tate: Tate’s only novel, The Fathers (1938), refashioned the Jason-Medea myth to promulgate agrarian beliefs. His Collected Poems was published in 1977; Essays of Four Decades appeared in 1969.

fathom, old English measure of length, now standardized at 6 feet (1.83 metre), which has long been used as a nautical unit of depth. The longest of many units derived from an anatomical measurement, the fathom originated as the distance from the middle fingertip of one hand to the middle fingertip

Fathometer:, trade name for a type of sonic depth finder

Islamic arts: Islamic art under European influence and contemporary trends: …by the visionary Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy, who, in eloquent and prophetic terms, urged that the traditional forms and techniques of vernacular architecture be studied and adapted to contemporary needs. Directly or indirectly, his work inspired many young architects in the Muslim world and led to a host of fascinating…

Peter Fatialofa was a Samoan rugby player who captained the national team of Western Samoa (now Samoa) in 1993 in its first rugby union international match. Fatialofa was born in New Zealand and spent part of his childhood with his father in Western Samoa before returning to Auckland. He played

Peter Fatialofa was a Samoan rugby player who captained the national team of Western Samoa (now Samoa) in 1993 in its first rugby union international match. Fatialofa was born in New Zealand and spent part of his childhood with his father in Western Samoa before returning to Auckland. He played

Steve Reeves: …Le fatiche di Ercole (1957; Hercules, 1959). Hercules was a box-office success in America and set the stage for a series of swashbuckling “sword-and-sandal” epics that showcased Reeves as a heroic strongman. Although Reeves had other Italian-American hits—Agi Murad il diavolo bianco (1959; The White Warrior, 1961), Gli ultimi giorni…

fatigue, in engineering, manifestation of progressive fracture in a solid under cyclic loading as in the case of a metal strip that ruptures after repeated bending back and forth. Fatigue fracture begins with one or several cracks on the surface that spread inward in the course of repeated

fatigue, specific form of human inadequacy in which the individual experiences an aversion to exertion and feels unable to carry on. Such feelings may be generated by muscular effort; exhaustion of the energy supply to the muscles of the body, however, is not an invariable precursor. Feelings of

Josephine Clara Goldmark: …years of work went into Fatigue and Efficiency, published by the Russell Sage Foundation in 1912, in which she demonstrated that excessive working hours were injurious not only to workers but also to overall productivity. She directed the research and compilation of facts that went into many of her brother-in-law’s…

stress fracture, any overuse injury that affects the integrity of bone. Stress fractures were once commonly described as march fractures, because they were reported most often in military recruits who had recently increased their level of impact activities. The injuries have since been found to be

fatigue, in engineering, manifestation of progressive fracture in a solid under cyclic loading as in the case of a metal strip that ruptures after repeated bending back and forth. Fatigue fracture begins with one or several cracks on the surface that spread inward in the course of repeated

neurasthenia, a syndrome marked by physical and mental fatigue accompanied by withdrawal and

Islamic arts: Architecture: …dominate the Istanbul skyline: the Fatih külliye (1463–70), the Bayezid Mosque (after 1491), the Selim Mosque (1522), the Şehzade külliye (1548), and the Süleyman külliye (after 1550). The Şehzade and Süleyman külliyes were built by Sinan, the greatest Ottoman architect, whose masterpiece is the