Roskosmos, Russian government organization founded in 1992 that is responsible for managing the Russian space program. Its headquarters are in Moscow. The head of Roskosmos is assisted by a board, a science and engineering council, and the heads of 11 departments. Roskomos is the descendant of the

Federate, partisan of the Commune of Paris of 1871 (see Paris, Commune of). Many Communards called themselves Federates because they believed in a federal system for

Fred Lazarus, Jr.: …billion holding company known as Federated Department Stores.

Kalgan: History: In 1937 the Federated Mengjiang Commission was set up at Kalgan to supervise the economic affairs, banking, communications, and industry of Japanese-occupied Inner Mongolia. Colonization by Chinese settlers was checked as part of the pro-Mongol policies pursued by the Japanese. After World War II the area was occupied…

Micronesia, country in the western Pacific Ocean. It is composed of more than 600 islands and islets in the Caroline Islands archipelago and is divided roughly along cultural and linguistic lines into the states of—from west to east—Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae. The capital is Palikir, on the

Italy: The Vienna settlement: …police penetrated another secret organization, I Federati (“The Confederates”), led by the Milanese nobleman Federico Confalonieri. The society favored constitutional government, but its program was more moderate than that of the Carbonari though no less anti-Austrian. From December 1821 to January 1823 members of the conspiracy were unmasked in the…

federation, the government of a federal community. In such a model there are two levels of government, one dealing with the common and the other with the territorially diverse. Unlike a unitary government, in which power is centralized, in a federation there exists a necessary tension between the

Féderátion Aéronautique Internationale (FAI), nongovernmental and nonprofit international organization that encourages and oversees the conduct of sporting aviation events throughout the world and certifies aviation world records. The FAI was founded by representatives from Belgium, France,

Russia: Constitutional framework: It consists of the Federation Council (an upper house comprising appointed representatives from each of Russia’s administrative divisions) and the State Duma (a 450-member popularly elected lower house). The president’s nominee for chairman of the government is subject to approval by the State Duma; if it rejects a nominee…

Billie Jean King Cup, trophy representing the women’s amateur team-tennis championship of the world, inaugurated in 1963 by the International Lawn Tennis Federation in observance of its 50th anniversary. The first competition, an elimination tournament involving teams of three players from 16

Belgian Malinois: The Fédération Cynologique Internationale considered the four strains as varieties of one breed, the Belgian Shepherd (Chien de Berger Belge), which is placed in the Sheepdog and Cattledog Group. The breed was first brought to the United States in 1911, and the American Kennel Club first…

French Communist Party: …left-wing parties to form the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left (Fédération de la Gauche Démocrate et Socialiste). The alliance succeeded in keeping de Gaulle from an absolute majority in the first round of the 1965 election. In the first round of the June 1969 presidential election, the PCF…

dentistry: Organizations: The Fédération Dentaire Internationale (International Dental Federation) was founded in 1900 and has met annually except in times of war. It has sponsored international dental congresses that are planned to meet every five years. Other international organizations include the Association Internationale pour la Recherche Dentaire (International Association for Dental…

Federation of Labour Exchanges, federation of French workers’ organizations (bourses) established in 1892. The bourse was a combination of a labour exchange (dealing with job placement), a workers’ club and cultural centre, and a central labour union. The federation advocated direct action to bring

Swiss Federation of Protestant Churches, confederation founded in 1920 to represent the interests of the churches in social issues, government liaison, and overseas mission and aid work. Membership is open to Christian churches that have adopted the principles of the Reformation. The Federation is

horse show: The Fédération Équestre Internationale and such member national organizations as the American Horse Shows Association regulate and promote the shows.

weightlifting: History: …the International Olympic Committee, the International Weightlifting Federation (Fédération Haltérophile Internationale; FHI) was formed to regularize events and supervise international competition. By 1928 the one- and two-hand lifts of earlier Games had given way to only two-hand lifts: the snatch, the clean and jerk, and the clean and press (described…

International Federation for Information and Documentation, international library organization that was founded in 1895 as the Institut International de Bibliographie (IIB) to promote a unified and centralized approach to bibliographic classification. The IIB was founded by two Belgian lawyers,

FIBA, world governing body of basketball, founded in Geneva in 1932. Its membership includes more than 200 national basketball associations organized into the five regions of Africa, North and South America, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. FIBA sets official basketball rules and governs all

camping: History: …of Camping and Caravanning (Fédération Internationale de Camping et de Caravanning; FICC) was formed—the first international camping organization.

FIFA, world governing body of association football (soccer), founded in Paris in 1904. FIFA is headquartered in Zürich, and its membership includes more than 200 national football associations. As association football’s governing authority, FIFA sets the rules of play, establishes standards for

korfball: …Federation, which was established as Fédération Internationale de Korfball in 1933, increased its membership to more than 50 countries by the early 21st century.

24 Hours of Le Mans: …eight races that compose the International Automobile Federation (Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile; FIA) World Endurance Championship.

wrestling: Organization: …Internationale de Lutte Amateur (FILA; International Amateur Wrestling Federation) was formed (reconstituted in 1920). The FILA regulates international competition, including the Olympic Games, and has held world championships in Greco-Roman wrestling from 1950 and in freestyle from 1951. World championships and Olympic championships in judo, sponsored by the International Judo…

International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), confederation primarily comprising national sports medicine associations from across the globe. The organization also includes continental associations, regional associations, and various individual members. It is the oldest and largest such

diving: …a table published by the Fédération Internationale de Natation Amateur (International Amateur Swimming Federation; founded 1908 and from 2023 called World Aquatics), the world governing body of amateur aquatic sports. Contestants are required to do certain of the listed dives, as well as several of their own choice. At least…

speed skiing: …Fédération Internationale de Ski (FIS; International Ski Federation). As an advisory body to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), FIS has lobbied for the inclusion of speed skiing in the Olympic Winter Games. While the IOC wants to limit the speed of the skiers to about 125 miles per hour, such…

skibobbing: …under the jurisdiction of the Fédération Internationale de Skibob (FISB), founded in 1961 and headquartered in Vienna.

softball: …Fédération Internationale de Softball (International Softball Federation), which was formed in 1952, acts as liaison between more than 40 softball organizations of several countries. Headquarters are in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The federation coordinates international competition and regular regional and world championship tournaments for men and women. In 1996 a…

table tennis: History: …de Tennis de Table (International Table Tennis Federation) was founded in 1926, the founding members being England, Sweden, Hungary, India, Denmark, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Wales. By the mid-1990s more than 165 national associations were members.

archery: History: …with the founding of the Fédération Internationale de Tir à l’Arc (FITA; Federation of International Target Archery) in Paris.

volleyball: History: The Fédération Internationale de Volley Ball (FIVB) was organized in Paris in 1947 and moved to Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1984. The USVBA was one of the 13 charter members of the FIVB, whose membership grew to more than 210 member countries by the late 20th century.

film: Preservation of film: An international federation (FIAF; Fédération Internationale des Archives du Film), with headquarters in Paris, was founded in 1938.

library: Associations and international organizations: The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA; Fédération Internationale des Associations de Bibliothécaires et des Bibliothèques, or FIAB) was founded in 1927 and first met formally in Rome in 1928. The organization publishes the IFLA Journal.

International Federation of Human Rights, international nongovernmental organization of human rights groups focused on promoting adherence to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Established in 1922 with 10 members, the organization grew to include more than 150 human rights groups

chess: The world championship and FIDE: …FIDE, its French acronym for Fédération Internationale des Échecs.

bowling: International competition: …of any consequence until the Fédération Internationale des Quilleurs (FIQ) was formed in 1952 to coordinate international amateur competition. Its headquarters is in Helsinki, and it has grown to more than 70 member nations.

rowing: History: …des Sociétés d’Aviron (FISA; the International Rowing Federation) was founded. Events in rowing (for crews of eight, four, and two) and in sculling were established. In races for eights and for some fours and pairs, there is also a coxswain, who sits at the stern, steers, calls the stroke, and…

motorcycle racing: …Internationale du Motocyclisme (renamed the Fédération Internationale Motocycliste [FIM] in 1949) created the international cup, uniting five nations: Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, and Britain. The first international cup race took place in 1905 at Dourdan, France. The race for the Tourist Trophy (TT) became the most famous of all European…

gymnastics: International organization and competition: In 1881 the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG) was founded to supervise international competition. The 1896 Olympic Games fostered interest in gymnastics, and the FIG World Championships in gymnastics were organized for men in 1903 and for women in 1934.

motorcycle racing: …Internationale du Motocyclisme (renamed the Fédération Internationale Motocycliste [FIM] in 1949) created the international cup, uniting five nations: Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, and Britain. The first international cup race took place in 1905 at Dourdan, France. The race for the Tourist Trophy (TT) became the most famous of all European…

Cuba: Political process: Other organizations include the Federation of Cuban Women and the National Association of Small Farmers, which is composed of independent farmers, outside the system of collectivized state farms, who own a fraction of the total cultivated land. An important task of the Committees for the Defense of the Revolution…

Keidanren, Japanese association of business organizations that was established in 1946 for the purpose of mediating differences between member industries and advising the government on economic policy and related matters. It is considered one of the most powerful organizations in Japan. Created as

Chūritsurōren, Japanese trade-union federation (1961–87) whose members were primarily employed in private enterprise. Although some of the individual member unions were identified with political parties, the federation itself was independent. Chūritsurōren often cooperated with the General Council

Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), association of Indian business organizations, dedicated to promoting the growth and global competitiveness of Indian businesses. Established in 1927, it is the oldest and largest business association in India, comprising thousands of

organized labour: Compulsory arbitration and union growth in Australasia: In New Zealand a militant Federation of Labour developed in opposition to the arbitration system, and in 1912–13 a violent confrontation occurred in ports and mining towns, but the strikes were broken by employers (now mobilized in defense of arbitration), farmers, and the government. It was significant that the majority…

Federation of Labour Exchanges, federation of French workers’ organizations (bourses) established in 1892. The bourse was a combination of a labour exchange (dealing with job placement), a workers’ club and cultural centre, and a central labour union. The federation advocated direct action to bring

European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR), transnational political group representing the interests of allied liberal and centrist parties in Europe, particularly in the European Union (EU). The ELDR was formed in Stuttgart, W.Ger., in 1976 and coordinates the interests of its member

European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR), transnational political group representing the interests of allied liberal and centrist parties in Europe, particularly in the European Union (EU). The ELDR was formed in Stuttgart, W.Ger., in 1976 and coordinates the interests of its member

American Federation of Labor (AFL), federation of North American labour unions that was founded in 1886 under the leadership of Samuel Gompers as the successor to the Federation of Organized Trades (1881), which had replaced the Knights of Labor (KOL) as the most powerful industrial union of the

Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW), multiracial women’s organization that was one of the most important antiapartheid organizations in South Africa. The Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) was founded in 1954 by two members of South Africa’s communist party, Rachel (Ray) Alexander

French Communist Party: …left-wing parties to form the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left (Fédération de la Gauche Démocrate et Socialiste). The alliance succeeded in keeping de Gaulle from an absolute majority in the first round of the 1965 election. In the first round of the June 1969 presidential election, the PCF…

Sékou Touré: …and helped to found the Federation of Workers’ Unions of Guinea, linked to the World Federation of Trade Unions, of which he later became vice president.

Fidesz, centre-right Hungarian political party. Fidesz (the Federation of Young Democrats) was founded in 1988 as an anticommunist party that promoted the development of a market economy and European integration. Initially, membership was restricted to those age 35 and younger, though this

World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), leftist-oriented international labour organization founded in 1945 by the World Trade Union Congress. Its principal organizers were the British Trades Union Congress, the U.S. Congress of Industrial Organizations, and the All-Union Central Congress of Trade

Brazil, country of South America that occupies half the continent’s landmass. It is the fifth largest country in the world, exceeded in size only by Russia, Canada, China, and the United States, though its area is greater than that of the 48 conterminous U.S. states. Brazil faces the Atlantic Ocean

Federate, partisan of the Commune of Paris of 1871 (see Paris, Commune of). Many Communards called themselves Federates because they believed in a federal system for

Heinrich Federer was a novelist who imparted new vigour to Christian fiction in Switzerland. Federer started to write when asthma, from which he suffered all his life, put an end to his work as a priest in 1899. He then worked as a journalist in Zürich and after 1907 as an independent writer. He

Roger Federer is a Swiss tennis player who dominated the sport in the early 21st century with his exceptional all-around game. He won a record eight Wimbledon titles, and in 2018 he became the first player to claim 20 Grand Slam men’s singles titles. Federer, who started playing tennis at age

Paris: The Buttes: Père-Lachaise Cemetery—the site of the Federalists’ Wall (Mur des Fédérés), against which the last of the fighters of the Commune of Paris were shot in 1871. The cemetery is both the largest park and the largest cemetery in Paris and is a major tourist attraction, renowned for its tombs of…

Camillo Federici was an Italian dramatist and actor, whose comedies were highly popular in the late 18th century. Federici was educated at Turin and showed at an early age a great fondness for literature and especially for the theatre. The praises bestowed on his early attempts determined his

Bruce Springsteen: Back with the E Street Band and into the 21st century: …Street Band organist and accordionist Danny Federici from melanoma. The band’s playing acquired a darker urgency of tone. The later stages of the Magic tour featured arguably the most assertive, inspired playing Springsteen and the group had ever done. Their guiding principle, that the way to play was as if…

Gonzaga Dynasty: …was succeeded by his son Federigo II (d. 1540), captain general of the papal forces. After the Peace of Cambrai (1529) Federigo II’s ally and protector, the emperor Charles V, raised his title to that of duke of Mantua in 1530. It was during Federigo II’s reign that the court…

St. Louis Blues: …wing Brian Sutter and centre Bernie Federko, won 45 games—posting the best record in team history up to that point—and captured a division title, but their playoff struggles continued as they were eliminated in their second postseason series. The Blues finished with a losing record six times over the following…

Britney Spears: Scandal and conservatorship: …tumultuous marriage (2004–07) to dancer Kevin Federline. Her erratic behaviour during this time—at one point she shaved her head and was briefly hospitalized—resulted in her being placed under a court-ordered conservatorship (also known as guardianship) in 2008; her father was named as a conservator. Concerns about this legal arrangement later…

Italy: Domestic policies: A land-workers union, the Federation of Agricultural Labourers (Federterra), was formed in 1901, and the various Socialist-led unions formed a confederation of labor in 1906. Some unions depended heavily on public works schemes subsidized by government. Others, such as Federterra, relied on Giolitti’s reform legislation favoring cooperatives and on…

FedEx Corp. is a global leader in transportation, e-commerce, and logistics; the company started by introducing express shipping services to the U.S. in the 1970s. Founded in 1971 as Federal Express Corp. in Little Rock, Arkansas, FedEx is best known as a shipping company. In addition to delivering

FedEx Corp. is a global leader in transportation, e-commerce, and logistics; the company started by introducing express shipping services to the U.S. in the 1970s. Founded in 1971 as Federal Express Corp. in Little Rock, Arkansas, FedEx is best known as a shipping company. In addition to delivering

Hedin Brú: …work, Fedgar á ferd (1940; The Old Man and His Sons). Brú played a central role in cultural life as coeditor of the literary periodical Vardin and as a member of the Faroese Scientific Society and began to acquire an international reputation. He also produced Faroese translations of Hamlet and…

Valerianoideae: Other ornamental species are Fedia cornucopiae, an annual with red flower clusters from the Mediterranean; Plectritis congesta, a rose-pink-flowered annual from northwestern North America; and members of the Eurasian genus Patrinia, perennials with yellow or white flowers. Spikenard (Nardostachys grandiflora, sometimes N. jatamansi) is a perennial

Konstantin Aleksandrovich Fedin was a Soviet writer noted primarily for his early novels that portray the difficulties of intellectuals in Soviet Russia. During the 1920s, Fedin belonged to a literary group called the Serapion Brothers, the members of which accepted the Revolution but demanded

fediverse, decentralized group of social media platforms in which each independent platform can interact freely with any other platform that is part of the group. Users from one platform can therefore accrue followers and connect with others who are using a different platform. The name fediverse is

dress: The early 20th century: …novel; the American term was fedora, named for the heroine of a play.)

Billy Wilder: Last films: …little seen was the German-financed Fedora (1978), in which Holden played a producer who tries to coax a Greta Garbo-like actress (Martha Keller) out of retirement. Matthau and Lemmon were teamed by Wilder one last time in his final film, Buddy Buddy (1981), adapted by Wilder and Diamond from the…

Nikolai Trofimovich Fedorenko was a Soviet diplomat, ambassador to the United Nations (1963–68), and Oriental scholar. The son of a carpenter who fought on the side of the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War, Fedorenko had a Communist upbringing, being a member of the Communist youth organizations

Pavel Andreyevich Fedotov was a Russian painter who is considered the father of Russian domestic genre painting. Russian genre painters of the school of realism of the second half of the 19th century perceived him as their forerunner. Fedotov’s painting career lasted only eight years (1844–52). An

South Africa: Labor and taxation: …Unions and the mainly white Federation of South African Labour.

Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW), multiracial women’s organization that was one of the most important antiapartheid organizations in South Africa. The Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) was founded in 1954 by two members of South Africa’s communist party, Rachel (Ray) Alexander

fee, in modern common law, an estate of inheritance (land or other realty) over which a person has absolute ownership. The owner may put it virtually to any use—sell it, give it away, rent or lease it, mortgage it, or bequeath it. Originally, in feudal times, a fee was not so absolute. Its meaning

Alice Guy-Blaché: …directed her first moving picture, La Fée aux choux (“The Cabbage Fairy”), in 1896 to demonstrate the entertainment possibilities of the motion-picture camera manufactured by her employer. (Many historians support Guy’s claim that her fairy tale preceded the story films of Georges Méliès, but a few date her film to…

fee, in modern common law, an estate of inheritance (land or other realty) over which a person has absolute ownership. The owner may put it virtually to any use—sell it, give it away, rent or lease it, mortgage it, or bequeath it. Originally, in feudal times, a fee was not so absolute. Its meaning

entail, in feudal English law, an interest in land bound up inalienably in the grantee and then forever to his direct descendants. A basic condition of entail was that if the grantee died without direct descendants the land reverted to the grantor. The concept, feudal in origin, supported a landed

feeblemindedness, deficiency in intelligence. The term is no longer generally used medically or psychologically. The term intellectual disability is

feed, food grown or developed for livestock and poultry. Modern feeds are produced by carefully selecting and blending ingredients to provide highly nutritional diets that both maintain the health of the animals and increase the quality of such end products as meat, milk, or eggs. Ongoing

machine tool: Machine-tool characteristics: …the tool is called the feed motion. Means must be provided for varying both.

David Schwimmer: Other film and TV credits: …starred in the cable drama Feed the Beast (2016), about two friends struggling to open a restaurant in the Bronx. In 2019 he appeared in The Laundromat, Steven Soderbergh’s farce about the Panama Papers scandal. He then starred in Intelligence (2020– ), a British comedy series revolving around the country’s…

Nigeria: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing: The Operation Feed the Nation program of 1976–80 sought to increase local food production and thereby reduce imports. Citizens were encouraged to cultivate any empty plot of land, urban dwellers being encouraged to garden undeveloped building plots.

feedback, in biology, a response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. In essence, it is the control of a biological reaction by the end products of that reaction. Similar usage prevails in mathematics,

electronics: Coupling amplifiers: Judicious use of feedback from later parts of a circuit to earlier ones can be utilized to stabilize such circuits or to perform various other useful functions (see below Oscillation). In negative feedback, the feedback signal is of a sense opposite to the signal present at the point…

automata theory: The finite automata of McCulloch and Pitts: …in what is called “feedback.” Mathematical reasoning about how nerve nets work has been applied to the problem of how feedback in a computing machine can result in an essential ingredient in the calculational process.

communication: Feedback: To correct this flaw, the principle of feedback was added to the model and provided a closer approximation of interpersonal human interaction than was known theretofore. This construct was derived from the studies of Norbert Wiener, the so-called father of the science of cybernetics.…

mass spectrometry: Faraday cup: …surpassed in performance by the feedback electrometer, which uses a metal-oxide silicon field-effect transistor instead of a tube to measure extremely small currents.

feedback inhibition, in enzymology, suppression of the activity of an enzyme, participating in a sequence of reactions by which a substance is synthesized, by a product of that sequence. When the product accumulates in a cell beyond an optimal amount, its production is decreased by inhibition of an

automation: Machine programming: …the set point for the feedback loop, which in turn controls some action that the system is to accomplish. In effect, the purpose of the feedback loop is to verify that the programmed step has been carried out. For example, in a robot controller, the program might specify that the…

feedback, in biology, a response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. In essence, it is the control of a biological reaction by the end products of that reaction. Similar usage prevails in mathematics,

metallurgy: Sand-casting: Sometimes additional spaces, called risers, are added to the casting to provide reservoirs to feed this shrinkage. After solidification is complete, the sand is removed from the casting, and the gate is cut off. If cavities are intended to be left in the casting—for example, to form a hollow…

oceanic crust: …is a layer composed of feeder, or sheeted, dikes that measures more than 1 km (0.6 mile) thick. Dikes are fractures that serve as the plumbing system for transporting magmas (molten rock material) to the seafloor to produce lavas. They are about 1 metre (3 feet) wide, subvertical, and elongate…

Bernie Madoff: …made possible largely through “feeder funds”—management funds that bundled moneys from other investors, poured the pooled investments into Madoff Securities for management, and thereby earned fees in the millions of dollars; individual investors often had no idea that their money was entrusted to Madoff. When Madoff’s operations collapsed in…

livestock farming: Production systems: Feeder-to-market production has the lowest labour and management requirements. The producer in this stage purchases the feeder pigs and raises them to market weights in about 16 weeks. This part of the cycle requires the most feed and produces the most manure; therefore, it fits…

control system: Development of control systems.: …fundamental types of control systems, feedforward and feedback, have classic ancestry. The loom invented by Joseph Jacquard of France in 1801 is an early example of feedforward; a set of punched cards programmed the patterns woven by the loom; no information from the process was used to correct the machine’s…